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By John Ward Smith

Variations in specific gravity of oil retorted from oil shales of the Eocene Green River Formation in northwestern Colorado were evaluated statistically, demonstrating that these variations are very strongly associated with stratigraphic position and less strongly but still significantly associated with geographic location. Specific gravity of oil retorted from these oil shales apparently varies with the carboxyl group content of the oil shale's organic matter. Higher temperatures accompanying increasing depth of burial probably progressively decarboxylated oil shale's organic matter producing the decrease of oil specific gravity associated with deeper stratigraphic position. The geographically associated oil-gravity variations were probably produced by regional variation in the original thickness of late Cenozoic extrusive rocks once overlying the Green River Formation.

Jan 1, 1966

By S. K. Palm

The commercial life of a mineral product can be long, but like hitech electronic and software products that soar in sales one day to become obsolete and forgotten a few months or years, mineral products have a life cycle. They are invented, commercialized and eventually decline and disappear from commerce. Diatomite and perlite are produced from mined minerals, but almost none of the products in these industries spring from the earth in finished form. Straight calcined diatomite was invented over 100 years ago and flux calcined diatomite just a few years later. The expansion properties of perlite were discovered and first exploited about 75 years ago. Some applications for diatomite have disappeared or currently face competition from newer products. Dry cleaning was once the second-largest application for diatomite but disappeared over 30 years ago. Both the beer and wine filtration markets for diatomite face increased competition from membrane filters. A pipeline of new, proprietary products is critical to the future of the industry.

Mar 2, 2022

Beyer Barometric Condenser The Ingersoll-Rand Co. is now offering to the trade complete steam­condensing plants for all service conditions. This equipment includes the Beyer barometric condenser, for' which the company has secured the patent rights, Imperial duplex and Ingersoll-Rogler straight-line reciprocating dry vacuum pumps and, where required, Cameron simplex and centrifugal pumps. The Beyer barometric condenser is of the counter-current type, in which air and cooling water flow in opposite directions. The steam inlet is at the bottom of the condensing v el, the water inlet above and the air-removal opening at the top. The sheets of cooling water over owing the pool at the inlet point meet the entering steam. The two are brought into intimate contact by conical baffle plates which assist the water to absorb to its full capacity the latent heat of the steam. The non-condensable air liberated in the condensing action rises through the falling water to the removal point at the top, being cooled to practically the temperature of the incoming water. It is also to be noted that ample opportunity is given for the removal of the air content of the water before

Jan 8, 1916

By Sam Kangwa, Thomson Sinkala

Th e re are three basic types of hole deviations in long hole d ri l l i n g , n a m e l y collar i n g , alignment and tr a j e c t o r y dev i a t i o n s . In mining, the accur a cy in drilling has a significant effect on the effi c a c y and economy of mining oper a t i o n s . This ar t i cl e d e s c ribes the types, s o u r ces and effects of hole deviations in mining oper a t i o n s . The art i cle further demonstrates the economic consequences due to hole dev i a t i o n s .

Jan 1, 2004

By K. V. K. Prasad

Stochastic simulation has been routinely used for performing risk and sensitivity analyses in a variety of fields. The commonly used means of generating the simulations has been the Monte Carlo approach which usually employs a Simple Random Sampling (SRS) scheme of the variable distributions. This method is prone to sample clustering and requires a large number of samples to represent the distribution faith-fully. This can become problematic for simulating complex processes where it is impossible to run an arbitrarily large number of replicate simulations. The Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) method uses a stratified sampling approach which assures representation of the input distributions for any given number of samples. In this paper the LHS and SRS approaches are compared using a petroleum resource estimation example.

Jan 1, 1993

By John Freeman

THE tensile properties of steels at elevated temperatures have been studied by numerous investigators,1 primarily for the purpose of determining their suitability for structural uses. Tests with this objective have been confined largely to the temperature range of approximately 20° to 500° C., because of the rapidly decreasing tensile strength at the latter temperature. Tests have also been extended to higher temperatures for the purpose of determining the most suitable forging range. This temperature range is also of theoretical interest. The phenomenon of increased tensile strength and decreased ductility in the so-called "blue-heat" range, approximately 200° to 300° C., is well known. It was suggested to the Bureau early in 1926 that a study of the properties of rail steels in this temperature range might prove of interest in relation to the studies of transverse-fissure failures in rails. There were available from another investigation3 several new rails from several different heats made to approximately the same specification requirements, the complete manufacturing histories of which were known. It was decided to determine, at least in the preliminary series of tests, only the ultimate tensile strength, elongation and reduction of area, because of the difficulty, time and cost involved in determining the proportional limit and yield point at elevated temperatures.

Jan 1, 1930

By Scales PJ, Ralston J

Fine coal particles have been examined with respect to dustiness and its connection with various physical and chemical properties. It appears that a given coal will tend to be dusty ifthe moisture content is low and if the inert maceral content and overall rank are high. The hydrophobicity ofa coking coal (Young-Wallsend) and a steaming coal (Blair Athol) was examined in detail by a dynamic contact angle technique. The YoungWallsend coal had a higher contact angle, on average, than the Blair Athol sample. This result has important implications for dust suppression and associated processes.

Jan 1, 1986

By P. James

"INTRODUCTION Control of target stream pH is very important in leach mining and treatment of MIW (mining influenced water). On the production side, solution acidity can impact SX (solvent extraction) effectiveness through PLS (pregnant leach solution) and raffinate pH. Many older operations and legacy mining sites generate ARD (acid rock drainage) that is too weak for profitable metal production by conventional means and faces costly wastewater treatment for mitigation and disposal. For wastewater and environmental treatment, neutralization to precipitate and remove metal contaminants to clean the wastewater is the dominant approach. Traditional lime neutralization and precipitation is most often used but results in large amounts of mixed metal sludge requiring costly disposal. Blue Planet Strategies (BPS); which focuses on improved resource utilization targeting electrolytic treatment and waste conversion into resources, has developed a new “reagentless” neutralization process. Electricity is utilized in its proprietary DEMET™ (Dynamic Electrolytic Metal Effluent Treatment) platform capability to controllably raise target stream pH. The method offers a simple, low-cost approach yielding cleaner treatment chemistry. It can result in less sludge generation and enables possibilities to selectively recover contaminants as potentially saleable products for new revenue generation to offset further offset treatment costs. DEMET Overview BPS’s patented electrolytic DEMET platform leverages solid scientific and chemistry foundations through its advanced design to achieve capabilities and performance not previously realized. DEMET technology combines separated compartment electrolytic cell functionality with proprietary advanced dynamic electrodes and cell configurations to achieve a variety of chemistries and processing targets.[1-6] DEMET‘s unique elements can yield higher processing rates at practical efficiencies, lower energy consumption, plus improved processing stability and lower maintenance requirements due to enhanced resistance to cell fouling and shorting; while also thwarting cross stream (catholyte vs. anolyte) contamination. Consequently, DEMET can provide a superior, extremely versatile, and more cost-effective electrolytic treatment option where a multitude of FEED and PRODUCT stream combinations might be employed in comparison to traditional tankhouse electrolytic cells."

Jan 1, 2015

By FRANCIS FEEHAN

Safety first is no longer merely a motto ; in some industries and in some parts of the mining industry it is an accomplished fact . In connection with the National Safety Competition of 1928 in which 284 mines and quarries participated , 42 plants were operated without a single lost - time accident . The winning company in the bituminous group had an accident severity rate of 0.053 per thousand man hours of exposure . Excellent safety records of various kinds are becoming more and more frequent , and the indication is that in reality safety is first in many mines and qquuaarrrriieess .. The safety achievements in the Stewart mine of W. J. Rainey , Inc. , are unusual even among mines winning awards in the competition .

Apr 1, 1930

Collins Radio Company, through this contract with the Bureau of Mines, has conducted a System Study of Coal Mine Communi¬cations. The program was a three phase program to establish a data base, perform communication system analysis and optimi¬zation, and prepare equipment specifications to be included in this final report. At the start of establishing a data base both a knowledge of mine communication and coal mines in general was obtained. Communication system requirements and constraints were determined along with a survey of current and potential mine communication equipment. An investigation was completed concerning theoretical LF and VLF propagation characteristics, and UHF propagation tests were conducted in a working coal mine. Different mines were contacted and on-site surveys completed with respect to coal mine communication requirements.

Jan 1, 1973

By Changping Hu, Keqin Tan

In 1937, the Metallurgical Department of the National Resources Committee established a copper refinery plant (predecessor of the Chongqing Smelter) in Changsha, Hunan Province, China. The blister copper produced by a local copper smelter was casted as anode for electrorefining. The plant, with a capacity of one ton of electrolytic copper per day, was designed and tested in 1937. At the trial production stage, a total of 9 tons of cathode copper was produced. The plant was formally put into operation in July 1938. In the same month, more than 20 tons of electrolytic copper with purity over 99.9%Cu was produced. This was the first batch of electrolytic copper produced in China. In 1939, China’s largest non-ferrous metal smelting plant, Fengtian Gold Mine Refining (predecessor of the Shenyang smelter) was completed and put into operation in Shenyang, mainly producing nonferrous metals such as gold and silver, as well as copper and lead. In 1939, the Kunming copper smelter (predecessor of Yunnan Smelter) was completed and put into operation. The plant equipment, imported from the United Kingdom, was designed to produce 1,200 tons of electrolytic copper annually. In 1943, Jiatong smelter (predecessor of the Shanghai Smelter) became the 4th domestic cathode copper producer. Since 1949, China has gradually established a large copper industry. These developments are discussed in this paper. Today, China operates nine out of the twenty largest copper refineries in the world. With a total capacity approaching 9 million tons of copper per year, China has the world’s largest copper refining capacity. INTRODUCTION China is a country with a long history of copper mining. The earliest smelter in China in recent times was the Shanghai Smelter, which was built in 1912. From then until 1949, China successively built Chongqing Smelter, Kunming Smelter and Shenyang Smelter. The world's first copper electrorefinery was the Pembrey refinery built in the UK in 1869 (Lu, 1999). However, it was not until 69 years later that the technology was spread to Changsha, China.

Jan 1, 2019

By Takashi Sasaoka, Hiroshi Takamoto, Akihiro Hamanaka, Pongpanya Phnthoudeth, Hideki Shimada, Jiro Oya

"Indonesia is the second largest coal exporter to Japan, accounting for about 30 Mt annually. They produced over 400 Mt in 2015, over 99% of which is from open-cut mines. However, the conditions of surface mining are becoming worse year by year: the stripping ratio is increasing, the economy is worsening, and the infrastructure for coal transportation from inland mining areas is not being maintained. To meet the demand for coal in Indonesia and the rest of the world, underground mines have to be developed. In consideration of growing need, our research program is conducting a study on the potential for an underground coal mine in Indonesia. This research is being done through the roadway heading research program, which is looking into developing an underground coal mine from an open pit highwall. The greatest challenge for underground coal mine development in Indonesia is the maintaining the safety of the mine roadway during heading because the roof rock is exceptionally weaker. There is a potential for heading below mobile, unconsolidated soft sediment, and instead mining a deep area. This increases the likelihood for problems in the stability of the support system due to increasing ground pressure. The ground behavior around the roadway was measured using telltales, extensometers, and convergence measurements. Moreover, rock property tests were also conducted on exploration drilling cores. Based on the geological dates and monitoring data, a series of numerical analyses were conducted in order to assess support needs in the main roadway under different depths. Results of numerical analyses indicate that the current arch support design is effective when the mining depth is lower than 100m. However, if the mining depth is larger than 100m, the current arch support design should be changed to include the application of higher yield strength material, shorter spacing, etc. Moreover, bolting may also be useful if ground pressure is high locally. Based on a series of measurement data of ground and support behavior, a control criterion for main roadways under weak geological conditions is proposed in this paper."

Jan 1, 2017

By R. A. Burns

The production of kaolin and calcium carbonate in North America exceeds 13 million tons sold into higher value market segments. With a few exceptions, the markets supplied exhibit mature growth rates. In some market sectors, technology changes have and continue to occur shifting pigment-type consumption and growth. New sources of supply will impact current businesses. New product and process developments for kaolin and calcium carbonates are continuing. Each of these issues is examined in developing a view of the future for kaolin and calcium carbonate in North America.

Jan 1, 1997

As the theme of this conference is æRediscover OtagoÆ it would seem appropriate to revisit the era of the gold rushes and subsequent mining industry which rapidly advanced settlement and economic prosperity for Otago, and left permanent reminders in the form of historic mining sites, many of which are now encompassed within the Otago Goldfields Park. I have been invited to give a paper at this conference on the subject of æHistoric Goldfields of Central OtagoÆ. As well as having a working involvement with historic areas through my employment with the Department of Conservation, I have a personal interest in the early goldmining industry of Central Otago as my grandfather came out from Scotland in the 1890s to help construct gold dredges on the Molyneux. My grandfather made headlines in the local paper in 1920 when he believed he saw a New Zealand otter at Island Block near Beaumont - but that's another conservation trail that I will not pursue any further today! For this paper I intend to divide my time to cover the following topics. Firstly, I would like to sketch a mental picture of the characteristics that make up the Central Otago landscape, and the general perception that early miners must have had when viewing this foreign land. Then I would like to briefly discuss the changes and the consequences in the early gold rush to Central. Finally, I would like+ to discuss the establishment of the Otago Goldfields Park, which I will illustrate with several slides.

Jan 1, 1992

? Hollow Stem Auger ? Drill Bits ? Leads/Torque Arm ? Hydraulic Gearbox ? Hydraulic Power Unit ? Grout Pump ? Crawler Crane

Jan 1, 1997

By Robert Labbe

The final tunnel lining for this project involved pumping vast quantities of concrete over large distances under the extremely busy streets of lower Manhattan. Approximately 68,000 cubic meters (89,000 cubic yards) were pumped from various locations over 152 meters (500 feet) below ground (Figure 1) to create nearly 14.5 kilometers (9 miles) of 3.05 meter (10 foot) diameter tunnel. Total distances pumped exceeded 1,645 meters (5,400 feet) horizontally after a vertical difference of over 152 meters (500 feet). The urban setting of the operation, coupled with the long distances over which concrete was pumped, created many problems which had to be dealt with along the way. A three-shift labor operation was implemented to allow sequential pouring of tunnel sections nearly every day. The fine tuning of the mix design was critical to make this operation successful.

S.L. Barua and Y.C. Kim M. Armstrong's paper is very interesting and can be regarded as a pioneering work of applying geostatistics on washed coal. The density levels used in her study are uniformly spaced, which facilitated curve fitting through a proper experimental design. Most of the existing coal washing plants in the US, however, gather washability data at non-uniform intervals which, in turn, affects the goodness of curve fitting. We would like to emphasize the importance of having a proper experimental design, if a similar geostatistical application is to be conducted on washed coal. We, at the University of Arizona, tried the variogram on recovery (Kim, Barua, and Baafi, 1982, SME preprint 82-143) which showed a similar pattern as Fig. 4 of Armstrong's paper. In both cases, the first experimental variogram value is invariably and inexplicably higher than the second variogram value. Although Armstrong ignores the first point because of "small number of sample points," we did not do so because there were 17 sample pairs. As a consequence, we concluded that the obtained experimental variogram was unsatisfactory and that further research is warranted. In other words, this disagreement in variogram interpretation between M. Armstrong and the University of Arizona begs the question whether the experimental variogram of Fig. 4 truly reflects the spatial correlation in washed coal, assuming there is such a correlation. Finally, we wish that Armstrong could have done a similar study on clean sulfur, which is a vital interest to the coal mines in the US. Her implied remark on sulfur in the concluding section of the paper may turn out to be incorrect because our experimental variograms on clean sulfur at different density levels were even less satisfactory than those on recovery.

Jan 1, 1985

By Alexander E. Morrow

Oxygen breathing apparatus for use in mines was introduced to the United States in 1907. Despite their intended purpose of safeguarding lives, the apparatus led to the deaths of many men because of inherent or developed defects in the equipment, lack of training,, physical shortcomings of wearers, and improper procedures. The Bureau of Mines pioneered in research and training to curb logs of life among users of such apparatus and promoted development of safer equipment and procedures. As a consequence, deaths have been far less frequent. In 1944 the Bureau issued Information Circular 7279, Loss of Life Among Wearers of Oxygen Breathing Apparatus. That publication listed the case histories of 26 deaths that had occurred since the introduction of such equipment to American mining. The author, the late G. W. Grove,3/ asserted that further loss of life could be avoided if good equipment were used, teams were properly trained, and the basic principles of safe procedure were followed. This publication is a sequel to I.C. 7279 and contains information on eight deaths among wearers of oxygen breathing apparatus that were overlooked in the original compilation. It also describes the single death that occurred since I.C. 7279 was published.

Jan 1, 1959

By R. J. Lytle

INTRODUCTION Prior to excavation in soil and rock, it is useful to know the subsurface structure. This is important information both for safety and for equipment scheduling reasons. It is useful to know whether parts of the subsurface might be potentially troublesome or of different character than is generally thought present. By using geophysical probing, it is possible to infer the location and size of these unusual regions. The ground structure is commonly estimated from core samples taken from boreholes. These cores give a detailed knowledge of the structure in the borehole. However, knowledge of the structure exterior to the borehole can only be extrapolated from core data. By using seismic and electromagnetic cross-borehole geophysical probing, remote probing can be used to sense the region exterior to boreholes. A recent advance has significantly improved the state-of-the-art for defining the ground structure between boreholes. This new procedure utilizes large amounts of data and provides a detailed picture of the subsurface. The data processing algorithms used are similar to those in medical imaging of the human body using x-rays, a science called x-ray tomography. This imaging of the ground is called geotomography, which is a shortened acronym for geophysical tomography. Several examples of geotomography applied to imaging ground structure are presented. Our approach has been to probe the ground with electromagnetic and seismic waves. We map the region of interest with signals transmitted between multiple source and receiver pairs lowered in boreholes on opposite sides of the region (Figure 1). The received signals vary according to the transmission properties of the media

Jan 1, 1979

By Karl Oltay

A series of 15, stations beginning with Potsdam and Budapest and ending with Budapest and Potsdam were occupied inn the period August, 1908, to January, 1909. The intermediate stations were all at points which had been connected by Baron Eötvös with torsion-balance traverses. The observations were made with an invariable pendulum of the standard four-pendulum type of instrument of the Geodetic Institute, made by Stückrath at Berlin-Friedenau. The observations at each of the field stations lasted-one to three days with one exception; two or three time determinations were made; four to eight series of pendulum observations were made; the error of determination of the elevation of the instrument above mean sea level ranged from 0.30 meter to 1.10 meters, with the exception of the Arad and Baja stations, where the elevation was known more accurately and averaged about ± 0.8 m, which would cause an error of ± 0.25 x 10-3 dynes. No topographic correction was applied. The values for ?g were taken from Eötvös: Report on Geodetic Observations in Hungary, especially Observations with the Torsion Balance, Budapest, 1910. The differences in ?g as determined, by the torsion balance and by the unvariable pendulum were: Kuvin-Hidegkut 1.2 km. 0.001, Livada-Kuvin 9 km. 0.001, Pankota-Livada 13 km. 0.004, Kuvin-Arad 20 km. 0.000, Pankota-Arad via Kuvin 42 42 km.0.005, Pankota- Arad via Kurtics 50 km.0.000 dynes. Oltay concludes that if the stations are close enough together and if the terrane is rather flat, the measurement of ?g with the Eötvös torsion balance is as accurate as with the invariable pendulum. -- Donald C. Barton.

Jan 1, 1929