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By H. R. Banks

The Sullivan concentrator has completed 20 years of operation. During this period a considerable amount of data has been accumulated concerning the characteristics of several types of flotation machines in their application to the problem of the differential separation of the lead sulphide, zinc sulphide and, in more recent times, iron sulphide, in the ore from the Sullivan mine. It is the author's intention to sketch briefly experiences encountered when the several types of flotation machines were introduced into the flow. Original Flotation Equipment and Ore The original flotation equipment consisted of four 18-cell lead-roughing machines, whose concentrate was cleaned in an 8-cell and recleaned in a similar 8-cell machine. Zinc concentration was carried out in four 18-cell machines. One 8-cell zinc re-treatment machine received the reground zinc middling. The 168 cells handled some 3000 tons of original daily feed. These cells were of the standard Minerals Separation type, equipped with 24-in. impellers. Spindles were driven through geared line shaft at a speed of 255 r.P.m. The impellers were the 45' type, except for the last three cells of the zinc-rougher machines, which were of sub-aeration type, with full bottom shroud and half shroud for the top side of the impellers. Four-pound air was introduced. This recognition of the benefit of intensified flotation operation for "gleaning" was an important phase in the early operation and will be discussed further on in this paper. Sullivan ore during this period is described as a finely disseminated mixture of four sulphides, totaling go per cent made up of 13.6 per cent galena, 14.4 per cent mar-matite, I per cent pyrite and 61 per cent pyrrhotite. The specific gravity of the ore was approximately 4.4. There has been a gradual change in the ore content. The 10 per cent of nonsulphide constituents has increased to between IS and 20 per cent and all three sulphides have dropped somewhat. Added equipment and changing technique have made possible the treatment of 8000 tons per day of mill feed instead of the 3000 originally handled. Special Features of Flotation at Sullivan Sullivan flotation differs greatly from customary practice. The very heavy return of lead rougher middling and lead cleaner tailing, totaling at times 125 per cent of the new feed tonnage, has been the subject of much investigation. The practice is still employed. This operating condition is mentioned because it is the author's belief that the in-

Jan 1, 1947

By H. R. Banks

The Sullivan concentrator has completed 20 years of operation. During this period a considerable amount of data has been accumulated concerning the characteristics of several types of flotation machines in their application to the problem of the differential separation of the lead sulphide, zinc sulphide and, in more recent times, iron sulphide, in the ore from the Sullivan mine. It is the author's intention to sketch briefly experiences encountered when the several types of flotation machines were introduced into the flow. Original Flotation Equipment and Ore The original flotation equipment consisted of four 18-cell lead-roughing machines, whose concentrate was cleaned in an 8-cell and recleaned in a similar 8-cell machine. Zinc concentration was carried out in four 18-cell machines. One 8-cell zinc re-treatment machine received the reground zinc middling. The 168 cells handled some 3000 tons of original daily feed. These cells were of the standard Minerals Separation type, equipped with 24-in. impellers. Spindles were driven through geared line shaft at a speed of 255 r.P.m. The impellers were the 45' type, except for the last three cells of the zinc-rougher machines, which were of sub-aeration type, with full bottom shroud and half shroud for the top side of the impellers. Four-pound air was introduced. This recognition of the benefit of intensified flotation operation for "gleaning" was an important phase in the early operation and will be discussed further on in this paper. Sullivan ore during this period is described as a finely disseminated mixture of four sulphides, totaling go per cent made up of 13.6 per cent galena, 14.4 per cent mar-matite, I per cent pyrite and 61 per cent pyrrhotite. The specific gravity of the ore was approximately 4.4. There has been a gradual change in the ore content. The 10 per cent of nonsulphide constituents has increased to between IS and 20 per cent and all three sulphides have dropped somewhat. Added equipment and changing technique have made possible the treatment of 8000 tons per day of mill feed instead of the 3000 originally handled. Special Features of Flotation at Sullivan Sullivan flotation differs greatly from customary practice. The very heavy return of lead rougher middling and lead cleaner tailing, totaling at times 125 per cent of the new feed tonnage, has been the subject of much investigation. The practice is still employed. This operating condition is mentioned because it is the author's belief that the in-

Jan 1, 1947

By J. D. Lindner, Gene E. Roark

Waterflooding operations in the Langston-Kleiner field. Young County, Tex., are described. Widespread application of formation fracturing has been practiced in both producing and injection wells. Field performance data arc cited which indicate than no detrimental effect on sweep efficiencies and that probable benefits in imectivily have resulted from the fracture treatments. I N T R O D U C I O N This paper is a report on a waterflood operation which is being carried out in the Lanpston-Kleiner field located in Young County, Tex. The oil reservoir aflected by this flood operation occurs in a Strawn sand member at an approximate depth of 3.550 ft subsurl'ace. The operators of' the project are Kleiner Estate. Turncr. Fiske. and West who are hereinafter collectively referred to as the Operators. Although the operation is unusual in several respects, the distinctive feature of this flood has been the widespread application of hydraulic formation fracturing treatments as a means to improve productivity and injectivity of the wells. It shall he the purpose of this paper to present basic information regarding the reservoir characteristics. op- craling practices, and waterflood behavior so that conclusions may be drawn concerning the effects which the fracture treatments have had on the performance of this water flood to datc. DEVELOP MENT Development of the 3,550 ft Strawn sand reservoir occurred during 1951 and 1952. The early development occurred on the Langston and Davis leases which arc in the northern region of the Operators' holdings and the wells were drilled on 20-acre proration units according to the field rules. However, studies of the economics of this program. coupled with the decision to proceed with pressure maintenance by water injection. resulted in the adoption of wider spacing in the later stages of development. This variation in spacing is apparent upon inspection of Fig. I upon which only the 3,550-ft Strawn sand producing and injection wells have been located on the Operators' properties. The development to the north of the operators leases is Ihe Garvey Strawn field and that to the south is the Taylor Strawn field. It wits determined that unitization of the leases to he involved in the waterflood program was not feasihle. Consequently. a system of offset injection wells, or lease line injection wells, was adopted from place to place as required to protect correlative rights in the program. This resulted in a dispersed array of injection and producing wells with relatively close proximity of wells along lease line areas and wider spacing toward

Jan 1, 1956

By O. B. Ellis, Eric R. Jette, John Chipman

In the study of the chemical reactions orcurring in the open-hearth furnace, it is frequently assumed that a condition of equilibrium between slag and metal is attained. In order to test this assumption it is necessary to have dependable operating data as well as an exact knowledge of the equilibrium state. Considerable progress has already been made in the study of slag-metal equilibria, notably in the earlier work of Hertyl and of Oberhoffer and Schenck2 and in the more recent researches of Krings and Schack-mann3 and of Koerber and Oelsen.4 None of these investigators, however, have employed basic slags comparable to those encountered in basic open-hearth practice, so that up to the present time our only information regarding the equilibria of these slags is based upon observations drawn from steelmaking practice in which there is little assurance that actual equilibrium was attained. The original plan of this investigation was to secure simultaneous slag and metal samples at intervals during the making of an open-hearth heat, recording the heat history in detail and obtaining complete allalyses of slag and metal, then to bring these slag samples into equilibrium with liquid iron in the laboratory induction furnace and thus to determine directly whether or not the observed relationships in the open hearth represent conditions approaching equilibrium. This plan was only partly successful. While slags were obtained from the open hearth under satisfactorily recorded conditions and these were re-melted in the laboratory under equilibrium conditions, changes in slag composition, which accompanied the remelting operation, were so great that the final slag from the induction furnace bore little resemblance to its open-hearth parent and the direct comparison was therefore abnndoned. The results, however, lie within a range of slag composition that is of interest in the making of low-carbon steel. As far as we are aware, they represent the first published laboratory study of equilibria involving slags that contain all the con stituents of basic open-hearth slag. Experimental Heats The first set of measurements on slag-metal equilibrium was made in the Research Laboratories of the American Rolling Mill Co, at Middletown, Ohio. This will be known as series A. The second set was made in the Metallurgical Rescarch Laboratories at Massachusetts Institute of Techology, and will be referred to as series B. Series A.—The induction furnace used has been described. Approximately I kg. of a special ingot iron containing less than

Jan 1, 1941

By John Chipman, Eric R. Jette, O. B. Ellis

In the study of the chemical reactions orcurring in the open-hearth furnace, it is frequently assumed that a condition of equilibrium between slag and metal is attained. In order to test this assumption it is necessary to have dependable operating data as well as an exact knowledge of the equilibrium state. Considerable progress has already been made in the study of slag-metal equilibria, notably in the earlier work of Hertyl and of Oberhoffer and Schenck2 and in the more recent researches of Krings and Schack-mann3 and of Koerber and Oelsen.4 None of these investigators, however, have employed basic slags comparable to those encountered in basic open-hearth practice, so that up to the present time our only information regarding the equilibria of these slags is based upon observations drawn from steelmaking practice in which there is little assurance that actual equilibrium was attained. The original plan of this investigation was to secure simultaneous slag and metal samples at intervals during the making of an open-hearth heat, recording the heat history in detail and obtaining complete allalyses of slag and metal, then to bring these slag samples into equilibrium with liquid iron in the laboratory induction furnace and thus to determine directly whether or not the observed relationships in the open hearth represent conditions approaching equilibrium. This plan was only partly successful. While slags were obtained from the open hearth under satisfactorily recorded conditions and these were re-melted in the laboratory under equilibrium conditions, changes in slag composition, which accompanied the remelting operation, were so great that the final slag from the induction furnace bore little resemblance to its open-hearth parent and the direct comparison was therefore abnndoned. The results, however, lie within a range of slag composition that is of interest in the making of low-carbon steel. As far as we are aware, they represent the first published laboratory study of equilibria involving slags that contain all the con stituents of basic open-hearth slag. Experimental Heats The first set of measurements on slag-metal equilibrium was made in the Research Laboratories of the American Rolling Mill Co, at Middletown, Ohio. This will be known as series A. The second set was made in the Metallurgical Rescarch Laboratories at Massachusetts Institute of Techology, and will be referred to as series B. Series A.—The induction furnace used has been described. Approximately I kg. of a special ingot iron containing less than

Jan 1, 1941

By R. E. Hook, H. J. Garrett, A. M. Adair

X-ray diffraction and metallographic techniques were employed to examine the impurity phases occurring in as-swaged and recrystallized chromium produced fvom high-purity iodide chromium crystals. Chromium oxides are found to form in a consistent manner associated with the temperature of recrystallization. Microscopically observable second phase particles of Cr203 are observed to form intergranulurly beginning at 1300T. Beginning at 1500°C. Cr30, is formed intergvanulurly, atzd at 1600°C and above Cr30, is also formed in association with migrating grain boundaries. Geometrical traces formed by particles of this high temperature oxide uithin the grains rez)eal the histmy of grain boundary motion. X-ray evidence is presented which suggests the existence of a high temperature form of Cr203. Other impurity phases in addition to the oxides of chromium are also present. THE partitioning Of impurity elements between grain boundary aid lattice sires, either as solutes in solution or as second phases, may exercise an important influence on the mechanical behavior of metals and alloy systems. This partitioning of impurities could have a direct bearing on the iecrys-

Jan 1, 1963

By S. F. Emmons

[The following notes of observations made during a visit of a few days in the month of October, 1886, which was cut short by a sudden summons East, are offered, in spite of their incomplete and tentative character, in the hope that they may aid the members of the Institute, in their coming visit to this region, to a clearer understanding of the general geological conditions under which the ore-bodies occur.] The Butte mining region lies in a sort of a depression in the mountains which is drained by Silver Bow creek and its various tributaries. On the east it is bounded by high north and south ridges of granite, and on the west by lower ridges, also running north and south, which, as far as examined, were found to consist of rhyolite. High mountains also inclose the depression on the north and south, but at a greater distance than the more immediate bounding ridges on the east and west, the distance between which is hardly more than six miles.

Jan 1, 1888

By R. M. Raymond

THE Mining Section of The National Safety Council recently sent out a questionnaire to operators, regarding the class of rope used, specifications required or obtained, factors of safety observed, methods of fastening ropes, lubrication, inspection, and points observed when rope is to be discarded. The answers received from this questionnaire, largely from metal mines, give interesting information, from which recommendations for safety practice on hoisting ropes are drawn. DEPTH OF MINE The depth in the majority of cases noted is from 1000 ft. to 1500 ft. (304 to 457 m.) and records come from a number hoisting from depths of 2000 to 3000 ft. Hoisting is generally done in balance, with a few companies using counterweights. Seldom, more than two shifts are occupied in hoisting. A number of large operators limit the shift for engineers to 6 hr. A few of the larger operators have separate hoists for men and supplies, with a higher class rope for men. The range of loads varies from 7 to 17 tons and greater in a few cases, with a balanced weight of 4 to 7 tons.

Jan 2, 1922

By B. M. Andreas

PRIOR to 1934 all haulage of ore and stripping on the Mesabi Range was by rail. Early rail systems had small narrow-gage locomotives with correspondingly small dump cars. These trains were replaced with larger standard gage rail systems powered by steam locomotives ranging up to 224 tons in weight, which have in turn been replaced by diesel electric locomotives. Along with this development cars have been increased to 30-cu yd capacity. Improvement of cars includes alloy steel construction for lower over-all weight and use of roller bearings to decrease rolling resistance. Despite all of these developments, the total material hauled by rail on the Mesabi Range has decreased every year. Yet, this is no reason to believe that rail haulage is becoming obsolete. Its adaptation to small mine operation has become impractical, but in large mines where normal railroad grades are possible or where hauls to plants or dumps are long, rail haulage is still one of the most economical methods of transporting large quantities of material.

Jan 1, 1954

By Carl D. Broadbent

In 1956, Kennecott Copper Corp. instituted a slope mechanics program. Its objective was to obtain effi-ient and safe pit slopes. Since then, Kennecott has onducted a great deal of research into the area, most otably at the Kimbley Pit. This paper, which describes the transitional work at this period and draws from the pertinent experimental work done by others, paves the way for the next step of the program: refining the design process and applying it for profit. The goal of slope mechanics is to achieve efficient and safe pit slopes. In the case of ultimate mine slopes, the objective is to minimize the stripping ratio by steepening the slopes to their maximum stable limit. On the other hand, the inclination of working slopes is normally established by operating space requirements and the function of slope mechanics should be the continuous surveillance of slope conditions to assure long-term stability and provide timely warning of impending slides so that corrective measures may be incorporated in production planning. In 1956, Kennecott instituted a program to provide

Jan 1, 1970

By Stefan Boshkov, Malcolm T. Wane

The validity and accuracy of velocity measurements underground have been questioned repeatedly by those in mine ventilation work. The general disagreement on the subject is well illustrated in an AIME publication.' Although the presence of errors is readily admitted, their magnitudes are not known and often are described by practical operators merely as "great," "small," or "of no importance." The belief that errors are of academic interest only prevails because of a justifiable claim that actual volumes of air circulated are well in excess of those required by law and safe mining practices. Poor understanding of the source and nature of errors inherent in velocity measurements, coupled with questionable determination of cross-sectional area, result in faulty techniques for the purpose of expediting ventilation surveys and render doubtful the calculated volume. Often consistency of readings is confused with accuracy. A succession of check readings showing a maximum deviation of 5 pct in the measured value of velocity usually signifies nothing more than diligent application of technique in a stable ventilating current.

Nov 1, 1955

By R. G. Mallon, R. L. Braun

Primary copper-sulfide ore deposits that are well below the water table can be chemically mined by in-situ high-pressure leaching. The leaching is accomplished by pumping oxygen gas into the bottom of a large underground flooded column of rubblized ore. Part of the injected oxygen dissolves under the high hydrostatic pressure in the column. With a high enough injection rate, the excess oxygen gas induces a convective circulation of oxygenated solution within the rubble column, which transports dissolved oxygen throughout the system. At elevated temperatures, this results in a relatively rapid dissolution of the copper minerals. A method of calculating the leaching rates is presented. The calculation is done by means of a finite-difference computer code that couples all of the processes relating to copper leaching, convective circulation, and the injection, dissolution, and consumption of oxygen. Results of the calculation for a typical case show that over 70% of the copper can be extracted in less than six years with good efficiency in oxygen utilization.

Jan 1, 1976

By Ian M. Thomson, Robert W. Greene

To move 7 million tons annually from their new inland coal mines at Camp Breckenridge, Ky., TVA selected a transportation package proposed by American Commercial Barge Line. The land portion includes two cable-driven conveyors covering 12.7 miles; a 260,000-ton storage area on a man-made island with a stacking-reclaiming bucket wheel; and a barge-loading system of 5500-tph capacity. The 183mile river portion will utilize three unit-tows with towboats and barges specially designed to carry the maximum tonnage allowed by locks and channel depth. The system has two noteworthy features. The first is a single-flight cable belt conveyor over nine miles long. The other is a high capacity twin belt conveyor using the principal of two separate belts supported in 60° troughing idlers. This conveyor exhibits a high carrying capacity combined with accurate tracking and lack of spillage. A description is given of the mechanical problems and solutions to the design, construction, and operation of the conveyor system which provides the link between the coal mine and the barge loading dock.

Jan 1, 1974

By William G. Schultz

Sylvite of Canada, a division of Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co., operates a new 8500-tpd potash mine ten miles northeast of Rocanville, Sask. This mine, employing less than 60 men in its underground maintenance, engineering, and production operations probably ranks as one of the most highly mechanized and automated mining operations in the world. Access to the flat lying potash bed is through two 16-ft-diam concrete and steel lined shafts 3300 ft deep. The backbone of the operation is two 258-ton, 1500-hp continuous mining machines capable of mining in excess of 700 tph per machine while employing extensible conveyors for haulage. This production capability is complemented by a completely automated haulage, storage, and hoisting system. Of the other unique features of this operation, the principal ones are that the mine was designed and developed by the people that are currently operating it and from the time the shafts were commissioned, the mine was completely developed, equipped, and brought to full production in less than six months.

Jan 1, 1974

The Library of the above-named. Societies is open from 9 A. M. to 10 P. M. except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and publications of scientific and technical societies Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 5, 1918

The library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A. M. to 10 P. M. except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 12, 1918

The library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P. M. except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in. more usable shape.

Jan 8, 1918

F. W. Gordon, Philadelphia, Pa.: There can be no objection to the use of cross-compound blowing-engines; and when they are condensing they are susceptible of great range of duty with slight loss in efficiency. By those who have use for the full heat of the waste gases, this type of engine is advantageous; but many furnaces are not so located. The pig-iron is their finished product, and the gases are to be employed only for furnace-use. In this case simple engines are preferable, being less expensive and having less parts to take care of. These reasons determined the introduction of the engines, a sketch of which is distributed at this session. There are three of these engines to furnish blast for two furnaces, for a make of abont 250 tons per day, using 75 per cent. anthracite and 85 per cent. magnetic ores; and they are expected to blow up to twenty pounds pressure per square inch. For blast-furnaces I prefer the single to the coupled engine, except

Jan 1, 1894

By Henry Souther

It is generally admitted that a god, practical and commercial set of specifications for the use of the many purchasers of cast-iron does not exist. A few good sets are in the hands of large buyers, but even these are very different, contradictory, and not intended to cover a wide range of product. Furthermore, most of them have been prepared to cover but one branch of the industry. It is strange that purchasers of cast-iron have not looked into this question long ago and demanded good, uniform cast-irou. Probably cast-iron has been discarded from many uses because of its failure in a few instances, even though the failure was due to ignorance of the quality of the iron, or perhaps to abnormally bad iron. Some foundrymen seem to consider all gray iron from a given foundry as uniform, especially if they know that it has been made from certain well-known brands of pig. It is likely that with standard specifications and the increase of knowledge necessary for their intelligent employ-

Jan 1, 1905

By Harold J. Bennett

A comprehensive knowledge of the availability of mineral resources to evaluate and assure a dependable supply is a prerequisite in establishing and maintaining a viable national economy. Since no nation is self-sufficient in all its mineral needs, its prosperity depends to a great degree upon its developing and maintaining an effective national minerals policy. This must be preceded by a systematic inventory of mineral resources that may be available to that nation. The U.S. Bureau of Mines is implementing a mineral deposit inventory program of domestic and foreign mineral occurrences, with initial emphasis on the domestic. In order to provide an in-depth appraisal of minerals availability, the approach includes not only realistic estimates of quantity and quality, but other essential factors such as costs, technology, environmental constraints, and development-time requirements. Analysis of this information provides usable relationships of quantity, price, time, and associated degrees of confidence of the occurrence of identifiable mineral resources. Keeping pace with a changing minerals industry and handling the large volume of information required in this undertaking demands that computer methods be employed.

Jan 1, 1977