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By H. W. Mead, C. E. Birchenall

SELF-DIFFUSION of cobalt has been investigated by Ruder and Birchenall,1, 2 Nix and Jaumot,3 and Gruzin.4 The results for a given tem- perature differ by a factor of about six in the extreme cases with no really close agreement between any two sets of data. The first two groups of investigators employed the decrease of surface activity method. Since Ruder and Birchenall have shown that the values obtained from this method are sensitive to the surface preparation, it seemed desirable to perform a few check experiments by a method not open to this objection.

Jan 1, 1956

By L. P. Teas

Although 1927 in the Arkansas-Louisiana territory will probably pass into history as a year of small profits and little new production, nevcrtheless during this period two large gas fields were developed; two new oil fields were discovered, and two new oil horizons, hitherto of minor annual production Fig. 1.—Production of North louisiana and ARkansas by fields, for 1926 and 1927. (Upper blocks represent 1926 production; lower blocks, 1927 production ) importance, were developed. In spite of the "hard times" some of the leading supply houses did more business this year in this district than in any year since 1920.

Jan 1, 1928

By D. L. Albright, R. W. Kraft, J. A. Ford

HE unidirectional solidification of A1-CuAl, eutec-tic specimens to produce an essentially parallel lamellar structure has been described previously.' Ingots solidified in this manner ordinarily exhibit three macroscopic zones. In Zone I, at the head end of the ingot, a large number of slightly elongated grains occur in which the lamellae are highly distorted and twisted. After a few centimeters of growth, this distribution gradually changes to a small number of coarse grains elongated in the growth direction and in which the lamellae are quite regular, Zone 11. Zone 111, at the tail end of the ingot,

Jan 1, 1963

Belting worth thousands of dollars can be ruined in a few minutes because of careless maintenance or lack of maintenance. Proper belt conveyor maintenance means having a clean conveyor system at all times. The belt line should be visually inspected during each shift. Equipped with proper maintenance instructions, one belt man can patrol a belt line of 2 to 3 km (1.5 to 2 miles). His duties would be to lubricate drives and idlers (except sealed-for- life type), maintain belt and conveyor frame alignment, detect sticking idlers, and maintain an unobstructed right-of-way.

Jan 3, 1978

THE National Safety Council will hold the following ses-sions in the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York, N. Y., on Oct. 2, 3 and 4: Oct. 2. 9.30 A. M. 1. Report of past year committees, by Chairman 2. "Safety Pays," by Howard I. Young, Vice-President, American Zinc, Lead and Smelting Co., Mascot, Tenn. (Discussion) 3. Entertainment 4. "Methods and Results of Improved Foremanship Conferences," by H. A. Gilbertson, Director of Per-sonnel, Lehigh Coal and Navigation Co., Lansford, Pa. (Discussion) 5. Appointment of election and resolutions committees Oct. 3, 9.30 A. M.

Jan 9, 1928

By Harlan N. Barton

A commercially available, portable X-ray spectrograph, lightweight and rugged for vehicle or field camp use, was used to determine Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Rb, Sr, and Zn in stream sediment geochemical samples. Investigations showed a relative standard deviation of 1-3%, detection limits of approximately 100 pg/g and significant matrix effects. Coefficients of correlation greater than 0.9 were obtained between portable X-ray and emission and atomic-absorption spectroscopy analyses. A geochemical map of a known mineralized area showed good agreement with maps prepared by other methods of analysis and sample media.

Jan 1, 1983

Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute, Vol. 12, Part 1, 1919, includes "The Reign of Law," by Dr. J. Murray Clark; "The Northern Interior of British Columbia and its Maps," by Rev. A. G. Morice, 0. M. I., M. A.; "Educational Reform: its Relation to a Solution of the Industrial Deadlock," by C. G. Corless, M. Sc. (McGill); "The Growth of the Scales on Fishes," by A. G. Huntsman, B. A., M. B.; "Intellectual Consequences of the War," by Franklin H. Giddings, Ph. D., LL. D., and "Industrial Research," by F.. B. Jewett, Ph. D."

Jan 7, 1919

Lake Superior Iron Ore Association, 3100 East 45th St , Cleveland, Ohio W L Tinker, Secretary This Association does not issue scientific technical bulletins, strictly speaking, but statements, etc , are published containing information of interest to mining engineers and geologists To show the type of information published, mention may be made of material issued in 1931: 1 Directory of mine operators and statistical data. 2 A bulletin, Distribution of Lake Superior iron ores, also Eastern and foreign ore 3 A booklet, Analyses of Lake Superior iron ores, season 1931 These publications, or information on others may be had by addressing the above

Jan 1, 1933

The Committee on Nominations, begs to submit the following as its nominees for the respective offices indicated, for the year beginning February, 1920. For President and Director: HERBERT HOOVER Palo Alto, Calif. For Vice-President and Director: FREDERICK LAIST, Anaconda, Mont District 5 SEELEY W. MUDD, Los Angeles, Calif District 6 For Directors: W: M. CORSE, Mansfield, Ohio District 3 A. S. DWIGHT, New York, N. Y District 0 R. M. CATLIN, Franklin Furnace, N. J District 1 C. H. CLEVENGER, Washington, D. C District 9 W. A. CARLYLE, Ottawa, Can District 11 POPE YEATMAN, Chairman, Committee on Nominations.

Jan 12, 1919

Organization Place Date 1917 Mine Inspectors Institute of U. S. A Indianapolis, Ind. July 9-11 American Society of Sanitary Engineers Grand Rapids, Mich. Aug. 1-3 National Association of Stationary Engineers... Evansville, Ind. Sept. 10-15 National Exposition of Safety and Sanitation.. New York City Sept. 10-15 American Iron, Steel & Electrical Engineers.... Philadelphia, Pa. Sept. 10-14 American Institute of Metals Boston, Mass. Sept. 24-29 American Foundrymen's Association Boston, Mass. Sept. 24-29 Chemical Industries, Third National Exhibition. New York City Sept. 24-29 American Electro-Chemical Society Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct. 3-6

Jan 7, 1917

CURRENT MATTERS Page Page New York Meeting v Federal Control of Minerals xxxii Meeting of Board of Directors.. ix Naval Consulting Board...' xxxix Reports for Year, 1917: Perkin Medal xl Secretary ix Communication from Albert Treasurer xvii Sauveur xl Committee on Membership... xx Affiliated Student Societies xli Committee on Increase of Membership in Military Service... xli Membership xx Personal xlvii Committee on Publications... xxii Positions Vacant 1 Committee on Library xxiii Engineers Available li Local Section News: Forthcoming Meetings lii Boston xxiv Library liii. Columbia xxv Membership lvii San Francisco xxx Institute Committees lxx Qualifications for Membership.. xxxi Officers and Directors lxxviii.

Jan 2, 1918

By Jean Herenguel

THE published work of Lacombe and Beaujard' has demonstrated the interesting application of etch figures to the determination of crystal orientations in aluminum by a purely micrographic method. The geometry of these figures leaves no ambiguity and the method has the added advantage of being applicable to very small crystal units. These authors applied the technique to the study of high purity aluminum, and it has now been adopted buy Heren-guel and his collaborators to various researches on commercial aluminum, containing up to 1 pct Fe and Si. This must modify the opinion point,ed out by

Jan 1, 1953

By D. M. Buck

D. M. Buck, * Pittsburg, Pa.-During the first 5 months of 1918, approximately 11,000,000 lb. per month of pig tin were consumed in the United States. Solder, hearing metals, bronzes, etc. used about 5,500,000 lb.; collapsible tubes a little more than 250,000 lb.; tin-foil about 500,000 lb.; and the tin- and terne-plate industry somewhat less than 5,000,000 lb. In an effort to reduce this consumption and thus conserve our tin supplies, several methods of procedure suggest themselves: 1. Salvage. The most careful and systematic collection and re-use

Jan 12, 1918

AARONS, J. BOYD, Major. AGNEW, FRANK VANS. ALLEN, HERMAN H., Private, D Co., 8th -Reserve Engineers. BAINS, THOMAS M., Major, Engineer Officers' Reserve Corps. BANKS, H. R., Lieutenant, Canadian Engineers, B. E. F. BARBOUR, PERCY E., Deputy Supt. (Captain), New York State Troopers; Captain, 22d Regiment, N. Y. N. G. BARLING, H. B., Ist Lieutenant', Engineer Officers' Reserve Corps. BIGELOW, BRAXTON. BLOOMFIELD, E. C., Lieutenant. , BORROW, F. K. BROCK, R. W., Major, 19th Reserve Battalion of Canadians. BROOKS, ALFRED H., Captain, Engineer Officers' Reserve Corps. BROWNE, DE COURCY, 1st Lieutenant, Ordnance Dept., Fortress Monroe, Va.

Jan 9, 1917

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

430. The more important of the special properties of a mineral species with respect to heat include the following: Fusibility; conductivity and expansion, especially in their relation to crystalline structure; change in optical characters with change of temperature; specific heat; also diathermancy, or the power of transmitting heat radiation. The full discussion of these and other related subjects lies outside of the range of the present text-book. A few brief remarks are made upon them, and beyond these reference must be made to text-books on Physics ant1 to special memoirs, some of which are mentioned in the literature (p. 305).

Jan 1, 1922

By J. B. Patton

No academic program of reasonable duration can provide a geologist with all the skills that may be needed for applied work in industrial minerals. However, any curriculum that does not provide background in such basis subdisciplines as mineralogy-petrology, stratigraphy, sedimentology, structure, and geomorphology will leave the practitioner handicapped. Enough geochemistry to understand materials requirements, and sufficient geophysics to use geophysical data, are essential. In addition to purely scientific considerations, the industrial minerals geologist must be able to evaluate economic factors. He may also be faced with legal, social, and political problems in land use, zoning, envil.onmenta1 protection, and reclamation.

Jan 1, 1985

By Gary E. McIntosh

This paper will discuss a US Bureau of Mines project designed to assess and predict the impacts which surface coal mining will have on the regional shallow groundwater system in the Powder River Basin. The primary objective will be met through the accomplishment of the following: (1) The design and establishment of a regional network for monitoring shallow groundwater systems in the basin; (2) monitoring the direction and rate of flow, water quality, and aquifer characteristics of the shallow groundwater systems; and (3) development of a regional groundwater simulation model, with appurtenant subroutines to determine local effects.

Jan 4, 1979

By M. Shelef, A. W. Fletcher

The effect of alkali sulfates in promoting the sul-fation of nickel and copper in a bulk sulfide flota -tion concentrate by fluidized bed roasting has been studied in the laboratory, and it was shown that the various alkali sulfates promote sulfation to approximately the same extent. The sulfation of a mixture of synthetically prepared iron and nickel oxide and of nickel ferrite has also been studied. Nickel sulfation was promoted by high ratios of Fe:Ni and by the presence of sodium sulfate. THE work described in this paper was a continuation of earlier studies into the role of alkali sulfates in promoting the sulfation roasting of nickel sulfides1,2 in an endeavor to determine how the system was affected by the presence of compounds of iron and copper. The earlier work1 showed that, in the sulfation of NiO at 680°C, the reaction was limited by the formation of an impermeable film of nickel sulfate on the oxide surface. The relative effect of the various alkali sulfates in promoting nickel sulfation varied in the order: Li > Na >Cs > Rb > K A study of alkali sulfate/ nickel sulfate interactions at high temperatures showed that the promoting action was due to the fact that the nickel sulfate product layer sintered and agglomerated only when the more active additives were present. This resulted in the formation of discontinuities in the nickel sulfate layer so that diffusion of the sulfating gases to the NiO surface was no longer impeded and the reaction could proceed to completion. A similar explanation was used for the observation that sodium and lithium sulfates promote the oxidation of NiS to NiO at temperatures below 750°C since small amounts of nickel sulfate were formed during oxidation.2 It was of interest to study the effect of alkali sulfates on the sulfate roasting of a sulfide flotation concentrate which is typical of material treated commercially. In order to control temperature it is essential to roast sulfides in a fluidized bed and this technique was therefore used, although the batchwise operation of a small-scale laboratory reactor does not reproduce all conditions which prevail in full-scale continuous plant. The results obtained are therefore only comparative, and cannot be used for predicting the optimum conditions for metal extraction. The sulfation of synthetically prepared mixed oxides of nickel + copper and nickel + iron and of nickel ferrite was also studied to evaluate the relative effects of alkali sulfates with more complex systems. SULFATION ROASTING OF A SULFIDE FLOTATION CONCENTRATE The bulk sulfide flotation concentrate used in this work contained 7.92 pct Ni, 1.74 pct Cu, 35.66 pct Fe, and 31.28 pct S. The sulfide minerals present in order of abundance were pyrrhotite FeS, pyrite FeS2, pentlandite (FeNi)S, and chalcopyrite CuFeS2. Two samples described as coarse and fine were used. The coarse sample, which was a flotation concentrate (58 pct plus 300 mesh), was ground to 100 pct minus 350 mesh to produce the fine sample. Before roasting, the sample of sulfide concentrate was agglomerated by wetting witli a solution of the alkali sulfate (or water), thoroughly mixing, and drying at 110°C. This gave a cake which was gently crushed and screened, the -18 +100 mesh fraction being used for fluidized bed roasting. A similar-size fraction had been used by the authors in pilot plant work with a 4-in.-diam fluidized bed reactor.' In this work it was found that the molar ratio of additive to the total iron + nickel + copper content of the sulfide sample should be adjusted to a value of approximately 0.06, as this was the optimum amount necessary for nickel sulfation. Experimental. The fluidized bed reactor consisted of a quartz tube approximately 60 cm long and 30 mm in diameter resting in a vertical tube furnace. The sulfide bed (30 g) was supported on a bed of -4 +12 mesh quartz particles 3 cm high, which rested on a sintered quartz disc welded to the tube. The temperature of the furnace was controlled with a variable transformer to give a final bed temperature of 680°C. The bed was fluidized with air or mixtures of air + 10 pct v/v SO2, at a total apparent gas velocity of 60 to 65 cm per sec at 680°C. The SO2 was introduced into the fluidizing air stream only when the oxidation of the sulfides was completed. At the end of the roasting period the calcine was leached with boiling water and the

Jan 1, 1964

By ED. E. Furman, R. H. Atkinson

HITHERTO the practical creep testing of precious metals has received little or no attention. The only previous creep tests of precious metals have been made with wires under conditions such as to yield much more rapid rates of creep than in engineering tests.', ' Up to the present time the value of creep bars of adequate size, in the absence of real need for engineering data, has deterred investigators. However, the increasing use of platinum at high temperatures has demonstrated the need for reliable creep data for the guidance of engineers, especially those engaged in designing certain specialized chemical plant equipment. In order to supply this need, creep tests were conducted at 1382°F (750°C) on 0.290 in. diam specimens of platinum, 90 pct Pt, 10 pct Rh and palladium. The platinum was high purity, nominally 99.95 pct Pt. The 90 pct Pt, 10 pct Rh was of the same high quality as is used for making gauzes for the catalytic oxidation of ammonia. The palladium was also of high purity; two batches of palladium bars were tested, one deoxidized with calcium boride and the other with aluminum. Spectrographic examination of the palladium confirmed its good quality; the only significant impurities apart from the residual deoxidizers were traces of silicon and lead. Procedure The creep bars, which were furnished by Baker and Co. to our specification, were 6 ¾ in. in overall length with a 4½ in. (4 in. gage length) reduced section 0.290 in. in diam and had the ends threaded (?-NC16). It may be of interest that the bars were valued at up to $600 each. The specimens were supplied in a 50 pct cold-worked condition to facilitate attachment of the creep extensometer, which was of the push rod type. Because of the softness of the platinum and palladium, the extensometer rings were secured to the test section by means of circular knife edges instead of the usual pointed set screws. The extensometer rods extended through the bottom of the furnace and readings were taken with a 0.0001 in. "Last Word" dial gage fastened to the rods for the duration of the test. The bars were directly loaded by hanging weights from the lower specimen grip. All tests were conducted at 1382°F ± 2°F, and an effort was made to maintain the temperature gradient over the test section within 2°F. The ends of the furnace tube were packed with asbestos wool, which allowed a very slow circulation of air through the tube. Annealing was accomplished in the creep furnace before the load was applied. The platinum and palladium specimens were annealed at the test tem- perature for about 17 and 24 hr respectively; in the case of the rhodioplatinum it was found expedient to anneal for 1 hr at 1922°F (1050°C). Pilot samples cut from the same stock as the bars were used to check annealing procedures. Pertinent measurements of grain size and hardness were recorded. Results and Discussion The creep data obtained are given in Table I and the creep curves are plotted in Figs. 1, 2, and 3. Two platinum specimens, tested under a stress of 250 psi, had almost identical creep rates at 2000 hr, namely 0.000008 and 0.000009 pct per hr. A third platinum specimen, stressed at 400 psi, had a creep rate at 2000 hr of 0.000026 pct per hr; the reason for a rather sharp decrease in creep rate during the period from 1200 to 1600 hr is unknown. As it was thought that 90 pct Pt, 10 pct Rh would have a lower creep rate than platinum, the first sample was tested at 400 psi; however, the creep rate was approximately 50 pct greater. Microex-amination revealed that differences in grain size might be responsible for the unexpected result, as annealing at 1382°F developed an average grain diameter of 0.0021 in. in the rhodioplatinum specimen compared with 0.004 in. in the platinum bar. Annealing the alloy for 1 hr at 1922°F (1050°C) increased the average grain diameter to 0.0032 in. and materially improved the creep resistance, making it much better than platinum. A second specimen annealed at 1922°F (1050°C) and tested under a stress of 550 psi had a creep rate of 0.000022 pct per hr at 2000 hr, which was still substantially lower than that shown by the specimen annealed at 1382°F (750°C) and stressed at only 400 psi. In contrast to the creep behavior of the platinum and rhodioplatinum specimens, the palladium bars, whether deoxidized with calcium boride or aluminum, were characterized by high first stages of creep. However, after about 1200 hr of test, the creep

Jan 1, 1952

By P. B. Baxendell, R. Thomas

Work on the calculation of vertical two-phase flow gradients by Cia. Shell de Venezuela has been based mainly on the "energy-loss" method proposed by Poett-mann and Carpenter in 1952. The "energy-loss-factor" correlation proposed by Poettmann and Carpenter was based on relatively low-rate flow data. This correlation proved inapplicable to high-rate flow conditions. In an attempt to establish a satisfactory correlation for high rates, a series of experiments was carried out at rates up to 5,000 BID in Cia. Shell de Venezuela's La Paz field in Venezuela, using tubing strings fitted with electronic surface-recording pressure elements. As a result of these experiments a correlation between energy-loss factor and mass flow rate was established which is believed to be applicable to a wide range of conduit sizes and crude types at high flow rates (e.g., above 900 BID for 27/8-in. OD tubing). It is anticipated that the resulting gradient calculations will have an accuracy of the order of % 5 per cent. At lower flow rates the energy-loss factor cannot be considered as constant for any mass rate of flow, but varies with the free gas in place and the mixture velocity. No satisfactory correlating parameter was obtained. As a practical compromise for low flow rates, a modification of the curve proposed by Poettmann and Carpenter was used. In practice this was found to give gradient accuracies of approxirnately ± 10 per cent clown to flow rates as low as 300 B/D in 27/8-in. tubing. INTRODUCTION Production operations in Cia. Shell de Venezuela's light- and medium-crude fields are principally concerned with high-rate flowing or gas-lift wells. Under these conditions the analysis of well performance, the selection of production strings and the design of gas-lift installations are vitally dependent on an accurate knowledge of the pressure gradients involved in vertical two-phase flow. Initially, attempts were made to establish the gradients empirically as done by Gilbert,' but the results were not reliable due to scarcity of data over a full range of rates and gas-oil ratios. Several methods of calculation based on energy-balance considerations were attempted, but the computations were cumbersome and the results cliscouraging. In 1952 a paper was published by Poettmann and Carpenter' which proposed a new approach. Their method was also based on an energy-balance equation. but it was original in that no attempt was made to evaluate the various components making up the total energy losses. Instead, they proposed a form of analysis which assumed that all the significant energy losses for mutiphase flow could be correlated in a form similar to that of the Fanning equation for frictional 1osses in single-phase flow. They then derived an empirical relationship linking measurable field data with a factor which, when applied to the standard form of the Fanning equation, would enable the energy losses to be determined. The basic method was applied in Venezuela to the problem of annular flow gradients in the La Paz and Mara fields" This involved establishing a new energy-loss-factor correlation to cover high flow rates and, also, some adaptation of the method to permit mechanized calculation using punch-card machines. The final result was 1 set of gradient curves for La Paz and Mara conditions which proved to be surprisingly accurate. With the encouraging results of the annular flow calculations, several attempts were made to obtain a corresponding set of curves for tubing flow. Here, unfortunately, little progress could be made. The original correlation of Poettmann and Carpenter was based on rather 1imited data derived from low-rate observations in 23/8- and 27/8-in. OD tubing. It did not cover the higher range of production rates, and extrapolation proved unsuccessful. A new correlation covering high flow rates was required, but this proved to be extremely difficult to establish since tubing flow pressure measurements at high rates did not exist—due to the difficulty of running pressure bombs against high-velocity flow. The necessity for reliable tubing flow data increased with the development of the new concessions in Lake Maracaibo, where high-rate tubing flow from depths of 10,500 ft became routine. Thus. it was decided to set up a full-scale test to establish a reliable energy-loss factor for tubing flow conditions. A La. Paz field light-oil producer with a potential of approximately 12,000 B/D on annular flow was chosen. To obtain full pressure gradients, a special tubing string was installed which was equipped with electronic surface-recording pressure measuring devices,