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By L. Mead

Dimension stone is a natural stone (granite, marble, limestone, sandstone and slate) that can be quarried, cut and shaped to conform to acceptable industry standards for size, consistency and durability. There are numerous outlets for the finished product in exterior and interior architectural and design applications. A continued growth market is with residential usage— particularly in new, upscale construction. This has become a competitive market between domestic producers and lower cost imported products. These imported products have become available at many of the building supply retail outlets and have increased the use of stone in residential construction and renovation. The traditional architectural application of dimension stone is tied to commercial and institutional building construction trends and market. There has been a noticeable increased usage of stone in the Sun Belt. This stone is usually supplied by local fabricating shops. It is used in the exterior and interior of shopping malls. This market generally uses local stone sources. It has increased the demand for sandstone, limestone and quartzite in this region of the country.

Jan 1, 2005

By Charles L. Kimbell

In overall aggregate, the world's mineral industry in 1987 experienced a more satisfactory year than in 1986, at least insofar as its performance could be assessed from traditional statistical indicators. Production, trade and consumption seemingly advanced in the case of the majority of commodities, and prices for a number of commodities advanced. It was by no means certain, however, whether 1987 investment in mineral industry ventures would top the levels of 1986, when, in the case of petroleum industry investment expenditures there had been a sharp decline, this in contrast to evidences of a slight upturn in steel industry investment. World crude mineral output value was estimated at more than $1,084 billion, and the value added by minerals industry processing of this material probably raised the total value of the industry's production from primary materials to more than $2,600 billion constant 1983 dollars. Less easy too assess was the value of mineral commodities moving in international trade, but with a resurgence in oil prices from the 1986 levels, an increase above the 1986 $500 billion mark seemed assured. There are no comprehensive aggregate statistics on mineral consumption comparable to those on production and trade, but quantitative growth recorded for most major commodities suggested a favorable trend, particularly when coupled with a general (though by no means universal) upturn in unit prices.

Jan 1, 1989

By P. Mills

The four top barite-producing countries in the world are China, India, Morocco and the United States. China is currently the largest exporter of barite followed by India. More than 95 percent of the barite mined today is used by the petroleum industry as driller’s mud. The rest is used in the industrial market and the medical field. Most of the barite mined in the United States is in Nevada. This year, mining activity has increased due to an increase in oil exploration/development. This was caused by an increase in the crude oil prices.

Jan 1, 2005

By Charles L. Ross

A successful placer mine is being operated by the E. T. Fisher Co. on Rock Creek in the South Pass mining district at Atlantic City, Wyo. About 2,800 cubic yards of gravel is dug daily by a gasoline-driven dragline shovel with a 1 1/4-yard bucket and washed in a movable plant with a gold-dredge trommel and standard-dredge sluice boxes; the total cost is about 12 cents per cubic yard. The gold-bearing gravel occupies a narrow valley between two low ranges, of hills. The ground is covered by brush and willows, which are cleared of in the fall by burning after the leaves have dried. The elevation at the mine is 7,600 feet above sea level.

Jan 1, 1935

By Richard A. Thomas, Liming Yuan, James H. Rowland III, DAVOOD BAHRAMI

To reduce the number of injuries resulting from fires on mobile, diesel-powered mine equipment, it is crucial to promptly suppress a fire once it is detected. The focus of this research was to determine the effectiveness of fire suppression agents. Large-scale tests were conducted using five different fire suppression systems based on: dry chemical, wet chemical, dual agent (dry and wet chemical), carbon dioxide, and water mist. Suppression nozzles were placed around the diesel engine where diesel fuel, engine motor oil, and hydraulic circulating oil spray fires were ignited. The results of this study can help mining companies and manufacturers by providing scientifically based data on the capabilities of the different fire suppression systems.

Feb 1, 2024

By C. B. Wu

This paper presents an analysis of comminution behavior of using cast iron segment (CIS) as fine grinding media with comparison to conventional steel ball. Grinding experiments utilize just one-size medium and mixed size media in laboratory were carried out and its efficiency is expected to be improved. The results show that no matter whether one-size medium or mixed size media employed, grinding efficiency of CIS media can be considerably equal to that of steel ball, on the other hand, grinding product by two kinds of media can conform to Robin-Rammler?s size characteristic curve and distribute in function of . )exp(100nbxy-= Comparing with steel ball, the milling capacity with CIS media could be increased up to about 8.6 percent, overcomminution decreased 3.96 in percentage and qualified size increased 3.98 in percentage in case of grinding fineness retained. At the same time, due to the improvement of grinding product size characteristic and its metal distribution characteristic, the grade and recovery of easy to separation size increased 0.24 in percentage and 6.47 in percentage respectively. Based on these results, the CIS media can be employed as novel fine medium for grinding process substituting for steel ball.

Jan 1, 2014

By Jadson Barbosa

Corpos de prova de ferro com diferentes níveis de pureza – um de pureza ultraelevada, dois de pureza elevada e um puro comercial – foram testados mecanicamente com diferentes taxas de deformação no âmbito de um antigo projeto. O objetivo era obter a resistência à tração de cada material e verificar a influência das impurezas e da taxa de deformação nas propriedades mecânicas do ferro de pureza ultraelevada. Para melhor compreender os resultados desses ensaios de tração, uma caracterização microscópica detalhada dessas amostras é realizada através deste trabalho. Para tal, foram analisadas as superfícies lateral e de fratura dos corpos de prova de tração no estereomicroscópio e no Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura (MEV). O dano foi analisado em seções longitudinais ao longo do eixo de tração utilizando o microscópio óptico; a estrutura dos grãos deformados foi investigada por meio da técnica de microscopia EBSD (Difração de elétrons retroespalhados). Microestrutura, padrão de deformação, orientação dos grãos e as características das superfícies lateral e de fratura são então comparadas quanto ao processo de fabricação, nível de pureza e taxa de deformação.

Aug 17, 2017

By P Geddes, K Grohs, C K. McKenzie, M Morrish

Low grade surface gold mining at the Acacia Resources, Union Reefs Gold Mine in Australia's Northern Territory, involves the excavation of benches in three slices after blasting. Blast patterns span zones of high and low grade ore, as well as zones of waste, and selective excavation is required in order to maintain economical head grades for the carbon-in-leach processing plant.

Jan 1, 1998

By Patrick D. Plumb

The Bureau of Mines (BOM) has begun a project to increase the understanding of the relationships between ecosystem health and its functions, and minerals development. The BOM, Juneau Branch, Alaska Field Operations Center, is providing support for ecosystem based land-management decision-making and the development of ecosystem based regulations by documenting the effects of mining on ecosystems and demonstrating the tools used to assess and analyze those effects. This is done by reviewing the data available on ecosystems and the environment at a mining site, the Greens Creek Mine near Juneau, Alaska, and applying available Geographic Information System modeling tools to assess the impacts of the mine on components of the pristine ecosystem. Habitat Capability Models for wildlife indicator species are used in this examination. Wildlife indicator species are used as indicators of ecosystem health by the U.S. Forest Service and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, who developed these models for southeast Alaska. Analysis techniques from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Habitat Evaluation Procedures (HEP) are also used in this report. By applying available models and analytical techniques to the Greens Creek area, the benefits gained through mitigation of potential impacts become apparent. These or similar techniques are useful for cost/benefit analysis of mitigation alternatives. Also apparent from this analysis is that the degree to which potential impacts are observable will depend upon the ecosystem scale considered. This demonstrates the importance of defining the ecosystem and scale before performing impact and cost/benefit analysis. The watershed scale is found to be useful for assessing impacts to ecosystem components at the Greens Creek Mine. Much progress remains to be made in the modeling and prediction of impacts to ecosystems from mining activity.

Jan 1, 1994

By Foluke Salgado de Assis

Este trabalho visa apresentar os resultados obtidos através de ensaios balísticos realizados em sistemas de blindagem multicamada. Seguindo as especificações da norma americana NIJ 0101.06, foram realizados ensaios utilizando munição de calibre 7,62x 51 mm, que possui velocidade acima de 800 m/s. A blindagem multicamada utilizada possui como camada frontal uma pastilha hexagonal cerâmica (alumina dopada com 4% de nióbia), segunda camada de compósito de matriz poliéster reforçada com tecido de juta e como terceira camada uma placa de alumino 5052 H34. A utilização de compósitos poliméricos reforçados com fibras naturais em substituição às fibras de aramida é de grande interesse, pois além de desempenharem a mesma função no sistema de blindagem, possuem um valor de mercado bem menor. Os resultados de profundidade de indentação na plastilina foram satisfatórios visto que atenderam a norma NIJ 0101.06 e utilizando a técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, verificou-se que o compósito poliéster-juta capturou os fragmentos através do mecanismo de incrustação mecânica.

Aug 17, 2017

By Daniel Carvalho, Marcos Viana, Leonardo Demuner, Herbert Castro

Intensive process and technology improvements related to the BOF converter — the key process to increase steel plant productivity and stability — have been performed at Ternium Brazil. This paper details the road map for process developments and investments in equipment technology, as well as the results achieved. The main topics of this development are the process control and optimization systems, slag forming model, oxygen blowing pattern, end-of-blow point control and slag carryover control. The outcomes of this development are improvements in the reblow rate, end-of-blow oxidation, direct tapping, slag carryover, slopping ratio, metallic yield and lining life.

Oct 1, 2019

By Richard J. Hartman

This presentation identifies some of the more common problems associated with cofferdam construction. After the various problems are identified, they are briefly explained and possible solutions and preventive measures are noted. Photographic slides used during the seminar illustrate the conditions. This discussion is limited to cofferdams which are braced structures excavated inside to allow access for construction. The common procedure is to drive sheet piling and then alternatively install bracing and excavate. They can be located either on land or in water. Loads are applied by soil, water, surcharge pres-sure, eccentricities, and impact loads. The loads are resisted by the sheet piling, the bracing, and the soil below the bottom of the excavation; each of these three components must be capable of resisting the applied loads.

Jan 1, 1987

By Marcelo Gonçalves Pereira

Os roletes de planicidade estão instalados na posição frontal dos laminadores. O histórico do equipamento mostra um tempo entre falha de 6 meses, caracterizadas principalmente por fratura da gaiola e danos na pista dos rolamentos lado acionado. Danos no eixo na região de montagem aumentam em torno de 10 horas a indisponibilidade da máquina para recuperação do mesmo. A partir da RCFA realizada nos rolamentos falhos, identificou-se deficiência de lubrificação, sinais de ovalização, descascamento e desalinhamento na pista de rolagem, fratura da gaiola. Com base nos modos de falha foi realizado a alteração e adequação da lubrificação dos mancais, melhora do sistema de vedação e alteração da disposição de montagem dos rolamentos de contato angular de back-to-back (“O”) para face-toface (“X”). Com as modificações realizadas os roletes atualmente operaram por mais de 14 meses sem ocorrência de falha.

Aug 17, 2017

By Ronie Magno Pinheiro de Souza

A partir do segundo semestre de 2013, iniciou-se um período de maior dispêndio energético para o controle da resistência à compressão da pelota AFXX. A este problema somou-se o desafio de atingir elevados patamares de produção e chegar à produção nominal da usina. Desta forma, foi necessário fazer a partir de um complexo diagnóstico de todas as etapas do processo para encontrar a causa do problema e determinar a melhor forma de contorná-lo. Observou-se uma elevada geração de superfície específica granular somada à dificuldade de obter granulometria (-325#) na moagem, além da elevação da umidade do filter cake. Além disso, observou-se uma considerável elevação do PPC (perda por calcinação) no período, o que explica as constatações anteriores. Os objetivos do trabalho são avaliar os efeitos do aumento do PPC no pellet feed na produção da pelota AFXX e buscar explicação para a queda da resistência à compressão.

Aug 1, 2018

By J. E. Moyle

The costs of labour and electric power are of prime concern to almost all industrial enterprises, and various methods of reducing their impact on production costs are constantly being developed. Automation is one of these schemes, and has received a good deal of attention in the past few years. In the mining industry, compressed air is almost universally used, and its cost is significant. Although the compressor machinery now in use has achieved a high degree of development, the hazard of explosion and fire still exists in these systems. There is thus considerable resistance in some quarters to suggestions that such installations can be safely and successfully automated. The Milliken power plant consists of two 30,000 lb. /hr. fully equipped high-pressure boilers, four H.P. air compressors, a steam turbine for stand-by power, and several L.P. compressors and vacuum pumps. With the installation of automatic and protective equipment in the machinery section, the shift force has been reduced from three to two men.

Jan 1, 1963

By Débora Guimarães da Silva

Este trabalho trata da deposição de um nanofilme de sílica através do processo sol-gel na superfície de um substrato vítreo para sua aplicação em usinas térmicas de energia solar. Os filmes foram confeccionados pelo processo de revestimento por imersão utilizando-se um equipamento dip-coating e passaram por um tratamento térmico à 425°C durante 30 minutos. Na etapa de caracterização foram feitos ensaios de espectroscopia de fluorescência de raios-X, refletância difusa no UV-Vis, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e medidas de molhabilidade. As propriedades mecânicas foram avaliadas por teste de adesão da fita e dureza a lápis. Resultados dos ensaios de espectroscopia de fluorescência de raios-X confirmaram haver a deposição de sílica sobre o substrato. Foi obtida uma refletância difusa de 2,72% para o filme antirreflexivo. Imagens no MEV revelaram uma superfície lisa, uniforme e isenta de trincas. Medidas de molhabilidade mostraram que houve o molhamento dos filmes pela água, caracterizando-os como hidrofílicos. Os filmes apresentaram uma adesão de 4B e dureza de 3H. Os nanofilmes de sílica confeccionados apresentaram propriedades ópticas e mecânicas satisfatórias para a aplicação solar.

Aug 17, 2017

By R. P. Proulx

The Meikle Mine is a high grade, underground goldmine utilizing primary-secondary longhole open stoping with delayed backfill to produce 2700 tpd(3000 stpd) of ore. Hot and reactive ground conditions were encountered early on in the mine life. Ground temperatures up to 166°C (330°F) were measured. In the early stages of mining, the mine experienced premature detonations using different explosive products. The learning curve to safely mine this high-grade gold deposit in hot and severely reactive ground was indeed very steep. Currently, the Meikle Mine uses a special buffered bulk emulsion in all blasts to address hot and reactive ground concerns. In addition, exacting procedures are also followed to ensure safe work with explosives. The combination of new explosives technology and strict loading procedures permits high mine productivity with the highest degree of safety.

Jan 1, 2000

By D. H. Platt

Bauxite, the principal source of aluminum, has been mined from deposits in Saline and Pulaski Counties, Ark., since 1899; war needs have greatly stimulated production. Many of the ore deposits are basin-shaped and either outcrop or are covered by a shallow-depth overburden at their peripheries; these are mined by stripping and open-pit methods. When stripping becomes economically impracticable, incline shafts or slopes are sunk on the dips of the deposits, and underground mining is done on the retreat, using a room-and-pillar method.

Jan 1, 1945

By T. Pool

Introduction After two decades of contraction and consolidation, the uranium industry has seen a recent major expansion. Rapidly increasing uranium prices and the ability to raise speculative capital in share markets worldwide have brought over 300 new participant companies into the uranium industry: “juniors” as they are known. These companies participated in a global land rush for known deposits as well as for prospective land positions in order to secure a “piece of the action” for their respective portfolios. Mostly publicly-traded companies, these “juniors” have captured the attention of world’s investing public with spectacular gains; as much as 1,000s of percent in less than four years. The initial phase is over, however, and these companies must now prove that they can be successful in exploration or production.

Jan 1, 2007

By Elmer Antonio Mamani Calcina

Análise de conglomerados e caracterização microestrutural, incluindo microanálise química, foram usadas para investigar as inclusões não-metálicas de amostras ferrosas da Real Fabrica de Ferro de Ipanema e da Ponte D. Pedro II (localizada na Bahia e produzida na Escócia); e de artefatos ferrosos de sítios arqueológicos de São Miguel das Missões (Rio Grande do Sul) e de Afonso Sardinha (Sorocaba, coleção da Prof.ª Margarida Andreatta) com o objetivo de estabelecer a assinatura de seus processos produtivos. A análise de conglomerados dos resultados de microanálise da fase wustita (usando como variáveis críticas os teores de MnO, MgO, Al2O3, V2O5 and TiO2) mostrou-se efetiva para agrupar e diferenciar as amostras de diferentes origens: Bahia, Sardinha, Ipanema e Missões.

Aug 17, 2017