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By H. B. Hill

Virtually from the date of its discovery in December 1928 the Oklahoma City oil and gas field, Oklahoma County, Okla., has attracted national and international attention. The history of the field has been associated closely with rules and regulations pertaining to production control and proration practices. Early development was rapid, and Oklahoma City soon attained the distinction of being the first major field in which the producing wells were over a mile in depth. Before the structural features of the reservoir had been disclosed every outpost well was considered a "wildcat", so complex appeared the underground geology. The wells not only were deep and the reservoir pressures high, but the production from the early wells was a high A.P.I. gravity oil, accompanied by large volumes of gas. Several "blow-outs" and fired occurred during the early development, and the close proximity of these now unusual events to a large city gave the field much publicity, both local and national. Later, when its production threatened to demoralize the market for oil and its products, the Oklahoma. City field again attracted wide publicity. The then little understood geology of the underground reservoir and the diversity of ownership of the land overlying the producing structure made orderly development and production difficult to enforce. Proration was enforced with difficulty, and the rate of production from the field continued to increase until, on August 4, 1931, martial law was declared in all prorated fields of the State, and most of the wells in the Oklahoma City field wore shut in. On October 9, 1931, permission was granted to reopen and produce the wells in the Oklahoma City field. The order permitting production of the wells provided that during the period beginning October 10 and extending to October 20, 1931, all wells in the field that had not produced more oil than specified under the earlier proration orders and that had been shut in for the required 65-day period were permitted to produce 5 percent of their last potential during that 10-day period.

Jan 1, 1936

By H. B. Hill

Virtually from the date of its discovery in December 1928 the Oklahoma City oil and gas field, Oklahoma County, Okla., has attracted national and international attention. The history of the field has been associated closely with rules and regulations pertaining to production control and proration practices. Early development was rapid, and Oklahoma City soon attained the distinction of being the first major field in which the producing wells were over a mile in depth. Before the structural features of the reservoir had been disclosed every outpost well was considered a "wildcat", so complex appeared the underground geology, The wells not only were deep and the reservoir pressures high, but the production from the early wells was a high A.P.I. gravity oil, accompanied by large volumes of gas. Several "blow-outs" and fired occurred during the early development, and the close proximity of these now unusual events to a large city gave the field much publicity, both local and national. Later, when its production threatened to demoralize the market for oil and its products, the Oklahoma City field again attracted wide publicity. The then little understood geology of the underground reservoir and the diversity of ownership of the land overlying the producing structure made orderly development and production difficult to enforce. Proration was enforced with difficulty., and the, rate of production from the field continued to increase until, on August 4, 1931, martial law was declared in all prorated fields of the State, and most of the wells in the Oklahoma City field wore shut n. On October 9, 1931, permission was granted t o reopen and prod e the wells in the Oklahoma City field. The order permitting production of the wells provided that during the period beginning October 10 and extending to October 20, 1931, all wells in the field that hid not produced more oil than specified under the earlier proration orders and that had been shut in for the required 55-day period were permitted to produce 5 percent of their last potential during that 10-day period. On November 7, 1931, the Corporation Commission of Oklahoma issued an order which divided the Oklahoma City field into the Wilcox, Arbuckle, and Lower Simpson zones for proration purposes. Wells producing from the Wilcox zone were allowed to produce 4 1/2 percent of their potential5/ from November 1, 1931, to January 1, 1932; Arbuckle limestone wells were allowed to produce 250 barrels of oil daily; and Simpson sandstone wells which had a potential of over 2,000 barrels per day or which made 3 percent or more water were allowed to produce 200 barrels of oil per day.

Jan 1, 1937

By K Kermanshahi, J Allen, MáHilden, M Powell, S Mwansa, S Palaniandy

Approximately 420 VertiMills« (VTM) have been installed in mineral processing plants throughout the world, mainly in tertiary and regrind applications plus several in secondary grinding duties. Metso Minerals (Metso) and the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) have commenced a collaborative research program in stirred milling technology focusing on mill performance evaluation, model development and scale-up methodology. Industrial VTMs are being assessed using a consistent circuit survey protocol to evaluate the performance of VTMs in comminution circuits. The survey protocol includes identification and modification of sampling points, appropriate sampling techniques, controlled circuit stability, and best sample analysis practice. To initiate this study four surveys were conducted in the tertiary grind circuit in the Ridgeway Concentrator at Cadia Valley Operations (CVO) that treats the full circuit throughput of over 800 tph. To deal with the high feed rate the site opted to lead the world in the application of stirred mills by installing the largest VTM, at 3000 hp (2240kW) in closed circuit with a hydrocyclone bank. On average the operating work index was 13.1 kWh/t, reducing the secondary grind product by 40 - 50 ¦m to the required 80 to 100 ¦m range. The applied specific energy is relatively low in these low-intensity stirred media mills at 2.7 kWh/t. The size specific energy was 24.2 kWh/t-75¦m. Based on the survey and operating data the VTM circuit is performing well in this high-throughput tertiary grinding application, producing a sub-100¦m product.CITATION:Palaniandy, S, Powell, M, Hilden, M, Kermanshahi, K, Allen, J and Mwansa, S, 2013. VertiMill« - Development of circuit survey and performance evaluation protocols, in Proceedings MetPlant 2013 , pp 162-175 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 15, 2013

By R. J. Balfour, T. L. Papucciyan

"INTRODUCTIONCapital Cost considerations are basic to feasibility in the achievement of success for Mineral Processing Projects as much as or more than in many other industries. Capital cost is an important factor ae it 1R the unit of measurement for process engineering economic decisions. As a result of ever increasing complexity, alternatives of process and remoteness of site, there is an ever increasing emphasis on accurate estimating and the attendant cost control systems in the international market of today for the Mineral Industry where initial plant costs are becoming a more important factor than operating costs. An undervaluation means trouble ahead. An over-cautious assessment may bring an unnecessary abandonment of a project. Consequently, the ultimate cost must be predicted early and accurately and must be controlled to this parameter during the design and construction phases. Cost Est!~ mating is one of a variety of project management tools used to assist in planning and achieving the optimum balance between Quality, Cost and Time, the eternal triangle of evaluation, namely obtaining a project of acceptable quality at minimum cost and on time. In order to attain these established objectives, proper planning, organizing, coordinating, monitoring, adjusting and controlling the design, procurement and construction elements of the project are essential.This project management approach based upon the principle of a Task Force under single management, comprising a complete service organization, requires a substantial number of qualified individuals specialized in their own field and capable of working together as a team to perform their various functions effectively. The Task Force is supported by their chiefs of discipline and performs in accordance with established procedures and standards under the leadership of a Project Manager.General Engineering Company Limited with the backing of the full resources of Surveyer, Nenniger & Chenevert and its total staff of approximately 1,0009 offers the complete project management service to the Mineral Processing Industry of North America and the rest of the world. As mine sites become more remote and difficult of access, the need for an experienced team of specialists who work under the Task Force principle, with well established standards and procedures becomes even more important. Our long history of successful pro1ecta in this field has been our training ground for the fulfillment of this need."

Jan 1, 1972

By Christopher Mark

Severe dynamic multiple seam interactions can occur when active mine workings are subsided by underlying mining activity. The most dramatic events are usually caused by longwall mining or pillar recovery beneath open, overlying entries. But pillars in abandoned workings can also fail and cause subsidence and damage an overlying mine. This paper describes a case history in which an apparent ?pillar squeeze? in the abandoned workings of a lower seam was initiated during retreat mining in an upper seam. The event subsequently extended more than 1,500 ft and ultimately closed the upper seam mine. Analysis indicated that the pillars in the lower mine were adequately sized for the lower seam mining and were not affected by the initial development above them. When retreat mining in the upper seam had progressed several hundred feet, however, the pillars located directly beneath the pillar line were overloaded, and an extensive squeeze initiated in the underlying workings. The squeeze, in turn, subsided the overlying workings, causing widespread rib falls and roof instability. Previous examples of dynamic multiple seam interactions resulting from delayed subsidence of underlying workings have been reported in the literature. This is, apparently, the first recorded incident in which pillar recovery in an active mine triggered pillar failure in an underlying mine, which then triggered a dynamic interaction that impacted the active overlying seam.

Jan 1, 2012

By Carlos Del Castillo Whittembury

El presente texto señala el uso de la bioRemediación como principal técnica que permite la digestión de residuos orgánicos contaminantes de aguas, suelos y aires. En el caso del agua, su limitación está en el tiempo de mantenimiento (5 días) donde se necesita contar con tanques o pozas acordes con los flujos a tratar, así como el control periódico del sistema. sistema. En el caso de suelos contaminados, es una de las opciones más convenientes por la facilidad de aplicación y la capacidad del tratamiento para remediar. Finalmente, en el uso del aire, los sopladores con membranas porosas mejoran los niveles de oxígeno disuelto, empleando menor energía eléctrica, cuyo aspecto redunda en un menor costo de los tratamientos. En este sentido, se busca mostrar nuevas tendencias de tratamientos a fin de regresar a las condiciones originales las aguas, suelos y aires contaminados por residuos orgánicos, inorgánicos e incluso por hidrocarburos, las cuales están disponibles en el Perú.

Sep 12, 2005

By Robert Anderson

Advance knowledge of roof conditions can lead to improvement in roof control strategies that will reduce roof falls and ultimately will reduce injuries to mine workers. J.H. Fletcher and Company, in cooperation with West Virginia University, has been developing a system to meet these needs by collecting torque, thrust, and rotation speed data during drilling operations. Recent improvements in analysis algorithms to detect anomalies in the roof structure as well as various display enhancements for real time mapping and evaluation of roof structures have been incorporated into current Fletcher Information Display system. The unit has also been housed in an explosion-proof container to allow use in coal mine applications. Recently, the system has undergone extensive field trials in several limestone mines and one coal mine. During these trials, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health assisted Fletcher in verifying the accuracy of the roof mapping capability of the system by comparing the display information to bore hole scoping observations and drill corings. It was concluded from this assessment that the intelligent drilling system can complement scoping and core analysis to provide a more complete picture of roof strata and is capable of seeing features or conditions that are not always obvious in these more traditional methods.

Jan 1, 2007

A short account is given of the theory and practice of determining the true U3O8 content of ore samples by the determination of the beta and gamma activities separately, using the method of Eichholz and his associates.It is shown that, despite the variation of sample activity without change in U3O8 content, the true U3O8 value can still be found.Thorium can be determined simultaneously if this element is also present.

Jan 1, 1957

The stratigraphy of the Western Coalfield is briefly reviewed and the important units of the Lithgow Coal Measures, particularly the coal seams, are defined. The possibility of coal measures of Tomago age ocurring near the edges of the Sydney Basin is discussed onpresent evidence.Using data obtained from unpublished drilling records, detailed structural, isopachous and lithofaeies maps have been drawn. These show that the structure of the coal basin has been influenced by the underlying basement in many ways.The prominent jointing in the overlying Triassic sandstones is discussed in relation to jointing in the coal measure sediments.It is concluded that in addition to the general knowledge obtained with respect to the coal basin, useful information regarding coal quality and quantity can be gained by the study of broader sedimentary and structural features.INTRODUCTIONThe term "Western Coalfield" covers approximately the area from Katoomba to Rylstone, together with the smaller, separate Ulan area (Fig. 1). The area studied is part of the great sedimentary Sydney basin named by Osborne (1948). The first discovery of coal in Sitlt in the area was made in 1824 by Andrew Brown, although George Bass noted the presence of coal float in the Grose River in 1797. Production is recorded from the Western Coalfield in 1838 but mining was intermittent until 1868 when mines in the Lithgowvalley (producing coal from the Lithgow Seam) came into production. In 1882 the Katoomba Seam was first worked at Katoomba.The work of J. E. Carne (1903, 1908) defined the limits of the Coal Measure sediments and also contributed a great amount of valuable detailed information about the region.

Jan 1, 1960

By Jose R. Parga

In mining operations, cyanidation is the ,predominant method by which gold and silver are recovered from their ores and it is recognized that cyanide consumption can be a major factor that contributes to the operating costs for such operations. Also after extraction and recovery of precious metals a certain amount of cyanide is delivered to the tailings pond and must be considered with respect is environmental problems due to the toxicity of cyanides. In this regard, the Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone (ASH) has been used as a reactor for the treatment of cyanide solutions in two ways; first for cyanide recovery by acidulation using the Mexican modification of the Mills-Crowe process and second for cyanide destruction by oxidation with the use of chlorine dioxide (ClO2). In both cases, excellent performance can be achieved using the high capacity ASH system.

Jan 1, 1998

By T. L. Owen

Since 1993 Cyprus Amax has brought $2.5 billion dollars of greenfield and expansion projects into production, taking it from a mid-sized domestic minerals company into a major international minerals organization. The near simultaneous development of these multiple mineral projects in different locations around the world provided the opportunity for Cyprus Amax to develop a formal project management approach based, in large part, on an outsourcing philosophy. This formal project management system along with its outsourcing philosophy has served the growth agenda of Cyprus Amax extremely well. These preceding factors, coupled with the in-house retention of a core project group that fully understands the breadth of skills and abilities needed to undertake development of multiple large projects successfully, have been the cornerstone of Cyprus Amax’s project development success.

Jan 1, 2000

In 2005, a total of 739 nonmetal mining operations reported employment to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). These mines (e.g., potash, gypsum, salt) comprised 5.0% of all operations. ? Mines producing common clay comprised 26.9% (n=199) of all nonmetal mining operations. ? Nonmetal mining operations were located in all states and territories except Alaska, Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.

Jan 1, 2008

By Carmina Quintanar, Mario Palominos

"The mining industry is currently facing significant challenges to identify and adopt sustainable collector chemistry that effectively recover value minerals in difficult-to-process low-grade resources. These are typically characterized by complex mineralogy and the presence of significant amounts of penalty gangue sulfide minerals, especially pyrit which is a challenge to separate from value minerals at many major mine operations. Three chemical strategies for dealing with gangue sulfides and penalty elements are: a) selective flotation of value minerals while rejecting penalty minerals in the whole circuit, b) rejecting penalty minerals in an appropriate part of the circuit using selective depressants, c) using a combination of selective collectors and depressants in appropriate parts of the circuit. This paper will evaluate different strategies for dealing with those penalty elements and propose the most efficient alternative. New products and application technologies have been developed in the past 25 years by Cytec for implementing these strategies as dictated by the particular needs of a given plant. However, in recognition of the growing interest in meeting the sustainability challenges, Cytec Research and Development have been focused in the development of greener products (collectors, modifiers and frothers) and processes using FLOTATION MATRIX 100TM approach used to develop the optimal collector system for each specific ore. An overview of these new developments is given in this paper using case studies of application of selective collectors and polymeric modifiers including the newer, greener chemistries."

Jan 1, 2014

By J. Griesel, P. H. F. Bouwer, K. Bisaka

Transalloys produces 160 000 tons of SiMn per annum from five AC submerged-arc furnaces. The lime-ore melt from two AC open-arc furnaces is contacted with SiMn to produce 50 000 tons of medium carbon FeMn per annum. Metallics in the slag are reclaimed in a jigging plant, which has been in operation since 1999. The flow of materials between the jigging plant and furnaces has been optimised. The amount of recycle slag in the feed of the SiMn furnaces has been decreased by more than 30% which still provides satisfactory stability of the furnace operation. The jigging plant has absorbed all the additional slag generated, to recover SiMn metal. A review of the raw materials used and operating parameters for SiMn production was also undertaken. Slag to metal ratios were decreased by more than 30% by reducing the slag recycle, removing magnesite from the recipe and introducing high-grade ore. Electrode penetration was improved by reducing coke levels and by utilising more reactive coal. The pitch circle diameter (PCD) was reduced to get a better operating stability on furnace no 5 using the MINSTRAL Control System. Energy consumption on the furnaces improved by more than 15% while SiMn production increased as a result by more than 18%.

Jan 1, 2004

By T. J. Goff

Keywords: accurate control, matte level, smelting operations, process control, tapping, sounding bar, electromagnetic measurement [ ] Accurate control of matte levels during primary matte smelting operations is desirable in order to improve process decision-making. High matte levels in the vessel could have to disastrous consequences, particularly in the new generation of intensive smelting furnace with deep-cooled copper coolers. Knowing when to commence tapping and a better understanding of melt times can only be improved if the furnace levels are monitored correctly. At Lonmin Marikana Smelter Division it has long been understood that the matte level information being provided by the manual sounding bar is only as good as the operators? following of measurement procedure, their skill in assessing what the sounding bar is displaying, and their individual interpretation of what they are looking at. This paper sets out to show how this problem was identified as an area of major concern to the plant, how a solution was sought and how an electromagnetic measurement system was installed as an alternative measurement to the matte sounding bar system. Other areas discussed in the paper are the difficulties to be overcome when first installing new equipment and how these teething problems were solved by close co-operation between Lonmin and equipment suppliers, which led to some design modifications to the delivery system. In conclusion the paper discusses the results between the electromagnetic measurement and the manual sounding measurement and how best to integrate the generated data into the plant?s process control system for improved decision making.

Jan 1, 2011

By C. Crussard, R. Tamhankar

It is the policy of The Metallurgical Society to provide, in the TRANSACTIONS OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY OF AIME, a prompt and accurate medium for publication of reports of significant new research in both the scientific and engineering aspects of metallurgy. Papers submitted to the Society are judged by competent reviewers accord-ing to established criteria for technical merit, accuracy, originality, and presentation. STAFF: Editor, Gerhurd Derge Carnegie Institute of Technology Schenley Park Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Editorial Assistant, M. A. Redmerski Staff Coordinator, James J. Burke THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: W. R. Hibbard, Jr., President; J. C. Kinnear, Jr., Past-President; John Chiprnan, Vice President; T. D. Jones, Treasurer; R. W. Shearman, Secretary. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: A. W. Thornton, Chairman; Dennis Carney, John Chip-man, J. C. Fulton, J. H. Hollomon, H. H. Kellogg, A. E. Lee, R. Maddin, J. D. Sullivan, and D. Swan. Review and selection of manuscripts is under the supervision of the following Publications Committees: Extractive Metallurgy Division: T. B. King, Chairman; S. J. Dickenson, R. P. Hermsdorf, R. Schuhmann, Jr., and P. T. Stroup. Institute of Metals Division: Robert Maddin, Chairman, F. Lincoln Vogel, Jr., Vice-chairman, W. A. Backofen, R. W. Balluffi, J. H. Bechtold, M. B. Bever, R. S. Busk, C. G. Goetzel, Paul Gordon, C. D. Graham, .Jr., Robert F. Hehemonn, R. I. Jaffee, F. E. Jaumot, Jr., Irving R. Kramer, A. J. Lena, Harold Margolin, C. J. McHorgue, Russell A. Meussner, J. B. Newkirk, H. W. Paxton, G. E. Pellissier, I. S. Servi, Alan U. Seybolt, A. J. Shaler, and Jack Washburn. Iron and Steel Division: J. C. Fulton, Chairman; T. B. King, F. C. Langenberg, W. 0. Philbrook, and T. 0. Winkler. Published bimonthly by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., 29 West 39th Street, New York 18, N. Y. Telephone: PEnnsylvania 6-9220. Subscription $20 per year for non-AIME members in United States and North, South, and Central America; $25, foreign; $5 for AIME members. Single copies, $4.00, single copies foreign, $5.00. The AIME is not responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed in its publications . . . Copyright 1958 by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. . . . Registered cable address, AIME New York ... Indexed in Engineering Index, Industrial Arts Index, and Chemical Abstracts... Second class postage paid at New Yark, N. Y., and Ann Arbor, Mich. Volume 212, Number 6.

Jan 1, 1959

By Patrick Hansert

Safety was always in the focus of Badische Stahlwerke, however at the same time productivity has to increase as well in order to compete in a tough world market. In 2015 BSW produced over 2.2 Mio tons with two EAFs, leading to tap-to-tap times in average of under 40 minutes. Our philosophy has always been, that our most important success factor are the people: therefore we have to improve the working conditions as much as we can. Starting in 2012 Badische developed a robot that can support this goal. The first step was to use it for temp/sample taking, but the unit had to become a multi-tasker. Only 2 years later the first automated cartridge changer was installed at a customer site in Scandinavia, in late 2015 then the next tool was implement: tool changer allows now to use also a camera to check the condition inside of the heat after tapping. More tools are designed currently and will be implemented shortly. This paper describes the current installations and experiences as future applications.

Aug 17, 2017

By J Gotte, C Morley, J Froud

Newcrest Mining LimitedÆs Telfer Mine is a world-class gold and copper producer, situated in the Great Sandy Desert, in the north west of Western Australia. The mine has a number of distinctive characteristics such as being one of AustraliaÆs most remote mine sites, being within 270 km of the hottest town in the southern hemisphere (Marble Bar) and having been shut down and reopened after a two-year feasibility study. The construction of a new plant and reopening of the mine gave Newcrest the opportunity to review their mining practices and systems including the opportunity to incorporate reconciliation as a core process. Telfer is now well on the way to being one of the largest gold and copper concentrate producers in Australia. When the mine reopened in June 2003, Telfer implemented SnowdenÆs Reconcilor software system to facilitate reconciliation of geological models, production data and plant measurements. The system was implemented on site in June 2004, as a web-based information management system, integrating other existing mining and plant software packages. It continues to provide an auditable process and consistency of data, providing ease of analysis with standard and customised reporting. This paper provides a case study of the reconciliation system implementation at Telfer. It outlines the consolidation of a number of management systems into one centralised system that can be used to compare and reconcile the tonnes and grades from the mine through to the mill. The authors outline the key estimates and measures that are used for reconciliation at Telfer, detailing the characteristics of the system used to capture the information and the benefits that have been gained through the use of a rigorous reconciliation process on a complex orebody.

Jan 1, 2007

By Thomas J. DeMull

Development of the Batu Hijau copper project was completed in the fourth quarter of 1999 with the formal handover and start-up of ore processing facilities. The project began in August 1996 when the owner, PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara (PTNNT), awarded an engineering, procurement and construction (EPC)contract to Fluor Daniel (FD) for the development of the project. This included a copper concentrator, port, power plant, town site and infrastructure. PTNNT managed the development of the mine and the procurement of the mine equipment. In 1996, Batu Hijau was the largest mining project ever undertaken. Developing the Batu Hijau Mine was complex. It involved the work of thousands of people in all parts of the world to plan, engineer, procure, fabricate and manufacture equipment, supply and deliver materials and equipment, and build the plant.

Jan 1, 2002

By Keith E. Meyers

Condition monitoring is a viable troubleshooting practice among many industries to extend equipment performance, minimize unplanned downtime, reduce maintenance and repair time and costs, and increase related aspects of plant safety. But obstacles abound for mining, mineral-processing and cement operations striving to implement the technologies. Harsh machine environments can muddy efforts. High vibration in machinery can interfere with wide-spread rollout. Staff expertise or skills may be lacking. And costs may be prohibitive. Fault detection has emerged as a practical and cost-effective solution to identify process and machinery faults before failure interrupts productivity or jeopardizes worker safety. Fault detection can be a stand-alone system or connected to plant automation.

Jan 1, 2005