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By W. F. Cloud

The data and information compiled under Part I of this report are the results of experiments performed in the petroleum engineering laboratory under the supervision of W. F. Cloud, Associate Professor of Petroleum Engineering and William Schriever, Professor of Physics, University of Oklahoma. Problems Being Studied Most of the time has been spent in trying to determine the rate of flow and pressure gradient in a 4-in. flow tube 10 ft. long, which was packed with sand of various grain sizes. To date, only two kinds of sand have been packed in this tube: 60 to 80-mesh Canadian river sand, 60 to 80-mesh and 80 to 100-mesh Simpson sand. The original intention was to follow the same procedure and use the same types of crude under identical saturation pressures of both air and gas, as well as unsaturated (dead) oil, flowing the various crudes through several different sizes of both Canadian river and Simpson (Wilcox) sands, but lack of time has prevented such an intensive study of the problem. Some additional time has been spent flowing saturated and unsaturated crudes, similar to those used in the 4-in. tube, through 1-in. tubes, one of which was 2 ft. long and one 5 ft. long. The results obtained have been checked against those obtained by using the 4-in. tube, to obtain the relation of diameter and length of tube to rate of flow in similar sands. Laboratory Equipment Saturation Tank.—A heavy steel cylindrical saturation tank, capacity about 42 gal. was mounted on a platform of bricks, then a galvanized tin temperature bath was built around the saturation tank. This contained

Jan 1, 1930

By G. Pomey

Heat-resisting chromium steels and alloys treated at 825° or 9.50°C (1527° or 1742°F) in a carburizing atmosphere exhibit an extensive carbide precipitation. This carbide precipitation may be succeeded by the FeCr a phase or by a carbide with a higher carbon content. Point analyses carried out with an electron mi-croanalyzer make it possible to study the depletion of chromium in the matrix after precipitation has occurred and to determine the chemical composition of carbides. In particular the content in the carbides of Fe, Ni, and W, elements which substitute Cr, can be accurately determined. HEAT-resisting chromium steels and alloys employed in the construction of gas carburizing and carbonitriding furnaces are subjected to a succession of oxidizing atmospheres during heating and cooling and to carburizing atmosphere during isothermal stage. Such a sequence of thermal cycling causes embrittlement and corrosion in the furnace materials. A quantitative study of the structural changes induced in the furnace materials has not received much attention in the past. However, utilization of the electron probe microanalyzer and other modern techniques has permitted a point analysis of the various phases formed and to follow their relative evolution. This paper gives results as regards the nature and composition of the carbide precipitation and the distribution of chromium in the matrix during only the carburizing periods. The structural changes subsequently produced during oxidizing periods will be presented eventually. METHODS AND MATERIALS Metallographic, X-ray diffraction and Castaing electron-probe microanalysis1 techniques have been employed to study carbide precipitation and evolution and the changes in the composition of the matrix in heat-resisting steels and alloys.

Jan 1, 1961

By Arthur Phillips

THE progress made in recent years in the art of dispersion-hardening has naturally led to an intensive study of alloy systems capable of yield-ing supersaturated solid solutions at ordinary temperatures. In general, the investigations have been confined to rather precise determinations of solubility limits and to experimental approaches designed to furnish more complete information regarding the rate and nature of precipitation under appropriate thermal conditions. Efforts are being made to focus more sharply on the atomic changes that are a direct consequence of the instability of the supersaturated solution. Here precision X-ray methods have come to be of considerable importance because lattice parameter measurements indicate very precisely the concentration of solute atoms in the solvent lattice. In spite of the general acceptance of parameter values as a criterion for the placing of solubility limits, it may be suggested that no thorough appraisal has been made of the several factors that conceivably may affect such measurements. More specifically, little attention has been devoted to the significance of surface energy conditions, specimen size and method of preparation, with par-ticular regard to the genesis of the grains and the surface concentration changes as a consequence of heat treatment and etching. Stenzel and Weerts1 recently published the results of a detailed study of precipitation reactions in aluminum-rich copper alloys. They found that, although copper lowers the lattice constant of aluminum, a 5 per cent copper alloy quenched from 150° and 225° C. had parameter values unquestionably higher than that of pure aluminum. Their results seem to substantiate, at least qualitatively, the earlier work of von Göler

Jan 1, 1934

By H. H. Stout

IN the early fall of 1925, the writer was conducting, in the Ledoux and Co. labora-tory, New York, experiments directed to-ward ascertaining the effect on its impurity content when cathode copper was subjected to a current of various gases at an elevated temperature below the melting point, The apparatus consisted of a vertical 1-in. dia. silica tube about 12 in. long, heated on the outside, The cathodes were broken to pass a8-in. mesh, and a current of various differ-ent gases was passed up through a 4-in, long column of these loose cathode particles in the vertical tube furnace. Temperature was maintained to i500° to 1600°F. and the gas treatments lasted from 3 to 6 hr, The writer observed that whenever reducing gas (H2 or CO) was used, these cathode par-ticles stuck together at points of contact with each other. The cohesion was so marked and tenacious that an examination was made of the fractured surfaces, when cathode particles were broken from the cluster. Crystal growth was always found to have taken place across the surfaces where separate particles were in contact, but only after all oxides, sulphates, etc, had been completely removed. The idea of a possible new process was then conceived and was disclosed to A. M. Smoot (V. P. Ledoux and Co.) with intent to obtain his views. The first conception as given Smoot was "to gas-clean broken cathodes, put them in an extrusion press, solidify and extrude them at around 1500°F," Smoot's reaction, after a few moments considera-tion, was, "It looks perfectly all right to me."

Jan 1, 1940

By Alfred Wandke

The problem of vein formation has been of particular interest to the writer for years. As his work for a long time was confined largely to districts showing large deposits of copper ore, it was natural that the efficiency of replacement, as one if not the chief control of the emplacement of the ore, seemed a particularly attractive hypothesis. Of late years, in almost daily underground work in the Guanajuato district, he has collected evidence which makes it certain that in a number of cases the ore solutions were under sufficient pressure to force the rock walls apart and to hold them apart, thus offering an open space for the deposition of vein and ore-bearing material. This paper will concern itself with conditions frequently met with in hypogene ore deposits of the vein type, and will deal in particular with ore occurrence in precious-metal veins of the type classified by Lindgrenl as epithermal deposits, or metalliferous deposits formed near the surface by ascending thermal waters2 and in genetic connection with igneous rocks. To account for the emplacement of this type of ore deposit various writers have suggested the following agencies: 1. Shattering of the wall rocks. 2. Pressure of growing crystals. 3. Magmation, as treated at length by Spurr3. 4. Replacement. 5. Openings produced by folding. 6. Shearing due to gravity. 7. Shrinkage produced by the passage of pre-ore solutions. 8. Contraction joints produced by lateral secretion. To this list there may be added another agency, a discussion of which forms the basis of this paper: 9. Pressure of the ore-bearing solutions.

Jan 1, 1931

By C. A. Stetefeldt

In May and June, 1885, I was engaged in examining the goldores of Las Minas, in the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, with a view of finding a cheap and efficient method for extracting the gold. The following minerals could be plainly seen in the ore : magnetite, pyrites of iron, pyrites of' copper, quartz, and garnet. Neither galena nor zinc-hlende mere visible, but the ore contained a trace of lead, and in some samples of ore from the Muertos mine, 1.19 per cent. of zinc mas found. Antimony and arsenic were not present. Native gold could scarcely be seen in specimens of' the ore, and it only appeared—mainly in extremely fine particles—after pulverizing and washing. Magnetite was in every instance the most prominent mineral, its quantity varying between 43 and 67 per cent. Determinations of copper and sulphur showed that from 3.5 to 7 per cent. pyrites of copper, and from 3 to 22 per cent. pyrites of iron were present. The gold-value of the ore varied between 0.3 oz. and 0.8 oz. per ton. I do not speak of specimens, but of average samples of large quantities of ore put through the battery. In ore that had been crushed through a No. 40 screen, the gold appeared, in part, as free gold, the rest being thoroughly mixed with the magnetite and pyrites, both minerals containing about the same percentage of gold. If this free gold was brought in contact with pure quicksilver it (lid not amalgamate readily, even if the quicksilver was charged with sodium amalgam.

Jan 1, 1886

Committee on Reduction and Refining of Copper............ 3 A.I.M.E. Officers and Directors.................... 4 Preface. By C. R. Kuzell....................... 7 Career and Achievements of James Douglas. By Arthur L. Walker. . 9 PAPERS Smelting 1. Reverberatory Smelting Practice History of Reverberatory Smelting in Montana, 1879-1933. By Frederick Laist..............................23 Reverberatory Smelting of Raw Concentrates at the International Smelter, Miami, Arizona. By P. D. I. Honeyman (With Discussion)...... 88 Development of Gun-feed Reverberatory Furnaces at Garfield Plant of American Smelting and Refining Company. By R. A. Wagstaff (With Discussion)........................99 An Experimental Combination of Shaft Roasting and Reverberatory Smelting. By Frederick Laist and J. P. Cooper (With Discussion).... 104 Forms of Copper Found in Reverberatory Slags. By Royal B. Jackman and Carle R. Hayward (With Discussion).............111 2. Converting Practice Development of Copper Converting at Butte and Anaconda. By William Kelly and Frederick Laist...................122 Developments in Converting Lead and Copper Matte at Tooele. By B. L. Sackett.............................132 Messina Stationary Basic Copper Converter. By R. G. Knickerbocker (With Discussion)........................140 Smelting Copper Concentrates in a Converter. By George E. Beavers. 149 Sulfuric Acid from Converter Gases. By George E. Beavers......151 Development of Monolithic Tamped Periclase Converter Linings at United Verde Copper Company Smelter. By F. H. Parsons (With Discussion) . 153 3. Descriptions of Plants The Noranda Smelter. By W. B. Boggs and J. N. Anderson......165 Smelting Operations at Roan Antelope Copper Mines, Limited. By Charles R. Wraith.......................202 4. Waste-heat Boiler Practice Copper-refinery Waste-heat Boilers at Great Falls Reduction Department, Anaconda Copper Mining Company. By E. S. Bardwell......225

Jan 1, 1934

REGULATIONS (proposed) for the location, drill-ing, casing, protection, operation, plugging and filling, and abandonment of natural gas and petroleum wells; having for their objectives. the protec-tion of life and property by prevention of intrusions of oil and gas into workable coal beds, and the conserva-tion of oil and gas resources in territory not underlain with workable coal beds. ARTICLE I Definitions Section 1.-For the purpose of these regulations (proposed), definitions are as follows: Well.-A bore-hole drilled for the purpose of developing natural gas or petroleum, or a bore-hole producing natural gas or petroleum. Well Operator.-Any person, persons, firm, partnership, corporation, company or association that proposes to, or does drill, operate, or abandon a well as herein defined. Coal Operator.-Any person, persons, firm, partnership, corporation, company or association that proposes to, or does operate, a coal mine in territory known or reputed to be underlain with oil or gas-bearing strata. State Mining Department.-The duly constituted authorities of a state having jurisdiction over coal-mining operations. Plat.-A map, drawing, or print made in accordance with the pro-visions of these regulations (proposed). Casing.-The pipe greater than 3 in. in diameter commonly used in wells drilled for natural gas and petroleum. Oil and Gas.-Synonyms, respectively, for petroleum and natural gas. Cement.-Hydraulic cement properly nixed with water only. Workable Coal Bed.-A coal bed in which, in the united judgment of the coal operator, the well operator and the State Mining Department, protection for life or property will be required when wells are drilled through it.

Jan 7, 1927

By Miguel Bustamente

In 1890 I mas manager of a mining enterprise in the State of Michoacan. The ores were composed principally of iron pyrites (much decomposed), in a quartz matrix, with native gold in very irregular grains. Some portions, however, carried their metallic value in a matrix of calcite arid siderite. The mill in which the ores were treated consisted of two 800-lb. stamps, two amalgamating-plates, four pans, two automatic washers, two Frue vanners, and the necessary accessories for assaying, retorting and refining gold. The plant, originally erected with American capital, and directed by competent Americans, passed in 1890 into the hands of Mexican owners. On taking charge of the business I found on hand a large amount of ore assaying 35 grammes of gold per metric ton (about 1 oz. Troy per ton of 2000 lbs.); but the company was losing money, and was about to abandon the business. Obviously, the difficulty lay in the treatment of the ore. The extraction of gold scarcely reached one-tenth of the assayvalue ; the loss of mercury was considerable; and high freight; charges excluded the alternative of exporting the ores. This situation naturally suggested that amalgamation was not applicable to these ores, and that a more appropriate method must be adopted. The cyanide- and chlorination-methods had been tried already, without practically satisfactory results. For the first few months I employed a combined system, extracting a part of the gold by direct amalgamation, and cyaniding the concentrates. This saved 32 per cent. of the assay-value, but the cost of milling still exceeded the proceeds. Meanwhile I observed

Jan 1, 1902

By Carle Hayward

THIS work was first undertaken in the metallurgical laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1907 by L. A. Dickinson, E. Phelps, and V. S. Rood, under the author's direction. They attempted to determine the diagram for the system Cu2S-NiS, but several inexplicable results were obtained. The following year, P. H. Mayer with Mr. Dickinson carried, on some experiments with nickel sulphide and found that the molten material slowly lost sulphur until it reached a composition corresponding to the compound Ni3S2, established by Bornemann.1 At this point the composition remained stable. The freezing points of the mixtures gradually fell off with the loss of sulphur. Since the above facts seemed to explain the erratic results obtained in the first experiments, Mr. Mayer with F. Jaeger attempted in 1910 to establish a correct equilibrium diagram for the Cu2S-Ni3S2 series. They prepared pure Cu2S and Ni3S2 and determined the cooling curves for various mixtures. The fusions were made in a platinum resistance furnace and the temperatures were measured with a platinum-iridium thermocouple connected with a Sullivan galvanometer. The curve was established for mixtures containing more than 40 per cent. Cu2S, but they were unable to determine certainly the direction of the curve beyond that point. Nothing further was attempted with this series until the present year, when the work was carried to a successful conclusion with the assistance of A. Butts, Jr., and E. H. Weil. The results of this work are given in the following pages.

Jan 1, 1914

By W.G. Harbert, C. Upthegrove

DURing the past year considerable work dealing with physical properties of cartridge brass was done at the University of Michigan in cooperation with the Ordnance Department of the U. S. Army. This paper gives some of the data bearing on the effect of the anneal, previous to the final reduction-or rolling, on the physical properties, particularly the hardness. Various phases of the subject of physical properties of cartridge brass have been presented by different investigators. Mathewson and Phillips1 refer to the work of Grard, in 1909, as the first systematic presentation of the relation between temperature and time of anneal, changing of physical properties and microstructure, and the previous reduction by cold rolling. They discuss the relation between time and temperature of annealand the previous reduction by cold rolling; also the relation between physical properties and grain size of annealed brass. The degree of deformation previous to the annealing was found to determine the temperature at which recrystallization and corresponding changes in physical Properties would take place. relation between grain size and Brinell hardness, found the hardness for low-temperature annealing to be dependent on the previous degree of reduction, while for anneals above a certain temperature the hardness after the anneal was independent of the degree of reduction. Actual differences in hardness, due to the degree of reduction, disappear only on annealing at 600" C. or above; though the differences for metal subjected to different degrees of reduction and annealed at temperatures between 350" and 600" C. were found to be relatively small. In their determination of the relationship of grain size to Brinell hardness, Bassett

Jan 1, 1923

By W. G. Harbert, C. Upthegrove

DURing the past year considerable work dealing with physical properties of cartridge brass was done at the University of Michigan in cooperation with the Ordnance Department of the U. S. Army. This paper gives some of the data bearing on the effect of the anneal, previous to the final reduction-or rolling, on the physical properties, particularly the hardness. Various phases of the subject of physical properties of cartridge brass have been presented by different investigators. Mathewson and Phillips1 refer to the work of Grard, in 1909, as the first systematic presentation of the relation between temperature and time of anneal, changing of physical properties and microstructure, and the previous reduction by cold rolling. They discuss the relation between time and temperature of annealand the previous reduction by cold rolling; also the relation between physical properties and grain size of annealed brass. The degree of deformation previous to the annealing was found to determine the temperature at which recrystallization and corresponding changes in physical Properties would take place. relation between grain size and Brinell hardness, found the hardness for low-temperature annealing to be dependent on the previous degree of reduction, while for anneals above a certain temperature the hardness after the anneal was independent of the degree of reduction. Actual differences in hardness, due to the degree of reduction, disappear only on annealing at 600" C. or above; though the differences for metal subjected to different degrees of reduction and annealed at temperatures between 350" and 600" C. were found to be relatively small. In their determination of the relationship of grain size to Brinell hardness, Bassett

Jan 1, 1923

By C. Upthegrove

DURING the past year considerable work dealing with physical properties of cartridge brass was done at the University of Michigan in cooperation with the Ordnance Department of the U. S. Army. This paper gives some of the data bearing on the effect of the anneal, previous to the final reduction or rolling, on the physical properties, particularly the hardness. Various phases of the subject of physical properties of cartridge brass have been presented by different investigators. Mathewson and Phillips1 refer to the work of Grard, in 1909, as the first systematic presentation of the relation between temperature-and time of anneal; changing of physical properties and microstructure, and the previous reduction by cold rolling. They discuss the relation between time and temperature of anneal and the previous reduction by cold rolling also; the relation between physical properties and grain size of annealed brass. The degree of deformation previous to the annealing was found to determine the temperature at which recrystallization and corresponding changes in physical properties would take place. Bassett and Davis,2 in establishing the relation between grain size and Brinell hardness; found the hardness for low-temperature annealing to be dependent on the previous degree of reduction, while for anneals above a certain temperature the hardness after the anneal was independent of the degree of reduction. Actual differences in hardness, due to the degree of reduction, disappear only on annealing at 600° C. or above; though the differences for metal subjected to different degrees of reduction and annealed at temperatures between 350° and 600° C. were found to be relatively small. In their determination of the relationship of grain size to Brinell hardness, Bassett

Jan 5, 1922

By C. H. Noren

For some years the Du Pont Company has utilized computer calculations to study the various theoretical properties of explosives. These studies have yielded valuable information on the effects of density changes or formulation changes on detonation rate, detonation pressure, explosion pressure, heat of explosion and numerous other properties, and have aided in evaluating the theoretical potential of explosives. In addition, a multitude of laboratory tests have been utilized for the evaluation of explosives. When comparing the computer data and the voluminous test data it became evident that numerous anomalies existed. Tests in rock were required to study explosives under borehole confinement. This fact was further emphasized after numerous field measurements showed that the borehole velocity of commercial explosives did not match the theoretical value but was dependent on conditions of field use. Since we are interested in the practical aspects of blasting, a program was initiated to evaluate explosives as used in commercial blasting. INSTRUMENTATION Most of you are familiar with the extensive work that has been done by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in their studies of strain measurements in rock. Early in our work we adopted procedures similar to those used by the Bureau of Mines. Strain pulses were measured by gages cemented in boreholes. Since we were primarily interested in the effect of explosives in the zone where fracture might occur, this system offered several disadvantages for Du Pont: 1. Cemented gages were expensive and not reusable. 2. When gage holes were used for several shots, there was considerable question as to the condition of the rock after the first shot.

Jan 1, 1968

By H. G. Warren, E. W. Hough

Correlation of interfacial tension of the methane-n-pentane and methane-n-decane systems was made by Hough and Stegemeier by the use of the Weinaug and Katz equation. The methane-n-heptane and ethylene-n-heptane systems were investigated by the authors. Additional systems taken from the literature were the me thane-propane system by Weinaug. and Katz, the methane-n-butane system by Pennington and Hough, and the n- butane -carbon dioxide system by Brauer and Hough. These systems were analyzed by the Weinaug-Katz equation and the Sugden equation on the IBM 1620 11 computer using a regression analysis program. Parachor and exponent values for each component and system were determined. The experimental work was close to the critical point of the light component in the n-butane-carbon dioxide and ethylene-n-heptane systems, between the critical points of the light and heavy components in the methane-n-pentane, methane-n-heptane and methane-n-decane systems, and close to the critical point of the heavy component in the methane-pmpane and methane-n-butane systems. An empirical formula was developed to find a value of the constant B in the Sugden equation for binary hydrocarbon systems from the parachor values of the two components. Interfacial tension for binary hydrocarbon systems was found to be a direct function of liquid-vapor phase density difference in the same manner as a single-component system. DISCUSSION Interfacial tension may be defined as the measure of the specific free surface energy between two phases having different compositions.1 The interfacial tension (IFT) for a binary system may be predicted for any temperature and pressure if the

Jan 1, 1967

THE following employment items are made available to AWE a non-profit basis by the Engineering Societies Personnel Service, Inc., operating in cooperation with the Four Founder Societies. Local offices of the Personnel Service are at 8 W. 40th St., New York 18; 100 Farnsworth Ave., Detroit; 57 Post St., San Francisco; 84 E. Randolph St., Chicago 1. Applicants should address. all mail to the proper key numbers in care of the New York Office and include 6c in stamps for forwarding and returning application. The applicant agrees, if placed in a position by means of the Service, to pay the placement fee listed by the Service. AIME members may secure a weekly bulletin of, positions available for $3.50 a quarter, $12 a year. MEN AVAILABLE Executive Engineer, Mining Engineer Graduate, 25 years' management experience from plant operation to vice president in charge of manufacturing for national concern. Management and operational experience in gypsum, asbestos, cement, paper, felt, asphalt products. West Coast or South location preferred. Prefer permanent position but would consider connection on consulting basis. M-663. Geologist and Engineer, E.M. (Geol.), Ph.D., 46, married, excellent health. Nineteen years' broad experience including appraisal, acquisition, large-scale exploration, special problems, planning, organization, and supervision in U.S., Africa, and South America. Sound approach and execution, writes clearly. Currently employed but available short notice. M-660. Mining Plant Designer. Over thirty years' broad mining experience. Graduate mining engineer, registered mechanical engineer, experienced structural engineer. Member AIME, NSPE. Fully experienced all phases design, from initial plant layout to final details. Excellent references. Presently employed but available reasonable notice. M-661-238-Chicago.

Jan 1, 1952

By Stanley W. Ivosevic

The commercial success of this low-grade property by Houston Oil and Minerals Corp. (succeeded in interest by Houston International Minerals, Inc.) resulted from credibility of analytical data furnished by the property vendor upon initial examination and from other favorable geologic criteria in evidence; from negotiation of lease terms not detrimental to project economics; from entrepreneurial exploration management; from an encouraging attitude by the US Forest Service; and from the favorable mining and metallurgical characteristics of the ore body. The potential of the property, but not its location, was brought to the attention of the project manager (the author) by the vendor some time before accepting employment with HO&M. In December, 1977, the vendor granted an examination to the project manager, by then an employee; and a lease to the 15 mining claims embracing the property was executed in April, 1978. (See Fig. 1.) Field work and extensive claim staking in this virgin district commenced in May, with drilling beginning in August. At the point that an apparent discovery was recognized in October, only $98,000-including property payments-had been expended on the project. By April, 1979, the deposit was drilled out on 60-m (200-ft) centers and a preliminary re- serve estimate, discounted cash-flow analysis, and recommendations for mine development and additional exploration submitted to management-all at a cost well below budget. The property was recommended for acquisition after matching favorable geologic criteria developed by the project manager. Favorable lithology, structure, and geochemical zonation converged on a subdued low-temperature hydrothermal alteration zone subtly expressed on a pediment surrounding the heart of the property, from which approx [ ]

Jan 1, 1985

The following letter has been received from the Chairman of the United States Shipping Board. August 1, 1918. American Institute of Mining Engineers, New York, N. Y. GENTLEMEN: I am going to call upon your organization for some teamwork. The time has come for Americans everywhere to put themselves solidly behind American ships. Our railroads must no longer stop at the ocean. We are building an American merchant fleet of twenty-five million tons-three thousand ships. We are backing modern ships with modern port facilities, establishing our bunkering stations all over the globe and will operate with American railroad efficiency. We will carry American cargoes at rates corresponding to our railroad rates-the cheapest in the world. Fast American passenger-and-cargo liners will run regularly to every port in Latin America, the Orient, Africa, Australia. Are you taking steps to use these ships to increase your own prosperity? Do you realize that American products of factory, farm and mine can be delivered to customers in foreign countries on terms which will build lasting trade? Do you realize the possibilities for bringing hack raw materials to extend your products and trade? We must all take off our coats and work to bring these American ships home to the people of every American interest and community. The manufacturer must think of customers in Latin America as being as accessible as those in the next state. The farmer must visualize ships carrying his wheat, cotton, breeding animals, dairy products and fruit to new world markets. The American boy must think of ships and foreign countries when he chooses a calling.

Jan 9, 1918

By C. E. Mendenhall

FOR the purpose in hand, pyrometry may be taken to include all temperature measurements from, say, 200° C. to the highest attainable, especially when considered from the technical or applied side. It will be convenient first to consider the entire content of a course of study grouped under the headings of the various methods of measurement, which are quite distinct in principle and involve different equipment. Brief suggestions will be given under each heading, and the summary will be followed by comments on the purpose of such a course and methods of conducting it. 1. Expansion and pressure methods: mercury thermometers (glass and quartz), liquid, gas, and vapor-pressure thermometers, especially recording instruments. Especial attention should be given to the limitations of these methods, which, particularly in high-temperature mercury thermometry, are often overlooked. Range approximately to 700° C. 2. Resistance thermometers: both bridge and potentiometer methods, of indicating and recording. Calibration; lead compensation; design of thermometers for special purposes. Range to 1200° C. 3. Thermoelectric pyrometers: potentiometer and deflection methods indicating and recording. Calibration, leakage errors, contamination errors, base and noble couples. Range to 1500° C. 4. Total radiation methods: thermoelectric, resistance, and expansion indicators, mirror and lens collectors, calibration, permanence of characteristics, absorption errors. Range, to highest attainable temperatures. Methods of producing perfect radiators-true, and virtual or "black body" temperatures. 5. Partial radiation methods: absorption and spectroscopic methods of getting partial radiation, various comparison sources, polarization, electric, sector, and absorption methods of controlling intensity (Morse, Lummer, and Wanner types). Calibration, permanence of calibration, absorption errors. Methods of producing perfect radiators -improvised methods; true, and virtual or black-body temperatures.

Jan 9, 1919

By R. J. Wysor

CHARLES H. RICH, Conshohocken, Pa. (communication to the Secretary*).-Mr. Wysor has certainly covered his subject in the most thorough and able manner and his paper will no doubt result in enlarged effort toward the conservation of this important byproduct. Not all furnace burdens are as rich in alkalies as those noted by Mr. Wysor. In our own experience we have never gone into any extended examination of the materials entering the furnace burdens, but have made a number of determinations of the water-soluble alkalies of our flue and boiler dust and found maximum of about 4 1/2 per cent. K20-too small for profitable reclamation. We have, however, frequently encountered the smoky gas described by Mr. Wysor. Such gas carries heavy fume, and buds with a fitful flame difficult to maintain. So pronounced was the inhibitory effect of the fume that, in extreme cases, the flame of a lighted match was extinguished by the current of gas and it was found impossible to conduct calorimeter tests without preliminary washing of the gas. When the gas was led through a washer filled with distilled water and pieces of coke, the fume was absorbed and the gas burned without difficulty. Careful analyses conducted on the water solution from the washer showed cyanides in increasing amounts in proportion to the difficulty experienced in burning the gas. We, note Mr. Wysor's statement that he has never found evidence of cyanides in their gas, ascribing the difficulty of burning such gas to the presence of chlorides. Our determinations were conducted in such manner as to preclude possibility of interference by chlorine.

Jan 3, 1917