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By Warren L. Howes

This paper deals primarily with an investigation of ball-mill liners that was conducted by the writer over a period of six years at the Mammoth mill in Arizona. The investigation covered a wide variety of designs of liners in both primary and secondary mills. The comparative results are presented herein as evidence of the extent to which design influenced liner life and mill performance. Flowsheet The feed to the Mammoth mill was a complex, oxidized, gold-silver-lead-molybde-num-vanadium ore with rhyolite, andesite and granite as gangue. Although the ore varied between stopes, the long-term average in character remained substantially the same. Capacity was 560 tons per day.† Fig. I shows an abbreviated flowsheet of the grinding section of the mill. Primary Ball Mill A 3-ft. Symons shorthead crusher in open circuit crushed to 1/4-in. maximum one-way dimension the feed to the 5 by Io-ft. Marcy open-end ball mill. The mill rotated at 80 per cent of critical speed and was charged with 4-in. forged steel balls. Cast balls were used for a few months at a slight reduction in ball cost, but breakage of the large balls reduced the ball size and grinding capacity to a point where the over-all costs suffered out of proportion to the saving in cost of balls. For metallurgical reasons, the finished product of the mill was maintained at minus 8-mesh. This coarse product, plus the very abrasive ore and the absence of fines in the feed, caused abnormally rapid wear of the mill liners. The resultant high operating cost led to the most extensive phase of the investigation. In order to clarify the difference in design of the various types of liners used, Fig. a shows the profiles with the arrangement in which grinding balls of maximum size would lie on the face of the liners. The results with each type of shell liner in the primary mill are shown in Table I. Since most of the testing was done with

Jan 1, 1943

By Warren L. Howes

This paper deals primarily with an investigation of ball-mill liners that was conducted by the writer over a period of six years at the Mammoth mill in Arizona. The investigation covered a wide variety of designs of liners in both primary and secondary mills. The comparative results are presented herein as evidence of the extent to which design influenced liner life and mill performance. Flowsheet The feed to the Mammoth mill was a complex, oxidized, gold-silver-lead-molybde-num-vanadium ore with rhyolite, andesite and granite as gangue. Although the ore varied between stopes, the long-term average in character remained substantially the same. Capacity was 560 tons per day.† Fig. I shows an abbreviated flowsheet of the grinding section of the mill. Primary Ball Mill A 3-ft. Symons shorthead crusher in open circuit crushed to 1/4-in. maximum one-way dimension the feed to the 5 by Io-ft. Marcy open-end ball mill. The mill rotated at 80 per cent of critical speed and was charged with 4-in. forged steel balls. Cast balls were used for a few months at a slight reduction in ball cost, but breakage of the large balls reduced the ball size and grinding capacity to a point where the over-all costs suffered out of proportion to the saving in cost of balls. For metallurgical reasons, the finished product of the mill was maintained at minus 8-mesh. This coarse product, plus the very abrasive ore and the absence of fines in the feed, caused abnormally rapid wear of the mill liners. The resultant high operating cost led to the most extensive phase of the investigation. In order to clarify the difference in design of the various types of liners used, Fig. a shows the profiles with the arrangement in which grinding balls of maximum size would lie on the face of the liners. The results with each type of shell liner in the primary mill are shown in Table I. Since most of the testing was done with

Jan 1, 1943

By T. M. Broderick

INVESTIGATIONS into the possibilities of economically mining and concentrating low-grade iron ores of the Lake Superior region are attract-ing increasing attention. Among the organizations that are carrying on the work are the United States Bureau of Mines, the State of Minne-sota (which spends about $80,000 annually on problems of the 'iron and ferroalloy ores of Minnesota), and the State of Michigan (which spends about $10,000 annually of its iron-ore research). Several of the mining companies are also financing research. Of the states in the Lake Superior district, Minnesota has done most in iron-ore concentration. In 1930, thirty-seven concentrating plants were in operation on the Mesabi Range, beneficiating about one-third of the total ore shipped. About one-half of these plants reduced silica; the others reduced moisture or improved the structure of the ore.1 Research into the possibilities of magnetic concentration of the Eastern Mesabi magnetite ores indicates that vast tonnages of that ore may be utilized at a profit in the not distant future. Magnetic concentration has also been tried at Sellwood, Ontario, on the Moose Mountain deposit, and at the Berkshire mine in Wisconsin on the magnetic ores of the Western Gogebic Range. There have been few attempts to concentrate Michigan iron ores. In order to determine the possibilities of such concentration, iron-ore research has been carried on at the Michigan College of Mining and Technology for the past few years. After a general survey of the iron ores of the state, a program of more detailed experimentation was out-lined, starting with work on the Ironwood formation of the Gogebic Range. The results of this research led to the belief that gravity methods will produce fairly satisfactory concentrates from the parts of the iron formation that are made up of comparatively thick alternating beds of rather high-grade ore and lean chert.

Jan 1, 1933

By John B. Dilworth

In September, 1930, H. N. Eavenson, then Chairman of the Coal Division, appointed a Committee on Methods of valuing Coal Propelvties, with John B. Dilworth as chairman. The latter prepared a schedule' of features for consideration under the general headings of Undeveloped and Developed Coal Properties. These subjects were divided among the members of the committee and during the next year written discussions of his allotted subjects were received from each member. Mr. Grimes and Mr. Eavenson discussed the entire list,. These discussions were mimeographed and a set sent to each member before the meeting of the Institute in February, 1932. There was a general discussion at that meeting. At the meeting in February, 1934, Mr. Dilworth submitted a report12 which summarized the accumulated opinions and data and presented the conclusions of the committee as a whole on the subjects embraced in it's schedule. Members of the committee expressed the desire that some of the individual opinions be published for reference. Mr. R. Damon Hall's abstracts of these papers arc therefore presentrd herewith.3 Personnel of Committee John B. Dilworth (Chairman), Consulting Mining Engineer, Edward V. D'Invilliers Engineering Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Eli T. Conner, Consulting Mining Engineer, Seranton, Pa. W. G. Duncan, Jr., Superintendent, W. G. Duncan CoaI Co., Greenville, Ky. Howard N. EAveNson, Consulting Mining Engineer; Eavenson, Alford & Hicks. Pittshurgh, Pa. George Watkin Evans, Consulting Mining Engineer, Seattle, Wash. J. A. Garcia, Consulting And Constructing Engineer, Allen & Garcia Co., Chicatgo. III. John Alden Grimes, Valuation Engineer, Bureau of Internal Revenue, Washington, D. C. Otto Herres, Assistant Manager, United States Fue1 Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. J. R. Hicks, Consulting Mining Engineer, Eavensorl, Alford & Hicks, Pittsburgh, Pa. Robert D. Reeder, Mining Engineer, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. Samuel, A. Taylor, Consulting Engineer, Pittsburgh, Pa. Bleeckee L.. WHeeler, Mining Engineer, Ford, Bacon & Davis, New York, N. Y.

Jan 1, 1934

By P. V. Martin

Shortly after the middle of the nineteenth century, the invention of the regenerative open-hearth furnace and the development of the Bessemer process stimulated a rate of steel production whose magnitude created an unprecedented demand for pig iron. Revolutionary improvements in furnace design, auxiliary equipment, and operating technique enabled the blast furnace to keep abreast of the constantly increasing requirements of the steel mill. The development of improved blowing equipment, more adequate facilities for material handling, and particularly the general use of anthracitc and coke to replace the physically weaker charcoal, led to a rapid expansion in both the height and volume of furnaces. Beyond a doubt, however, the greatest single factor in blast-furnace improvement at this time was the use of the higher blast temperatures made available by the replacement of the recuperative iron pipe stoves by the regenerative Cowper brick stove. The increased blast temperature not only resulted in greater output but also reduced fuel consumption . far more than could be explained by the additional heat content of the blast. The progress of iron manufacturing was thus largely mechanical and thermal. Little attention was given the chemistry of the process until the publication of the investigations of Sir Lowthian Bell.1 Bell's painstaking experiments and investigations gave to the blast-furnace man his first real scientific conception of blast-furnace chemistry. Bell's recognition of the dual function of the carbon, the technical importance of reversible reactions and chemical equilibria, and his conception of the degree of oxidation of the carbon as shown by the analysis of the outgoing gases as a criterion of furnace efficiency, laid the foundation upon which has since been erected the structure of blast-furnace theory. Prominent among those availing themselves of Bell's data as .a basis of further study was M. L. Gruner,2 professor of the French School of Mines. His "Blast Furnace Phenomena," published in 1870, presented

Jan 1, 1940

By P. V. Martin

Shortly after the middle of the nineteenth century, the invention of the regenerative open-hearth furnace and the development of the Bessemer process stimulated a rate of steel production whose magnitude created an unprecedented demand for pig iron. Revolutionary improvements in furnace design, auxiliary equipment, and operating technique enabled the blast furnace to keep abreast of the constantly increasing requirements of the steel mill. The development of improved blowing equipment, more adequate facilities for material handling, and particularly the general use of anthracitc and coke to replace the physically weaker charcoal, led to a rapid expansion in both the height and volume of furnaces. Beyond a doubt, however, the greatest single factor in blast-furnace improvement at this time was the use of the higher blast temperatures made available by the replacement of the recuperative iron pipe stoves by the regenerative Cowper brick stove. The increased blast temperature not only resulted in greater output but also reduced fuel consumption . far more than could be explained by the additional heat content of the blast. The progress of iron manufacturing was thus largely mechanical and thermal. Little attention was given the chemistry of the process until the publication of the investigations of Sir Lowthian Bell.1 Bell's painstaking experiments and investigations gave to the blast-furnace man his first real scientific conception of blast-furnace chemistry. Bell's recognition of the dual function of the carbon, the technical importance of reversible reactions and chemical equilibria, and his conception of the degree of oxidation of the carbon as shown by the analysis of the outgoing gases as a criterion of furnace efficiency, laid the foundation upon which has since been erected the structure of blast-furnace theory. Prominent among those availing themselves of Bell's data as .a basis of further study was M. L. Gruner,2 professor of the French School of Mines. His "Blast Furnace Phenomena," published in 1870, presented

Jan 1, 1940

By C. G. Grant, Wm. B. Price

This investigation of low copper-nickel silvers was untiertaken to check the work of Lèon Guillet on special brasses and to determine, more accurately, the effect of the addition of nickel on the mierostructure of the binary alloys of copper arid zinc. It was hoped that the results could be successfully applied to the practical production of low copper-nickel silvers. To explain the results of his investigations on special brasses, Lèon Guillet evolved his conception of "fictitious compositions." He states,' in his general conclusions, that on the introduction of a small amount of a third metal to a copper-zinc alloy, it enters into solid solution with the normal constituents up to saturation, but by so doing it brings the ternary alloy into a state microscopically equivalent to a binary copper-zinc alloy of fictitious composition, and physically more nearly like the latter than the brass containing copper-zinc in the ratio actually present. The physical properties of the ternary alloy, when compared to the same properties of an actual brass of the fictitious composition, are modified by the natural properties of the third element. Beyond the point of saturation, a special constituent appears and the above generalization no longer holds. For example, if a 60:40 brass has 4 per cent. of tin substituted for 4 per cent. of zinc, the actual composition would analyze 60:36:4. Assuming that 1 per cent. of tin plays the same part as 2 per cent. of zinc, the proportions of copper and equivalent zinc may be stated as 60 parts of copper and 44 parts of zinc, which, figured to 100 per cent., gives an analysis of 57.7 per cent. of copper and 42.3 per cent. of zinc, the fictitious composition for a 60:36:4 tin brass. The relation between ternary alloys containing copper and zinc together with a third metal, and the microscopically equivalent binary alloy of copper and zinc, may be expressed mathematically.

Jan 1, 1924

By Philip B. Bucky

[CONTENTS t. How Does One Determine WhetherPAGE an ore Body Will Block-cave?R. W. Hughes13 Sherman R. Burdick 13 PAGER. T. Gallagher 14 Mark A. Smith 2 C. F. B. Price, Jr.14 Harry A. Leidich2Benjamin F. Tillson 14 McHenry Mosier2C. F. Jackson14,17 R. W. Hughes2R. Taborelli15 Sherman R. Burdick3Frank A. Ayer16 R. T. Gallagher 3Philip B. Bucky16 Benjamin F. Tillson 3Rollin Farminr6 Lucien Eaton 3J. L. G. Weysser15, 0,17 C. F. Jackson 3George S. Rice17 Philip B. Bucky32. How Does One Determine the Block4. What Determines the Procedure in Dimensions and the DevelopmentRemoving Caved Ore? Work Necessary to Make an OreHarry A. Leidich17 Body Cave?McHenry Mosier17,21 Mark A. Smith 5,7,() R. W. Hughes17 Harry A. Leidich6Sherman R. Burdick 18 McHenry Mosier6,7,12 R. T. Gallagher 18 R. W. Hughes6Mark A. Smith I8 Sherman R. Burdick 7Philip B. Bucky20, 21, 23 R. T. Gallagher 7C. F. B. Price, Jr20 Benjamin F. Tillson 7,11R. H. Bennett21 L. E. Young7C. F. Jackson 21, 23 Robert D. Hoffman8, 1 2Gerald Sherman 3 . 21 Gerald Sherman8Tell Ertl21 Philip B. Bucky10, 11, 12G. K. Foster 23 R. S. McClellan 12C. H. Shoemaker23 Tell Ertl 12 3. How Do the Forces Act and What Are5. What Are the Criteria for Determining the Stresses Developed in a Blockthe Efficiency of a Block-caving That Cause It to Block-cave?Operation? Mark A. Smith 12, ISHarry A. Leidich23 Harry A. Leidich13McHenry Mosier24 McHenry Mosier13R. W. Hughes24 Sherman R. Burdick 24 R. T. Gallagher 24]

Jan 1, 1942

By H. I. Smith

THE recently developed potash industry in southeastern New Mexico, though based on a relatively new discovery, marks the latest and perhaps culminating phase of the effort to obtain a domestic source of potash that began with the leaching of wood ashes more than 300 years ago. In the search for mineral potash in America, the Geological Survey has played a conspicuous part and has paved the way for much of the private activity that now bids fair to free the nation of foreign domina¬tion in supplying the nation's potash requirements. HISTORICAL REVIEW A pamphlet published by Thomas Stephen in 1758 pictures the industry in its early struggling condition.1 Just before the Civil War, a deposit of mineral potash had been found in Germany and its value as a fertilizer had been discovered. On this account and because the supply of wood ashes had decreased, the Ameri-can potash industry gradually lost its importance. During the next 50 years, with European potash available with little effort and with satisfactory substitutes on the market for the manufacture of soap, the interest of the American people in American potash declined. In 1910 this interest was suddenly revived by the abrogation of American potash contracts in Europe. Congress passed an act, approved by President Taft March 4, 1911, providing for "researches with a view to determining geological conditions favorable to the presence of deposits of potash salts." Appropriations were made to the Geological Survey and the Bureau of Soils to carry out the provisions of this act. The work of the Survey was directed toward the finding of commercial bodies of natural soluble potash salts; the Bureau of Soils was more concerned with the processes of extracting potash from industrial wastes and organic sources. Private agencies also became interested in the program. The Geological Survey has continued its search throughout the ensuing period of more than 20 years and has studied many types of deposits in many parts of the country.

Jan 1, 1933

1. How Does One Determine Whether an Ore Body Will Block-cave? Page Mark A. Smith......... 122 Harry A. Leidich........ 122 McHenry Mosier ...,.. 22 R. W. Hughes ........ 122 Sherman R. Burdick ....... 123 R. T. Gallagher........I 23 Benjamin F. Tillson...... 123 Lucien Eaton...........123 C. F. Jackson..... . .. 123 Philip B. Bucky........... 126 2. How Does One Determine the Block Dimensions and the Development Work Necessary to Make an Ore Body Cave? Mark A. Smith... 125, 127, 129 Harry A. Leidich..........126 McHenry Mosier......126, 127, 132 R. W. Hughes...........126 Sherman R. Burdick.........127 R. T. Gallagher...........127 Benjamin F. Tillson......127,131 L. E. Young............127 Robert D. Hoffman.......128, 132 Gerald Sherman..........128 Philip B. Bucky......130, 131, 132 K. S. McClellan..........132 Tell Ertl.............132 3. How Do the Forces Act and What Are the Stresses Developed in a Block That Cause It to Block-cave? Mark A. Smith.........132, 135 Harry A. Leidich........133 McHenry Mosier . .. 133 R. W. Hughes ....... 133 Sherman R. Burdick..... . 133 R. T. Gallagher..........134 C. F. . Price, Jr. ........134 Benjamin F. Tillson.........134 C. F. Jackson......134, 135,137 R. Taborelli...........135 Frank A. Ayer ... .....136 Philip B. Bucky . .........136 Rollin Farmin . . .......136 . . . Weysser.....135, 136, 137 George S. Rice...........137 4. What Determines the Procedure in Removing Caved Ore? Harry A Leidich...........137 McHenry Mosier........137,141 R. W. Hughes...........137 Sherman R. Burdick........138 R. T. Gallagher...........138 Mark . Smith...........138 Philip B. Bucky......140,141,143 C. F. B. Price, Jr..........140 R. H. Bennett...........141 C. F. Jackson..........141, 143 Gerald Sherman..........141 Tell Ertl.............141 .. .. ..................143 C. H. Shoemaker..........143 5. What Are the Criteria for Determining the Efficiency of a Block-caving Operation? Harry A. Leidich.......... 143 McHenry Mosier......... 144 R. W. Hughes........... 144 Sherman R. Burdick.......144 R. T. Gallagher . ......... 144

Jan 1, 1946

By B. C. Craft

Louisiana experienced deeper and increased drilling during 1934, resulting in the discovery of five new fields: Bosco, Acadia and St. Landry Parishes; Lake Hermitage, Plaquemines Parish; Roanoke, Jefferson Davis Parish; Gillis, Calcasieu Parish; and Four Isle, Terrebonnc Parish. New sands were discovered at New Iberia, Iberia Parish; Lake Washington, Plaquemines Parish; Sligo, Bossier Parish; and in the Rodessa gas field, Caddo Parish. Other miscellaneous events worthy of mention are the continued leasing of prospective oil and gas lands in North and South Louisiana, extensive geophysical work in the Gulf Coastal area, and increased interest in the development of flank production on piercement type domes, resulting in the acquisition of flank acreage and the leasing of several shallow domes in the Gulf Coast and Interior salt-dome areas. The total oil production for Louisiana during 1934 was 32,529,082 bbl., an increase of 6,929,280 bbl. over 1933. The total daily production at the end of the year from 2421 wells was 102,752 barrels. North Louisiana During the year, 144 oil wells and 68 gas wells were completed in North Louisiana as compared with 111 oil wells and 47 gas wells during 1933. The North Louisiana oil production was 9,274,050 bbl. as compared with 10,023,580 bbl. during 1933, a decline of 749,530 bbl. The normal decline in the old fields and especially in the Zwolle area was partly offset by increased production in the Converse field, Sabine Parish, and by acid treatment of wells in the Zwolle, Converse and Caddo fields. There were no new fields discovered during 1934. During the year R. W. Norton enlarged the boundaries and reserves of the Rodessa gas field. A series of gas-bearing sands, was discovered in J. B. French, No. 1-B, sec. 34, 23 N. 16 W., below the oolitic lime found at 5500 ft. in which formation all previous wells had been completed. The total depth of this well was 5825 ft. Subsequent drilling has resulted in

Jan 1, 1935

By James D. Sisler

Among the various studies made by the Coal Fact Finding Commission, appointed by President Warren G. Harding in 1922 to investigate all phases of the coal-mining industry in the United States and to report to Congress, was one concerning the amount and nature of losses in mining bituminous coal in the eastern part of the United States. This study was carried on under the direction of the U. S. Bureau of Mines. The writer was appointed field engineer to investigate the problem in Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Some 400 mines were studied in these three states and conclusions were drawn from many sources of data. The summary report written by George S. Rice and J. W. Paul states that "the field reports indicate that the recovery in Ohio will remain about as at present, except in the Belmont district; whereas in Pennsylvania it will gradually improve, and in West Virginia it will improve rapidly." Since 1922, the writer has been interested in gathering material to substantiate or contradict these prophecies. Nature of Coal Losses There are six general causes of losses of coal in mining: (1) coal left on the roof and bottom; (2) coal lost in room, entry and panel pillars; (3) coal lost in oil-well or gas-well pillars; (4) coal lost under buildings, railroads and boundaries; (5) coal lost in handling and prepayation, underground and surface; (6) coal lost by rolls, thin or dirty areas and under streams. Local economic aspects that dominate the type of mining conditions determine to some extent whether certain losses are avoidable or unavoidable. In general, however, unavoidable losses include coal lost in the protection of buildings, streams, railroads, restricted properties and around oil and gas wells. Barrier pillars and other safety pillars are unavoidable losses as long as their size does not exceed the minimum for adequate safety. Natural physical conditions beyond human control, such as rock faults, clay veins, partings and binders, bad top and bottom, rolls and horsebacks, cause unavoidable losses. Unavoidable losses

Jan 1, 1931

THE SECRETARY The year 1917 has been a notable one in Institute affairs. The usual activities, including meetings, publications, local section interests, library service, and so-forth, have been continued on at least the same scale as previously, and in addition the resources of the Institute have been placed without stint at the service of the Nation, not only for the active prosecution of the military side of the war, but even more especially in the industrial operations which form the very basis of modern warfare. The officers and directors of the Institute have labored both officially and individually, while the Institute as a body, through committees of, prominent members, and through many individual members, has given freely. Finally, Institute funds have been appropriated to an amount exceeding $5000 to accomplish the cooperation with Government bureaus, and provide committee expenses necessary for performing the services that have been given. The President of the Institute had a very large personal share in many of these activities, which will be described in the following pages, as well as in the President's own report. Many of the Institute's members are giving their whole time for. $1 a year, or less, and especial mention should be made of Herbert C. Hoover, Food Administrator, W. L. Honnold, Head of the Commission for Relief in Belgium, Mark L. Requa, Petroleum Administrator, Edgar Rickard and Charles W. Merrill of the Food Administration, S. A. Taylor of the Fuel Administration, W. L. Saunders, B. B. Thayer and Joseph W. Richards who .are giving a. large share of their time to the Naval Consulting Board, W. Y. Westervelt, W.0. Hotchkiss and Harvey S. Mud of the War Minerals Committee, David W. Brunton of the War Committee of Technical Societies, and hundreds of others whose names are mentioned in the Honor Roll of Members. It has also been a notable year in cooperation with sister-societies. The most important event under this head was the accession of the American Society of Civil Engineers into the fraternity of Founder Societies.

Jan 2, 1918

By Brahm Prakash, R. Schuhmann

Chemical conditions for flotation and nonflotation of cassiterite and fluorite with oleic acid as collector and with alizarin dyes as modifying agents were studied by means of small-scale, vacuum-flotation tests. Artificial cassiterite was prepared fot these tests by high-temperature methods, especially by crystallization from borax melts. FLOTATION test work on Bolivian tin ores some years ago led to the development of several workable schemes of selective soap flotation, but left unanswered many questions of soap-flotation chemistry.' Accordingly, the study of the activation and soap flotation of quartz just reported? was undertaken as a start toward the elucidation of some of the unanswered questions. The experimental work on quartz flotation consisted primarily of small-scale, vacuum-flotation tests in which activator and collector additions and pH were varied between wide limits. In the work to be described in this paper, the soap flotation of cassiterite and fluorite was studied by the vacuum-flotation technique developed in the previous study of quartz. Using oleic acid as collector, conditions for floating cassiterite and fluorite in the absence of modifying agents were first determined. Then the effects of barium, calcium, and alizarin dyes on the flotation of cassiterite, fluorite, and quartz were studied. Alizarin dyes were chosen for study because of the promise they have shown as selective modifying agents in the flotation of non-sulphide minerals.12,1 Also, they form a family of reagents in which there should be a systematic correlation of chemical properties with composition. As a preliminary to the study of cassiterite flotation, an investigation of the preparation of synthetic cassiterite and X ray studies of natural and synthetic cassiterite were undertaken. Experimental Methods The flotation technique and most of the reagent preparations were described fully in the previous paper.' In addition, for the present work it was necessary to prepare satisfactory stocks of clean cassiterite and fluorite and to obtain samples of alizarin dyes. Cassiterite: High-grade cassiterite from the Netherlands East Indies was crushed, sized, and cleaned

Jan 1, 1951

By Brahm Prakash, R. Schuhmann

Chemical conditions for flotation and nonflotation of cassiterite and fluorite with oleic acid as collector and with alizarin dyes as modifying agents were studied by means of small-scale, vacuum-flotation tests. Artificial cassiterite was prepared fot these tests by high-temperature methods, especially by crystallization from borax melts. FLOTATION test work on Bolivian tin ores some years ago led to the development of several workable schemes of selective soap flotation, but left unanswered many questions of soap-flotation chemistry.' Accordingly, the study of the activation and soap flotation of quartz just reported? was undertaken as a start toward the elucidation of some of the unanswered questions. The experimental work on quartz flotation consisted primarily of small-scale, vacuum-flotation tests in which activator and collector additions and pH were varied between wide limits. In the work to be described in this paper, the soap flotation of cassiterite and fluorite was studied by the vacuum-flotation technique developed in the previous study of quartz. Using oleic acid as collector, conditions for floating cassiterite and fluorite in the absence of modifying agents were first determined. Then the effects of barium, calcium, and alizarin dyes on the flotation of cassiterite, fluorite, and quartz were studied. Alizarin dyes were chosen for study because of the promise they have shown as selective modifying agents in the flotation of non-sulphide minerals.12,1 Also, they form a family of reagents in which there should be a systematic correlation of chemical properties with composition. As a preliminary to the study of cassiterite flotation, an investigation of the preparation of synthetic cassiterite and X ray studies of natural and synthetic cassiterite were undertaken. Experimental Methods The flotation technique and most of the reagent preparations were described fully in the previous paper.' In addition, for the present work it was necessary to prepare satisfactory stocks of clean cassiterite and fluorite and to obtain samples of alizarin dyes. Cassiterite: High-grade cassiterite from the Netherlands East Indies was crushed, sized, and cleaned

Jan 1, 1951

By M. J. Kirwan, K. A. Covell

This paper covers a brief discussion of pumping 38° to 41° gravity oil from Wilcox sand wells ranging in depths from 4000 to 4900 ft. in the Seminole field, Oklahoma. As recently as a year ago it was the general belief among Seminole operators that most wells in that district could not be successfully or economically pumped. Also the idea was prevalent at that time that the crookedness of the rotary holes would cause a large amount of mechanical trouble and the use of the air-gas lift would leave the wells depleted with sand conditions and fluid levels unfavorable for pumping. At that time it was predicted that wells would be abandoned when the economic flowing and swabbing period was reached. Contrary to these beliefs it has been demonstrated that wells can be profitably pumped to limits as low as 10 bbl. of oil per day where conditions are favorable. The Serllinole field, unusual in its rapid development, has served as an experimental laboratory for many oil field pumping devices with which this paper will not concern itself. Discussion will be confined to equipment and methods in general use throughout the field. The outstanding features of equipment and pumping operations covered in this paper may be summarized as follows: 1. Pumping equipment from the standpoint of prime movers, energy cost, power transmission equipment, derricks, counterbalances, beam hangers, tubing, sucker rods, pumps, etc. 2. Pumping problems peculiar to the Seminole field, including the proper time at which to change from air-gas lift flowing to pumping. Pumping Equipment There have been no basic changes in pumping equipment in the past 20 years with the exception of some refinements in design brought about by the demand for equipment suitable for pumping deep wells. Results of research in the heat treatment of metals and progress made by the American Petroleum Institute in standardization of equipment, together with the cooperation of oil field equipment manufacturers, have

Jan 1, 1929

By George F. Comstock

IT has been reported recently1 that the hardenability and toughness of forging steels may be improved appreciably by the use of complex deoxidizers containing titanium, aluminum, and vanadium. In the light of these results, an investigation of similar deoxidizers containing various hardening and grain-refining elements was proposed. These deoxidizers included three manganese-silicon-aluminum-titanium al- [ ] loys with and without boron and calcium, three titanium-aluminum ferroalloys with vanadium, molybdenum and zirconium, respectively, an aluminum-zirconium ferro-alloy, and plain ferroboron. Their approximate compositions are given in Table I, and the results obtained so far in the investigation of their effects on steel are presented in the later parts of this paper. METHOD OF USING DEOXIDIZERS The deoxidizers listed in Table I were used in three series of 0.40 per cent carbon steels, which were melted in a small basic-lined induction furnace and cast in the form of I7-lb. ingots about 2.75 in. square. The basic charge for each heat was 10 lb. Armco iron and 6 lb. of clean low-carbon sheet-steel scrap. When melted, this charge was deoxidized with 15 grams of ferrosilicon, then about 500 grams of pig iron was added to give the desired carbon content. After the pig iron was dissolved, nickel [ ] shot and high-carbon ferrochromium were added if required, and additions of 80 per cent high-carbon ferromanganese and 50 per cent ferrosilicon were made to provide the proper amounts of those elements. Aluminum was added to every heat 2 min. after the silicon, for grain-size control and preliminary deoxidation. One minute later the special deoxidizer was added to the clean bare surface of the molten steel, and 2 min. afterward the steel was poured into the ingot mold, using a hot-top and pipe-preventing compound after pouring to decrease the depth of the shrinkage cavity. The special deoxidizers were used mostly in the form of about ½ to ¾ -in. lumps,

Jan 1, 1942

By Gustav Egloff

THE treatment of emulsified crude oils has been a problem for years in the petroleum industry. Until comparatively recently various methods of settling with and without chemicals have been used with indifferent success. Since wells have been acidized, emulsified crudes have been produced, which acid considerably to the need for improved methods of treatment. The presence of large quantities of salts in the oils from acid-ized wells has presented several new problems to the industry. The use of hydrochloric acid in well treatments has caused the formation of sodium, magnesium, and calcium chlorides by interaction with the dolomitic limestones. These salts dissolve readily in the water normally present in the oil, and they are therefore incorporated in the emulsified oil. The crystalline salts have also been found in the oil, prevented from settling by protective films such as asphalt, resins and petrolatum. In, some instances, free hydrochloric acid has been found. The salts may be present in crude oil in amounts ranging from a few pounds to over 1000 lb. per 1000 bbl. of oil. The transportation of these crude oils through pipe lines has led to erosive and corrosive effects, which are a tremendous cost to the petroleum industry. During 1937, more than 1,200,000,000 bbl. of crude oil was transported through pipe lines. Of this quantity approximately 10,000,000 bbl. was water, and considerably more than 50,000,000 lb. was salts. If the crude oils were treated at the producing wells to remove the salts and water, an appreciable saving would be possible. The treatment would not be difficult, since it has been found that these oils are more easily treated at the time they are produced than after the aging and more stable emulsification that occur before they reach the refinery. Since great costs are involved in the use of these salty crudes at the refinery, treated oils essentially free of salts would naturally command a premium.

Jan 1, 1938

By George F. Comstock

It has been reported recently1 that the hardenability and toughness of forging steels may be improved appreciably by the use of complex deoxidizers containing titanium, aluminum, and vanadium. In the light of these results, an investigation of similar deoxidizers containing various hardening and grain-refining elements was proposed. These deoxidizers included three manganese-silicon-aluminum-titanium al- loys with and without boron and calcium, three titanium-aluminum ferroalloys with vanadium, molybdenum and zirconium, respectively, an aluminum-zirconium ferroalloy, and plain ferroboron. Their approximate compositions are given in Table I, and the results obtained so far in the investigation of their effects on steel are presented in the later parts of this paper. Method of Using Deoxidizers The deoxidizers listed in Table I were used in three series of 0.40 per cent carbon steels, which were melted in a small basic-lined induction furnace and cast in the form of I7-lb. ingots about 2.75 in. square. The basic charge for each heat was 10 lb. Armco iron and 6 lb. of clean low-carbon sheet-steel scrap. When melted, this charge was deoxidized with 15 grams of ferrosilicon, then about 500 grams of pig iron was added to give the desired carbon content. After the pig iron was dissolved, nickel shot and high-carbon ferrochromium were added if required, and additions of 80 per cent high-carbon ferromanganese and 50 per cent ferrosilicon were made to provide the proper amounts of those elements. Aluminum was added to every heat 2 min. after the silicon, for grain-size control and preliminary deoxidation. One minute later the special deoxidizer was added to the clean bare surface of the molten steel, and 2 min. afterward the steel was poured into the ingot mold, using a hot-top and pipe-preventing compound after pouring to decrease the depth of the shrinkage cavity. The special deoxidizers were used mostly in the form of about ½ to¾-in. lumps,

Jan 1, 1942

By George F. Comstock

It has been reported recently1 that the hardenability and toughness of forging steels may be improved appreciably by the use of complex deoxidizers containing titanium, aluminum, and vanadium. In the light of these results, an investigation of similar deoxidizers containing various hardening and grain-refining elements was proposed. These deoxidizers included three manganese-silicon-aluminum-titanium al- loys with and without boron and calcium, three titanium-aluminum ferroalloys with vanadium, molybdenum and zirconium, respectively, an aluminum-zirconium ferroalloy, and plain ferroboron. Their approximate compositions are given in Table I, and the results obtained so far in the investigation of their effects on steel are presented in the later parts of this paper. Method of Using Deoxidizers The deoxidizers listed in Table I were used in three series of 0.40 per cent carbon steels, which were melted in a small basic-lined induction furnace and cast in the form of I7-lb. ingots about 2.75 in. square. The basic charge for each heat was 10 lb. Armco iron and 6 lb. of clean low-carbon sheet-steel scrap. When melted, this charge was deoxidized with 15 grams of ferrosilicon, then about 500 grams of pig iron was added to give the desired carbon content. After the pig iron was dissolved, nickel shot and high-carbon ferrochromium were added if required, and additions of 80 per cent high-carbon ferromanganese and 50 per cent ferrosilicon were made to provide the proper amounts of those elements. Aluminum was added to every heat 2 min. after the silicon, for grain-size control and preliminary deoxidation. One minute later the special deoxidizer was added to the clean bare surface of the molten steel, and 2 min. afterward the steel was poured into the ingot mold, using a hot-top and pipe-preventing compound after pouring to decrease the depth of the shrinkage cavity. The special deoxidizers were used mostly in the form of about ½ to¾-in. lumps,

Jan 1, 1942