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By Richard L. Unger

The Bureau of Mines entered into a cooperative agreement with an eastern Kentucky coal mining company to comprehensively redesign the flow of equipment and supplies throughout its underground mines. Items were tracked from delivery to the warehouse and from surface storage areas to their final usage locations underground. Three underground mines were visited, and a great variety of tasks were videotaped for subsequent laboratory analysis. Of particular interest were tasks that required manual handling of the supplies or equipment components. Activities such as handling daily supplies (concrete blocks, rock dust, and cross- beams) and handling or lifting the continuous miner power cable were determined to be the most hazardous. Recommendations to the company included redesigned surface storage areas to facilitate the use of forklift vehicles to load the underground supply cars. Designs were also developed for different mechanical- assist devices to help in unloading the supply cars underground and to handle equipment maintenance tasks underground. Additionally, the videotapes of the underground manual handling tasks became the basis for simulating those activities in controlled laboratory conditions. This testing will contribute to developing guidelines for proper lifting techniques for low-seam coal mines.

Jan 1, 1986

By Jon J. Indall

I. INTRODUCTION The challenge of moving the use of nuclear energy from military to civilian use was first issued by President Dwight Eisenhower in his December 8, 1953 “Atoms for Peace” speech delivered at the United Nations. Eisenhower stated: “The United States knows that if the fearful trend of atomic military build up can be reversed, this greatest of destructive forces can be developed into a great boon, for the benefit of all mankind. * * * * The more important responsibility of this Atomic Energy Agency would be to devise methods whereby this fissionable material would be allocated to serve the peaceful pursuits of mankind. Experts would be mobilized to apply atomic energy to the needs of agriculture, medicine, and other peaceful activities. A special purpose would be to provide abundant electrical energy in the power-starved areas of the world. In the 1950’s and 1960’s, the Atomic Energy Commission promoted the use of nuclear power as the answer to our nation’s energy problems. Nuclear power would provide energy too cheap to meter. The utility industry responded and numerous plants were planned with over one hundred constructed from the 1970’s to the 1990’s. Capital costs for nuclear power plants escalated due to permitting changes and public opposition, and the Three Mile Island incident caused new nuclear plant construction to cease. Today, we once again are experiencing a nuclear renaissance. Concerns over global warming and rapid projected increases in the demand for electricity have caused many nations to begin construction of new nuclear fleets. The price of uranium to fuel these reactors, which had dropped to an historical low of $7.10 in 2001, has surged to $56.00 as of October 2006. This paper will review some of the social, environmental, and government issues that are all playing a role in the resurgence of the nuclear fuel industry.

Jan 1, 2007

WHEN the writer resided at Zeehan, qn the West Coast of Tasmania, some years ago, he took a keen interest in the geology of the district and availed himself of the opportunity to investigate occurrences, of the varied minerals in which the field abounds. The following notes were compiled as a result of one of his periodical visits to the outlying mining districts, when an examination was made of the bindsay Reward tin mining property, which has an area of 140 acres. This is most easily reached from Renison Bell, the centre of the North Dundas tin-fields, on the Emu Bay railway, 'about' eight miles north east of Zeehan. Thence a pack track some 14 -miles long connects with the mine, crossing the Piemah River by a fine suspension bridge.The mine itself is situated on the main south leading spot of the Parson's Hood Range, at an altitude of some 1600 ft. above sea level. The Parson's Hood Range is composed of granite and is an extension of the rugged Meredith Range. A remarkable feature is the uniform topography of the surrounding country when viewed from the peaks. Except where dissected by the rivers and creeks, the surface is practically level and, indeed, affords a striking illustration of an ancient uplifted peneplain.The mine has been opened by means of trenches and adits, and the ore-body proved to extend for a length of 30 chains, with an average width of about 100 ft. Its general trend is west-north-west, and its dip, which is steep, corresponds to that of the country-rocks. These latter, which are of sedimentary origin and generally regarded as of pre-Silurian age, have been tilted at high angles, consequent, no doubt, on the crustal movements produced by the intrusion of the huge granitic masses which now form the high ranges in the vicinity.It may be here remarked that it is not Within the scope of this paper to deal with the sequence of events leading to the geological structure...

Jan 1, 1923

By A. L. Worthen

This is one of a series of pacers being published by the United States Bureau of Mines, describing mining and milling methods at crushed-stone plants throughout the United States. These pacers are designed to disseminate technical information regarding the methods used. The cost tabulations represent operating expenditures only and not total production costs. Although the publication of total production cost might not be advisable in some instances, yet a knowledge of operating costs is essential to the technical discussion and study of the methods employed. The attention of the reader is specifically called o this differentiation in order that there will be no misunderstanding of the scope of the cost tabulations. This paper deals with the quarrying and crushing methods used at the Plainville plant of the New Haven Trap Rock Co., which produces annually between 275,000 and 300,000 tons of trap rock, Although pct the largest quarry operated by the company, it typifies the standard methods used by all the quarries in producing crushed stone and has one or two rather unique operating features. The cost of production at this plant is close to the average cost at all quarries of the company.

Jan 1, 1936

By Winfried Rosenstock

The development of electronic initiation systems has partially reached or will reach in a short period of time full reliability for general use without limitations. Unfortunately those systems meet with a fully unprepared mining community and is confronted worldwide with blasting procedures which are not suitable to exploit the full range of the electronic option. This is for the time being only belonging to quarrying and general surface mining, for the use in underground operations the detonator is still not yet competitive, apart from special cases. It is not to be taken in doubts that the introduction for underground purposes will follow in a less shorter or longer period of time.

Jan 1, 2003

By Manuel Gomez, V. F. Parry, John B. Goodman

"INTRODUCTION The need for an accurate and precise analytical method for determining moisture in coals of high water content has been recognized by the coal industry as well as the fuel technologist. Interest in this particular phase of coal technology extends back to the early work of German investigators on the brown coals of Central Europe. Studies by these workers led to the establishment of a direct immiscible liquid-distillation method 4/ as the accepted moisture determining technique in European laboratories. Direct moisture determining methods, those methods that utilize various techniques to drive off the water from a given sample of coal and either collect the water in a calibrated receiver or selectively trap the water driven off in a suitable absorber, have found little favor in the United States. They have been treated merely as research tools.5/ The problem of moisture determination in low-rank coals of the United States has not been given much consideration because such coals contribute only about 2 percent of the total United States production. With renewed activity in low-temperature carbonization and with the growth of interest in coal and coal-tar hydrogenation, the American coals of lover rank containing 20 to 40 percent bed moisture will be subjected to extensive investigation. If the low-rank coals of the United States are to be accurately appraised, the need for qualitative and quantitative analytical proceeded becomes more pronounced. These coals, especially the lignites of Texas and North Dakota, are highly susceptible to oxidation, a process that proceeds to a greater or less extort when low-rank, high-moisture coals are treated by oven-drying methods. The extent of this atmospheric oxidation has been described and evaluated by numerous workers. 7/In many respects, the problem of moisture determination in low-rank coals, those found in the United States and the high-moisture coals of Central Europe, is similar. Conversely, the problem of moisture determination assumes a different aspect when the coals of the eastern and the middle-west sections of the United States are considered. Present methods, the loss in weight gravimetic-type procedures, serve adequately to test these low-moisture coals. The determination of moisture in coals containing 20 to 40 percent water should be approached from a direct method rather than from an indirect gravimetic-type procedure because of the oxidative tendencies of these coals and the demonstratrated inability of a loss-in-weight technique to remove all the water in a given sample of coal."

May 1, 1953

By Hans von Michaelis

"INTRODUCTIONThe renaissance in gold and silver recovery technology has continued to unfold and it is appropriate to review some of the useful new technologies as well as try to identify some of the industry's future needs and frontiers.The remarkable strengthening in the US dollar has resulted in a relatively low gold price in US Dollars of around $310/oz at the time of writing and silver at $6.25/oz. This general softening in the dollar prices and the recent confusion as to environmental compatibility of cyanidation tailings and effluents, has led to a slowdown in announcements of new operations. Another reason for the slackening off in the USA is that in the past few years a large part of the capital has come from oi I and gas companies that now seem to be losing interest in mineral ventures, and foreign investors for whom the dollar is becoming out of reach. In the author's opinion this represents an unprecedented window of opportunity.Elsewhere in the world where local currencies have weakened, the price of gold is at or close to its all time high.For example, in South African Rands, the gold price was R571.00/oz when the rand was US$1.47 and the gold price reached US$800. Now at US $309/oz and with the Rand at US$0.51 = Rl .00, the local gold price is R600. The price of si Iver in Mexican pesos is not much less than it was when silver reached US$50/oz. Gold, and silver prices in local currencies outside North America are still buovant and at levels where additional investment in new projects is more encouraging.Even in Canada where the dollar is worth about US$0. 75, this provides a smaller but significant cushion compared with US operations. Considering the present strength of the US dollar and even the Canadian dollar relative to many other gold producing countries, there should be significant investment opportunities at today's prices. Mining companies have started to descend on Brazil, for example, where in a matter of just a few years annual gold production has increased from 10 to 70 tons. In South Africa, a Canadian company backed by Swiss financing has been able to take over a Witwatersrand gold mining operation and is installing a huge new tailin9s retreatment plant to process about 1 million tons per month of tailings."

Jan 1, 1985

By Richard J. Lund

Stock piling-and by that I mean well-organized stock piling on a substantial scale-is almost as old as the hills themselves. It was back in early Biblical times, as recounted in the Book of Genesis, that Joseph was charged by Pharaoh with the responsibility of stock piling food during the seven years of plenty to guard against the seven subsequent years of famine that were revealed by the Pharaoh's dream. And this same policy of storing up food or materials to provide for future anticipated emergencies can be traced repeatedly down through the ages. So our own efforts are anything but new. Our modern concept of stock piling-the purchase and storage of strategic materials to assure supplies needed in time of some future war- stems from our experience in World War I. In 1920, the War Department was charged by Congress with the responsibility of procuring all War Department supplies and mobilizing industry in the event of another war. During the two decades that followed there were many authoritative studies made of our deficient mineral problem, all of which pointed out the urgent necessity of stock piling certain strategic materials as a reserve against future war. One such study, made in 1925 through the combined efforts of the Mining and Metallurgical Society and the AIME, was done at the ex- press request of the War Department. Eight years later another more de-

Jan 1, 1949

By Zenón Quispe

El presente trabajo describe la importancia de la aplicación de técnicas de análisis de cuencas sedimentarias en la exploración de minerales del área de Cajamarca. Para ello, se determinaron los espesores originales de las Formaciones Chimú, Santa- Carhuaz, Farrat e Inca y los porcentajes de disminución de espesor y con los resultados obtenidos, se diseño y analizó el gráfico de curvas corregidas por descompactación y sin corrección por descompactación. Asímismo, se explica la posible formación de fallas no tectónicas debido a la compactación diferencial y las unidades estratígráficas que comprende el estudio.

Sep 9, 2007

By Kenneth L. Norris

Stonegate Agricom Ltd. is currently conducting exploration and development drilling of the Paris Hills Phosphate Project (Paris Hills Project) located in Bear Lake County, southeastern Idaho, 3.2 km west of the towns of Paris and Bloomington, Idaho. The project is located adjacent to a highway and 19 km by paved highway to Montpelier, Idaho where the Union Pacific Railroad system is located. Power and water are available locally. The nearest metropolitan centre is Salt Lake City, Utah approximately 225 km by road to the south-west of the property. The Paris Hills Project encompasses an area of approximately 856 hectares. Property holdings consist of three (3) patented lode mining claims and 16 contiguous fee parcels (some with federal phosphate leases). Active open pit phosphate mining operations are located in surrounding counties in south-east Idaho and are owned and operated by Agrium Inc., Monsanto Company and J.R. Simplot Company. The Paris Hills Project is located near the centre of the Western Phosphate Field which constitutes the most extensive phosphorite beds in the United States. Phosphate beds of the Western Phosphate Field occur within the Phosphoria Formation of Permian age and extend over an area of more than 350,000 km2 including extensive areas of Idaho, Utah, Wyoming and Montana. At Paris Hills the phosphate mineralized beds occur in the overturned limb and the horizontal limb of the Paris Syncline. Grades and thicknesses in both the western overturned limb and the eastern horizontal limb of the anticline are similar. The vast majority of potential mineralization occurs in the horizontal limb which underlies most of the property holdings. Mineralization in the overturned limb has a strike length of over three (3) kilometres and extends from the surface to a depth exceeding 300 m depending on location along the north-trending strike of outcrops. Depths of the horizontal limb range from surface along the north side of Bloomington Canyon to estimated depths of 915 to 1,035 m at Paris Canyon. The property contains an Inferred resource of 109.6 million tonnes at 23.6% P2O5 over two mineralized horizons. The phosphate zones have a strike length of over 3 km and extend from surface to a depth of at least 900 m. Drilling commenced late in the 3rd quarter of 2010 and is planned to continue through 2011. The drilling was planned to target an area of potentially higher grade phosphate mineralization and better define and upgrade the current resources.

May 1, 2011

By Hans Hamrin

Three drill-blast cycles of 3.1 m advance achieved in one working shift of 7.5 hours at the Holsfjorden Tunnel project in Norway. The tunnel, 5235 m long, with a cross section of 8.6 m2, was completed several months ahead of schedule. This remarkable performance was achieved by a crew of 16 men, using machines specially designed for small tunnel excavation. The integration of drilling and charging into one unit, mucking and transport in another, reduced non-productive time considerably. The average cycle time of 140 min made it possible to complete three rounds in one 7.5 hours shift.

Jan 1, 1987

By A. B. Pederson, G. E. Bartlett

As a part of our study of how coal mine dusts injure the lung we have studied the effects of dusts and dust-exposed pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) on the growth of lung fibroblasts (LF). Fibroblasts were cultured near confluence in low-serum medium, either alone or in the presence of dusts, dusts plus PAMs, dust leachates or superriatants of dust-exposed PAM cultures. We report here provisional conclusions, based on initial observations. Rat LF were relatively unresponsive to direct effects of dusts, showing weak stimulation in only a few cultures, and there was no evidence that dust-exposed rat PAMs had released any growth-regulatory products. In contrast, guinea pig cells were more responsive to the dusts. The pattern of responses was quite complex. Three of the dusts stimulated LF directly (with no mediation by PAMs). Two dusts were essentially inert when added directly to fibroblast cultures, either with or without PAMs, but their leachates were active: 867 leachate was inhibitory and RF leachate was stimulatory. Dust 1361, either directly in the cultures or as an aqueous leachate, was stimulatory, and it activated cocultured PAMs to stimulate LF growth; however, supernatant products of 1361-stimulated PAMs were inhibitory. Direct exposure to 1192 stimulated LF, but its leachate was inert; cocultured PAMs exposed to 1192 had weak stimulatory effects, but supernatants of 1192-exposed PAMs were mildly inhibitory. MP3-3 had effects similar to 1192, except that the cocultured, dust-exposed PAMs had no effect on growth. We conclude 1) that guinea pig lung cells are more responsive to dusts than are rat lung cells, 2) that dusts can influence growth of LF by four kinds of interaction (by direct dust-cell interaction, by release of soluble dust components into the culture medium, by activating P AMs to exert direct cell-cell interactions, and by activating P AMs to release growth regulatory products into the culture medium), 3) that each kind of interaction may be neutral, inhibitory or stimulatory, depending on the dust tested, 4) that four of the dusts tested were neutral, inhibitory or stimulatory, depending on the assay (the fifth <lust was either neutral or stimulatory), and 5) that the effects of soluble mediators (leachates or products of activated PAMs) frequently did not correspond with the direct dust-cell or PAM-fibroblast effects. These results suggest that the nature of the dust-lung interaction at the level of cells and molecules is exceedingly complex. These observations need to be confirmed and extended to determine what characteristics of the dusts determine the nature of the cellular responses, and to determine which patterns of responses are detrimental and which are beneficial in the overall health of the dust-exposed lung.

Mar 1, 1989

By Paul W. Shelley, Daniel J. Hodges

The mining industry is undergoing a period of rapid transformative change.&nbsp; This is the result of the social and financial accountabilities that the industry is faced with because of the world&rsquo;s desire to cap average temperature increase to 1.50C above pre-industrial levels (UNFCC, 2016).&nbsp; To limit global warming to 1.50C, greenhouse gas emissions must peak before 2025 at the latest and decline 43% by 2030.&nbsp; In hard rock mining, comminution is identified as the major energy consumer, being responsible for 40-60% of the electricity use.&nbsp; It follows that comminution is the major greenhouse gas emission process of the mine.&nbsp; All effort is being made to radically reduce the carbon emissions of comminution. Grinding media plays a large role in the energy consumption and carbon emission story.&nbsp; In recent years industry practitioners have attempted to quantify the grinding media carbon footprint.&nbsp; This paper makes a definitive contribution to that discussion.&nbsp; The grinding media carbon footprint is quantified in Scope 1, 2 and 3 emission terms in the context of a grinding media supplier.&nbsp; Major emission contributors, steel, natural gas and electricity are discussed in detail.&nbsp; The steel industry transition is a key factor. The paper will explore the steel industry transition and its effect on grinding media manufacturing.&nbsp; The carbon footprint of heritage steel process routes are analysed and compared with the process routes of the future.&nbsp; Emerging steel making technologies are presented and discussed.&nbsp; The future of the steel manufacturing and procurement route for grinding media is proposed. This narrative allows for a comparison between the heritage carbon footprint and the future carbon footprint of manufactured grinding media.&nbsp; Of equal importance is the opportunity of reducing the grinding media carbon footprint in the field.&nbsp; The paper explores possibilities of reducing the grinding media carbon footprint at the customer site.&nbsp; Media in use options are presented that take account of the mineral characteristics, the mill dynamics, and the product metallurgy to optimise both carbon footprint and media performance. It is intended that this is a landmark paper in the discussion of the carbon footprint of grinding media.

May 4, 2025

By Stanley Noss

One need be neither an historian nor technologist to recognize that activi¬ties related to the conversion of coal to other usable energy forms have been active for nearly fifty years. The degree of such activity and its evolution to significant commercial proportions has, however, fluctuated widely with world circumstance. For the past decade there has existed both a consistent technology evolution effort in classic R & D proportions, and a mainstream commercial acti¬vity but in rather modest proportions when viewed from the vantage point of world energy needs. But the chain of events wherein it became increasingly obvious that we were in energy trouble irrespective of world politics, spurred alternative energy source activities in the fossil fuels areas. The oil embargo of 1973-1974 made the obvious even more so and provided additional emphasis for the need of such alternatives. Yet the preponderance of these added expenditures and activities (with one notable exception which is the subject of this discussion) has been focused on the intended identification of the best or ultimate process by means of analytical and modest empirical means, whereas our circumstance dictates a bold, higher-risk effort to prove the viability of coal conversion as an industry on a real-time, real-size, real-economics basis. With such proof on hand, industry demands in all related areas will provide the stimulus, motivation and environment for all processes. There is both need and room for many who will compete for a meaningful segment of this new industry which can grow at a rate never seen before in our growth history. The single program in the world today oriented specifically toward the goal of proof of industry viability is the Energy Research and Development Administration&apos;s CBF (clean boiler fuels) Program for which COALCON is proud to be the prime contractor.

Jan 1, 1976

By V. Sastry

Signgareni Collieries Company Ltd. is operating the JK Opencast Project, at Yellandu, with a rated annual capacity of 1.6 Mt of coal with an average stripping ratio of 4.3. This opencast coal project has three working sections, OC-II block, C-Block and D-Block These workings are operating in close proximity to the JR-5 Longwall Shed, 26-Dip Incline, other structures of 26-Dip, and a Township. There were complaints about ground vibrations and fly rock problems caused due to blasting operations, especially in OC-II and D-Blocks. In view of this, studies were taken up to eliminate the problems of ground vibrations and fly rock.

Jan 1, 2001

"The JKMRC researchers have been redeveloping the suite of breakage testing techniques to more realistically align with the breakage environment in comminution equipment. Computational modelling, especially with the DEM, has highlighted the modes of impact and contact, along with the energies of these interactions in a wide range of equipment. This has driven the need to match these modes in laboratory ore characterisation tests. The objective has been to build a continuum of breakage tests and associated models that span the required range of breakage forces and environments. The ore sample is subjected to a sequence of tests covering: abrasion (surface breakage) of angular through to smoothed particles; single particle impact from high energy single impact breakage down to low energy; incremental breakage covering 60 mm down to 50 µm particles; particle strength distribution; and bed breakage over a range of compression and energy input. These tests are suited to multi-component ores with a distribution of strengths. A modelling technique is also being developed to utilise primary breakage for modelling breakage under different types of confinement. This paper draws together these techniques, previously published by the authors, into a coherent whole. The suite of tests is approaching the point where a fixed set of tests can be used to model the performance of a full range of equipment, removing the need to conduct repeat ore characterisation tests for each different piece of equipment incorporated in a circuit design. This path should open up the application of different circuit configurations and novel equipment in comminution circuit design.1 INTRODUCTION Comminution modelling utilizes a wide range of ore characterisation techniques and methods to deal with the range of comminution equipment available for production use. In general, the tests have been designed to correlate with specific pieces of equipment, using calibration factors to provide the link between the small-scale test and industrial-scale performance. The majority of tests focus on estimating the power requirement of process equipment to achieve a desired throughput and grind size. Overall, this approach has achieved acceptable outcomes in the past, but the reality is that equipment sizing suffers from considerable uncertainty, in excess of ±20% is not uncommon. This uncertainty is covered by safety margins and automatic scaling factors in equipment selection. In striving to improve reliability, the industry tends to add more adjustment factors to the tests, and design margin rather than question the basic validity of the testing process. As the tests are often correlated to production equipment via carefully guarded databases, they are also locked into historic operating inefficiency, not providing direction or revealing opportunities to improve production efficiency in comminution equipment or circuits. Safe in the knowledge that they are achieving the expected production based on test work predictions, a site is unlikely to set their sights on reducing specific energy consumption by 10%."

Jan 1, 2018

By J. F. Barry

Newmont Mining Corporation and Barrick Goldstrike Mines, Inc. concluded an exchange of land and reserves in an agreement signed May 3, 1999.This exchange of assets allowed Newmont to develop the Deep Post underground mine from within Barrick’s Betze-Post open pit, thus reducing capital expenditures, lowering operating costs, and advancing the production schedule by nearly three years. Based on previous experience, Newmont is confident that the Deep Post underground mine can be successfully developed and operated within a large, active, open pit mine. The project also faces difficult geotechnical conditions including weak ground, scattered pockets of groundwater, and elevated rock temperatures.

Jan 1, 2000

By D. Harrington

Educational campaigns conducted by the manufacturers of explosives, the Bureau of Mines, mining companies, and safety organizations have contributed greatly in reducing accidents caused by explosives arid blasting. Despite these campaigns and the dissemination of information, accidents from explosives and blasting continue to be the direct cause of scores of fatalities and hundreds of nonfatal accidents annually, not only in the mineral industry but essentially wherever explosives are used. The experience of many mining companies and other users of explosives has proved that accidents from explosives can be prevented or averted by the proper training of employees in the handling and using of explosives and by the enforcement of definite rules and instructions for their use. Unfortunately, throughout the years numerous false impressions and ideas have grown up and around the use of explosives. Many of these can be traced back to the manner in which the users of explosives were originally taught, if instructed at all; and as with many types of misinformation in nearly all walks of life, those false ideas are decidedly persistent and being so cause much damage. Many if not most of the users of explosives gained their knowledge of explosives and blasting by watching others and more or less "absorbing" the procedures and thrones of the other fellow, who acted unconsciously as teacher or instructor. A study of explosives accidents reveals the results of such "teachings" when the causes of the accidents are determined, and as might be expected the results very often are far from good. One of the most persistently erroneous impressions or ideas is concerned with the burning rate of safety fuse. Many men with

Jan 1, 1944

By G. Thom, A. Kay, J. B. Hyde

"This paper will initially outline the specific types of copper castings used in blast furnace iron production. Tuyeres, tuyere coolers and stack cooling plates will be discussed in some depth, with particular reference to their dimensional configuration and purpose.Following this, the failure of such cooling members will be discussed, with special focus on tuyeres. Tuyeres are the most common casting which often requires replacement. Reasons for failure and its effect on operations will also be included.The latter sections of the paper will deal with the strict specifications demanded by ironmakers regarding copper castings. The justification for such rigid demands will be explained through the material presented earlier in the paper.IntroductionThe modern 5000-tpd blast furnace, worth millions, is a large capital investment to be sitting idle. Consequently, ironmakers strive to minimize the loss in iron production and revenue from furnace downtime. Two major causes of downtime are furnace relines and shutdowns to replace damaged tuyeresor tuyere coolers. Copper ancillaries are important items in the production of iron. They are consumable items, therefore they contribute to the campaign life or to the downtime in blast furnace production.Several combinations of lining and cooling systems have been used with varying degrees of success. Blast furnace refractories have evolved from ceramic to carbonaceous linings. The Russians and Japanese have successfully introduced stave-cooled furnaces that may have several forms, such as evaporative cooling. Stelco has two furnaces which use the Russian-designed cast iron system. However, this paper will be confined to the use of copper cast cooling members in a conventional internally cooled furnace.Figure 1 is a schematic cross section of the E blast furnace. The three major sections of a blast furnace-the stack, bosh and hearth-are identified. Further, the locations of the various copper members are indicated. This furnace produces an average of 5300 tons of hot metal per day."

Jan 1, 1982

The purpose of this study was to examine the problems of underground coal mining in the United States, and to develop recommendations for an integrated Research and Development Program aimed at resolving these problems. Specific objectives of the study were as follows: ? To identify the existing inadequacies that have adverse effect on Health, Safety, External Environment, and Productivity. ? To identify opportunities for technological advance s to correct these inadequacies. ? To develop an integrated Research and Development Program designed to accomplish the advances identified. Many of the recommended tasks are dearly long range; this is especially true of those for study of future mining systems. However, funding recommendations in this Report are presented for a 5 -year period, since the developments accomplished during this period will undoubtedly be a factor in the formulation of the follow on tasks. Where applicable, the recommended Research and :Development could include development and test of pilot model equipment.

Jan 1, 1970