Search Documents

By D. Eugene Rannels, Sarah E. Dunsmore, Cara Martinez-Williams, Yu-Chen Lee

"Dunsmore, Sarah E., Yu-Chen Lee, Cara Martinez Williams, and D. Eugene Rannels. Synthesis of fibronectin and laminin by type II pulmonary epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 14): L215-L223, 1996.Previous investigations demonstrated that type II pulmonary epithelial cells regulate extracellular matrix deposition as a function of time in primary culture. In those studies, the matrix fraction was analyzed as a whole. The present work focused on two components of the type II cell matrix, fibronectin and laminin. These glycoproteins have differing effects on differentiation of type II cells in primary culture. Fibronectin synthesis was quantitated between day 1 and day 6 in the cells, matrix, and medium; laminin synthesis was quantitated only in the cells. Although total fibronectin synthesis was regulated as a function of time in culture, reaching its greatest value on day 2, the average proportion of newly synthesized fibronectin in the cells (35%), medium (50%), and matrix (15%) remained constant over a 6-day interval. Between day 2 and day 6, the relative abundance of fibronectin messenger RNA increased 6.5-fold. Rates of cellular laminin synthesis did not vary with time in culture. These results support a role for differential regulation of fibronectin and laminin synthesis to determine the composition of the type II cell extracellular matrix. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE pulmonary epithelium and alveolar basement membrane may play a role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the lung. Pulmonary epithelial cells and the alveolar basement membrane form one component of the blood-gas diffusion barrier. Integrity of this barrier is crucial to normal lung function. Specific domains of alveolar basement membrane components have been proposed to determine localization of type I and type II pulmonary epithelial cells during lung growth and development, as well as during repair of the alveolar surface after injury (13). In the injured lung, the extent of damage to the epithelium and the underlying basement membrane is thought to be a key factor to determine subsequent repair or fibrotic scarring (3)."

Jan 1, 1998

By E. J. (Kirk) Conway

Thirty-five years ago underground coal mining equipment consisted of simple but rugged machines powered by electric motors and hydraulics. The machines were maintained by maintenance personnel armed with a basic knowledge of hydraulics, electricity, and mechanical design. Over the years the the machine has been transformed into powerful complex mining systems. The maintenance burden has also increased. During this period significant advances have been made in maintainability engineering and system design techniques. Many of these innovations and techniques are applicable to the design of underground mining equipment. The objectives of this project were to; (1) determine the extent to which maintainability design concepts and principles have been applied to the design of underground coal mining equipment, (2) try to assess the impact of equipment design for maintenance on productivity and safety, and (3) develop a maintainability design guideline to enhance the design of new or rebuilt equipment. An equipment design review was completed at ten operational coal mines. Interviews were also conducted with mine management, safety, and maintenance personnel to identify machine specific design advantages and problems. Visits were also made to six original equipment manufacturers to discuss the design of their equipment for maintenance. Volume I presents an overview of the protocol used and a summary of the findings. Volume II includes the maintainability design guide for underground mobile mining equipment.

Jan 1, 1989

By Jasinder S. Jaspal

Most of the underground coal in the United States is mined via room-and-pillar mining methods with continuous miners. These machines operate intermittently because they have to wait for shuttle cars to interchange positions. To overcome this discontinuity in shuttle car haulage and to realize the full production potential of continuous miners, the U.S. Bureau of Mines developed a multiple-unit continuous haulage (MUCH) system through a research contract with Jeffrey Mining Machinery Div. (JMMD). The MUCH system consists of 12 rubber-tired vehicles and a bridge conveyor. The rubber-tired vehicles are connected by a unique mechanical linkage system to form a 250-ft train. The mechanical linkage permits the vehicles to track-retrack the preceding vehicle in both inby and outby directions. The cut coal cascades from one vehicle to another until it is discharged on the section conveyor belt. The MUCH system provides continuous haulage to the continuous miner. The MUCH system was initially surface tested by JMMD. Subsequent extensive testing was conducted by the Bureau at its test facilities at Bruceton, P A. Deficiencies found during testing were corrected. This report summarizes initial tests by JMMD and subsequent extensive tests and evaluation by the Bureau.

Jan 1, 1989

MR. MANLEY: Gentlemen, I have been asked to open this meeting in the absence of Mr. Shields. the President of the Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute, who is away on other business. We have here from him this morning a telegram addressed to the Secretary of the Institute, Mr. Whiteside. The telegram is from Mr. Shields; it reads: "IT IS WITH PLEASURE THAT THE COAL INDUSTRY OF UTAH WELCOMES THE INSTITUTE TO SALT LAKE CITY. WE APPRECIATE THE OPPORTUNITY OF -BEING YOUR HOST AND HOPE THAT YOU WILL ENJOY THE SPLENDID PROGRAM THAT HAS BEEN PRE¬PARED FOR YOU. IT IS WITH KEEN REGRET AND MUCH PERSONAL DISAPPOINTMENT THAT MATTERS OF GRAVE CONCERN TO THE INDUSTRY PREVENT ME FROM BEING PRESENT BUT I AM. SURE THAT UNDER THE ABLE DIRECTION OF THE OTHER OFFICERS AND MEMBERS THAT THE MEETING WILL PROCEED WITH CUSTOMARY DISPATCH. PLEASE MAY I TAKE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO EXPRESS MY GRATEFUL AC, KNOWLEDGMENT TO MRS. BUR, BIDGE AND TO MESSRS. MANLEY, CLARK,. PARMLEY, WEBBER, AND THEIR COMMITTEES WHO HAVE DEVOTED LONG HOURS IN ARRANGING YOUR PROGRAM. I EXTEND GREETINGS AND BEST' WISHES FOR A MOST SUCCESSFUL SESSION. "PAUL L. SHIELDS, "President." '

Jan 1, 1947

By K. Peake, A. Dalvi, V. Hernandez, S. Chang, M. Oliazadeh

"Ironstone Resources Ltd. is developing the Clear Hills oolitic iron ore deposit in northwest Alberta, Canada. Sources of oolitic iron ore worldwide are abundant and ubiquitous, but there is currently no commercial technology to extract iron from oolitic iron ores. Mineral processing of the ore to generate a commercial iron ore concentrate is very challenging due to the nature of these ores. Accordingly, Hatch and Ironstone are developing a new pyrometallurgical process (Hatch Ironstone Chloride Segregation) to produce metallic iron from high silica and high phosphorus oolitic iron ores. Following the chloride segregation process, the treated ore is subjected to fine grinding. The iron is then separated by magnetic separation. The iron grade and phosphorus content of the final product shows a strong dependence on the separation methodology and the grind size. The pyrometallurgical process has been developed and tested at a lab-scale pilot plant. The commercialization of this technology could provide an opportunity for the development of a new alternate iron making technology. This paper presents the results of test work done on the raw iron ore to create a concentrate and also on the products of the pyrometallurgical process for the production of a high grade 90% metallic iron product.INTRODUCTION Oolite is a sedimentary rock formed from ooids – spherical particles with concentric layers. There are a number of large oolitic iron deposits where the mineralogical form features a low iron content and high concentration of impurities making them presently impossible to exploit on either a technical or economic basis. The fifteen largest oolitic iron ore deposits in the world are estimated to contain approximately 337 billion tonnes of iron ore, which would be a significant source of supply for worldwide steel production. A viable process that can economically recover iron from these oolitic iron ore deposits could become an important new technology to meet future demand in the steel industry. Hatch and Ironstone have demonstrated that oolitic iron ores can be exploited to produce direct reduced iron (DRI). Direct reduction ironmaking is a method for producing solid metallic iron using different techniques compared to the blast furnace process, which is the more conventional ironmaking route. The demand for the construction of direct reduction ironmaking plants has increased in response to the increasing demand for crude steel. It is viewed as a method of providing low-residual iron sources to scrap-based steelmaking in electric arc furnaces."

Jan 1, 2014

By W. Burger

In underground mines worldwide, a large number of short and small diameter slot holes need to be excavated. Herrenknecht has developed and built a new boxholeboring machine based on the well-proven Microtunnellingpipe jacking technology. The innovative Boxhole Boring Machine significantly increases work safety and requires only minimal drift dimensions. The high and consistent production rates that can be achieved result in enormous time savings compared to conventional drill and blast excavations. GENERAL ASPECTS In gold, copper and ore mines ventilation shafts are required to prepare block caving operations, to discharge ore onto the transportation level and to provide evacuation shafts. A high level of occupational safety and efficiency is the main objective when drilling vertical or inclined shafts. The faster and more safely shafts can be constructed, the earlier the actual production in the mine can start or be continued. Mechanized or conventional methods (drill&blast) that have been used to date only partially meet the required safety standards and fail to provide the requested production rates.

Jan 1, 2012

By H Stedman

Integrating exploration and operational blastholes into one database significantly enhances geological modelling. Benefits include: improved coal predictions, stronger interpretation of structurally complex areas, detailed mapping of heat affected coal aureoles and additional roof accuracy for blast designs that deliver better coal protection.CITATION:Stedman, H, 2014. Integrating blastholes into exploration data to improve coal recovery and modelling, in Proceedings Ninth International Mining Geology Conference 2014 , pp 237–242 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 18, 2014

By Oliver C. Ralston

DURING the development of froth flotation for the treatment of sulphide ores, a certain amount of information was collected about a few of the nonmetallic minerals, and occasionally the gangue minerals in the sulphide ores showed an embarrassing tendency to float. However, for many years efforts were expended to develop reagents that would cause wetting and depression of these minerals. Among the nonmetallics, the minerals sulphur, graphite, and talc probably should be classified as 'natural floaters', and perhaps sericite. They respond to almost any type of flotation reagent, and their beneficiation by flotation had been attempted years ago. Flotation of sulphur is now common practice, and graphite was concentrated during the World War in many mills, most of which have now closed down. A talc mill has just been constructed, and another may soon be erected. Second to the 'natural floaters' come the 'easy floaters', cassiterite, fluorite, barite, mica, colloidal gangue, and paper pulp from white water of paper mills. That these materials responded to some of the early flotation reagents, as oleic acid, has long been known; occasional references to their behaviour are found in the very early flotation literature and in that of today. In general, however, nonmetallic minerals, valued at $2.00 to $15.00 per ton, have for a long time been regarded as cheap products and not worth much beneficiation. Consequently, only high-grade natural deposits suitable for direct mining and sale have been gouged out. Furthermore, the mining of these minerals has too frequently been in the hands of 'super-practical' men-men of no technical or other training, willing to work for a very low compensation. From the social standpoint, nonmetallics has been the field for small, untrained enterprisers with little money to spend on plant or equipment. But times have been changing. The impact of technically trained men on the old industry has revealed appalling losses and inefficien-cies and proved the value of processing materials discarded or avoided by the old regime.

Jan 1, 1937

By K. B. Chaudhurl

The thermodynamics of the reactions taking place are examined with the aid of equilibrium diagrams for the Pb-O-S system. Based on investigations of chemical, mineralogical and differential-thermo analyses of intermediate products of different desulphuration degrees, an attempt is made to explain the mechanisms of the reactions in the smelting shaft of the KIVCET furnace. The differences between this and other direct lead smelting processes are demonstrated by these thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. Proceeding from these results, the practicability of direct lead smelting processes is discussed with reference to the composition of the primary feed materials to be processed. This comparison also considers the behaviour of minor metals, the products obtained and their characteristics in respect to further treatment. For assessing the operating costs, the over-all energy consumption is considered taking into account various price relations between electric energy and fuels/reductants. Based on the peculiarities of the various processes, an attempt is made to compare the necessary means of meeting the pollution control requirements. The paper concludes with reference to the criteria and problems involved in comparable evaluations.

Jan 1, 1978

By T. W. Wloder

During recent studies concerning the effects that various surface treatments, surface imperfections, locked-in residual stresses and metallurgical and geometrical notches have upon the mechanical behaviour of metals and, in particular, upon their tension-bending characteristics under impact loads, it became apparent that specially developed methods and samples would be of great assistance in determining the desired data. This paper describes and discusses a number of different types of double-notched tension-bending impact samples which have been considered and examined for this purpose. The types most suitable for exploratory investigations are proposed for application in the study of the _behaviour of metals, their welds, and, in particular, their surfaces, when subjected to various notch-severities, surface imperfections, strain rates, temperatures, and constrained states of stress (i.e. the relations of the three principal stresses). It is expected that the proposed double-notched tension-bending samples and the proposed test methods will also contribute toward further understanding of the cold brittle behaviour and the notch-sensitivities of metals. The possibilities of introducing the so-called impact notch-sensitivity index and relative impact notch sensitivity of metals are discussed. Data obtained on double-

Jan 1, 1961

By E. B. Graves

I have been asked to talk to you this morning about phosphate marketing and distribution. In discussing this I will attempt to answer such questions as: What is phosphate? Where do we get it? What form is it and how do we sell it? How do we distribute it? How is it applied? And last, but not least, What about the future? To start with, phosphate is one of the three primary plant nutrients. It is the element essential for root structure of plants. Plants, like humans, need a balanced diet. Thus, the amount of phosphate required by individual plants is, in part, related to how much of the other nutrients are used. Virtually all soils contain a certain amount of available phosphates. Back at the turn of the century the most common source of additional plant nutrient, including phosphates, was from cattle manure. The use of chemical fertilizers is something that has grown significantly during the last half century, and in particular, the last 20 years.

Jan 1, 1977

By W. M. Bangert, F. S. Boericke

"INTRODUCTION Previous investigations of the Boulder City station of the Bureau of Mines have demonstrated that low-grade domestic chromite concentrates can be roasted with carbon to obtain selective reduction of the contained iron, and that the reduced iron can be removed by acid leaching of the roasted products to produce residues with higher chromium iron ratios. Thus, some chromite ores or concentrates that originally contain too much iron to be acceptable for the production of ferrochrome can, by this treatment, be rendered marketable as ""high-grade"" chromite. 3/The present report supplements the earlier work of the Bureau and re¬cords the results of small-scale laboratory tests investigating the effects of:1. Temperature and time of the reducing roast.2. Chromite and carbon particle size.3. Ratio of carbon to chromite in the initial roast mixture.4. Variations in the alumina and silica content of the ore.5. Back-oxidation of the roast product.6. Temperature and time of leaching .of roast product.This work differs from that done previously in that particular emphasis was placed on roast mixtures containing just enough carbon for the reduction of the iron in the chromite, whereas some two and one-half times this amount of carbon was used in the earlier work.In addition to these tests, the mechanism of the production reactions was examined for the purpose of explaining the precance of acid-soluble chromium, which occurs under certain conditions of chromite reduction."

Jul 1, 1945

By Xuchen Fan, Chenyang Zhou, Yuemin Zhao, Liang Dong, Chenlong Duan

A gas–solid fluidized bed using magnetite particles is an effective methodology for coal beneficiation in the field of dry coal cleaning. Broadening the size range of magnetite used in the bed decreases medium preparation cost. In this study, a tapered fluidized bed was used to investigate a magnetite particle size range of −0.5 + 0.074 mm. The results showed that a tapered fluidized bed effectively strengthens mixing of magnetite with a wide size range (−0.5 + 0.074 mm). The results of beneficiation experiments indicated that with increasing tapered angle, separation efficiency increased and then decreased. The highest separation efficiency was obtained at a tapered angle of 10°. The optimal results showed that the ash content of the concentrate decreased from 31.82% to 12.33% with a probable error of 0.11, which indicated that a tapered fluidized bed was efficient to improve fine coal beneficiation performance.

By J. S. Coats, G. E. Patts, N. Hughes

Conventional sampling methods are known to suffer from the variable loss of fine gold by elutriation. Freeze sampling yields representative and quantitative data that, when combined with information on the sedimentology of gravel-bed rivers, may facilitate the development of improved dispersion models for source detection. It is suggested that freeze sampling may have particular application to the orientation stage of a large gold exploration survey

Jan 1, 1991

By H. N. Dunning

A comprehensive research program designed to aid development of new and improved methods for more complete production of petroleum from partly depleted reservoirs is being conducted at the Bureau of Mines Petroleum Experiment Station, Bartlesville, Okla. Water flooding has accounted for much of the petroleum produced by secondary-recovery methods; however, a considerable portion of the crude oil commonly remains in place after water flooding has been terminated. In recent years the possibility of increasing the efficiency of water flooding by using surface-active additives has received wide attention. In general, the results of laboratory research have shown that use of detergents as water-flooding additives will reduce the residual petroleum in porous media (1).3/ Some less extensive field tests have supported this conclusion but have not been entirely conclusive (2). Later studies (3, 4) have given conflicting evidence as to the relative worth of detergent additives for water floods in water-wet (hydrophilic) or oil-wet (hydrophobic or lipophilic) reservoir materials. The results of these studies emphasize the need for a more complete understanding of the fundamental principles involved in displacing petroleum from reservoir surfaces by injected fluids. Accordingly, a comprehensive research program was initiated to investigate the practical and fundamental aspects of detergency in petroleum production.

Jan 1, 1953

By William K. Cunningham

The investigation described in this report was begun as part of the Bureau of Mines progress to develop acid processes for the extraction of alumina from low-grade bauxite and. clays. A domestic shortage of high-grade bauxite sui table for treatment by the Bayer process became acute as a result of' World War II; an intensive search for a practical acid process using lower-grade alumina-bearing raw materials was therefore warranted. The laboratory development was described in a preceding Bureau of Mines publication wherein the basic theory for the design and erection of a pilot plant maybe found. A 2-ton-per-day continuous pilot plant was constructed and successfully operated at College Park, Md., which demonstrated conclusively the chemical and mechanical feasibility of a solvent purification process for aluminum sulfate. The estimated production cost of $38.64 indicates that under present market conditions the process would not be economically feasible.

Jan 1, 1948

By Stephen D. Smith

The following tables summarize data on crude nonfuel mineral production for the United States, its island possessions, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Although crude mineral production may be measured at any of several stages of extraction and processing, the stage of measurement used in these tables is what is termed "mine output." It usually refers to minerals or ores in the form in which they are first extracted from the ground, but customarily includes the output from auxiliary processing at or near the mines. Because of inadequacies in the statistics available, some series deviate from the foregoing definition. For copper, gold, lead, silver, tin, and zinc, the quantities are recorded on a mine basis (as the recoverable content of ore sold or treated). However, the values assigned to these quantities are based on the average selling price of refined metal, not the mine value. Mercury is measured as recovered metal and valued at the average New York price for the metal. The values shown are in current dollars, with no adjustments made to compensate for changes in the purchasing power of the dollar.

Jan 1, 1995

By D. W. Taylor, I. W. Farmer, N. Mojtabai

Rittinger's and Bond's descriptions of rock crushing relate the energy input required to fracture rock and the surface energy required to form new fractures to the change in specific surface area of feed and product during comminution. The potential applicability of this approach to blasting is illustrated, using the results of data from bench blasting tests on Pinal schists and production blasting of Carboniferous limestones. The approach contributes to understanding of the mechanisms involved in blasting and to the design of test blasts. A modified form is presented of the relationship between blasting energy, specific surface area of the muckpile and a rock energy constant related to the discontinuity structure of the rock. The modified equation fits observed data and offers a simple basis for further experiments

Jun 19, 1905

By Andréa Lagacé

"The milling of sulphide ores inherently generates “thiosalts”, a series of partially oxidized sulphur oxyanions (S2O3 2-, S3O6 2-, S4O6 2- etc.), which make control of effluent treatment systems difficult because their natural oxidation produces acid with the potential to lower the pH within the treatment system and/or receiving environment.At the Xstrata Copper Kidd Metallurgical Site, thiosalt oxidation in the Tailings Management Area continues after buffer storage Ponds A and C where lime is added to precipitate metals and elevate the pH to within the required range for discharge. If the additional acidity generated during the continued process of thiosalt oxidation is not neutralized there is a risk that the final effluent will be non-compliant with regulated standards.To mitigate this risk, in 2007 a full scale pilot trial was conducted with hydrogen peroxide in order to force the complete oxidation of thiosalts prior to the lime treatment stations. This method of chemical oxidation had been shown to be effective at Xstrata Zinc’s Brunswick Mine. The pilot results indicated that a maximum of 50% of the stoichiometric quantity of hydrogen peroxide is required to reduce the thiosalt concentration in the No. 2 thickener overflow stream (feed to buffer storage Ponds A and C) to less than detection (10 mg/L); however, treatment was only effective in the presence of a 20 mg/L iron (Fe) catalyst. Since the hydrogen peroxide addition point at the No. 2 tailings thickener overflow typically contains <1 mg/L total Fe, a second reagent, ferric sulphate, was used to increase the total Fe concentration to the required level. This paper describes the set-up and results of the pilot trial which were used in the design of the full-scale plant.INTRODUCTIONTailings Management Area OverviewXstrata Copper’s Kidd Metallurgical Site, located in Timmins, Ontario, is an integrated metal refining facility producing copper, zinc, cadmium, indium, liquid sulfur dioxide, and sulfuric acid from third party custom feeds, and mineral concentrates recovered from its 7,800 tonne per day mill."

Jan 1, 2010

By Matthew E. MacGregor, Hugh T. Kelly

I.H. 635 (LBJ Freeway) was constructed as a loop freeway around the city of Dallas in the late 1960s and early 1970s with a design capacity of 160,000 vehicles per day (vpd). Today’s facility is carrying over 270,000 vpd. To help mitigate community concerns with regard to right-of-way issues, noise, safety, and traffic disruption, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) is planning a number of significant improvements. The West Section improvements include the construction of managed HOV/Toll lanes. Within this 8-mile section, TxDOT is planning two mined tunnels(1.5 and 1.9 miles long) beneath the LBJ Freeway. The mined tunnels will connect to cut-and-cover box sections in both the east and west directions. This paper presents an overview of the project development from the design schematic, through the geotechnical investigations, into the current design stage. The project is being planned for implementation by use of a Comprehensive Development Agreement.

Jan 1, 2005