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By AIME AIME

WILLIAM BAYARD HEROY, Director of the Institute since 1935 and Vice-President for the past year, has been active in both geological and engineering circles of the petroleum industry for many years. "Bill," as he is generally called, was born in New York City in 1883, and graduated from the department of geology at Syracuse University in 1909 with a Ph.B. degree. Immediately he joined the U. S. Geological Survey, where he established an enviable record during the next eleven years. While with the Survey he acted variously as chairman, chief, and advisory engineer for a variety of Governmental bodies, many concerned with power.

Jan 1, 1939

By Robert Glass Cleland

FROM the time of its organization down to 1917, a period of more than eighty years, Phelps, Dodge & Co. was seldom involved in what could be called a major labor difficulty. Behind this remarkable record lay both a philosophy and its practical application. The philosophy was an attitude toward society called the Golden Rule. That philosophy had been a living principle in the lives of the founders of the company, Anson Phelps, Daniel James, and William E. Dodge. Their successors, William E. Dodge, Jr., and Daniel Willis James, accepted the same philosophy. Dr. James Douglas governed his life by it. All of these men and their families had given tangible expression to that conviction in benefactions of great magnitude and variety-churches, hospitals, educational institutions, libraries, missionary undertakings, and other organizations for human betterment, such as the Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Associations, and the development of model communities about their mills and factories. According to the best standards of their generation, they had sought to improve the condition of labor,

Jan 1, 1952

By F. H. Parsons

At the time that converting or bessemerizing of copper matte first began to be practiced by the smelters in the copper industry, converters were lined by tamping the flux, usually siliceous ore, into the steel shell. About 1910, practice in several plants had demonstrated the superiority of a basic lining of nonfluxing material and the addition of flux through the mouth of the converter. Adoption of the new method by nearly the entire industry followed. Basic linings are made of refractory "magnesite" brick manufactured, usually, from imported dead-burned magnesite. Either the linings are laid up in the shell dry or the bricks arc bonded with some mortar dictated by the preference of the user. Foreign, usually Austrian, magnesite was the main source of supply for these bricks, although there were domestic sources, but it was not until costs began to rise a few years after the first use of basic linings that these domestic sources were investigated to any great extent. Exigencies created by the World War necessitated the use of the domestic magnesite during this period, but the brick manufacturers reverted to the use of the foreign product after the war, because the impurities therein made a brick with a better fire bond than the purer domestic magnesite. Therefore the domestic product became available at a favorable price for any metallurgical process that permitted its use. The United Verde converting practice using magnesite linings has resulted in a high consumption of magnesite because of the zinc content of the low-grade matte. It was realized that the cost of these linings represented a large portion of the cost of converting, and an investigation was started to find means by which these costs might be lowered. In the neighboring state of California rather pure magnesite was being mined and treated for the market. The product, however, was purposely made to simulate the dead-burned grain magnesite product from foreign sources by the addition of fluxing impurities before burning. It was learned that this dead-burned California grain magnesite could be laid down in Arizona at a price one-third that of the same tonnage of "magnesite" brick manufactured from foreign magnesite. It was also learned that at least one California producer was ready to supply the market with periclase, which was a grain magnesia produced by burning the

Jan 1, 1934

By William P. Blake

The magnetic iron ores of the Rees & Wilder tract, Unaka Mountains, East Tennessee, and North Carolina, so far as examined by me, are peculiar in containing considerable quantities of the mineral zircon in dark red-brown crystals, ranging in size from one-tenth of an inch, or less, to five-tenths of an inch in length. As zircons are decomposed by fusion with alkalies, the constituents may exert some favorable influence upon the iron product, which is generally acknowledged to be of superior quality. New Haven, April 20th, 1878.

Jan 1, 1879

HENRY G. MARTIN,* Chicago Heights, 111. (written discussion?).-. The object in taking three or more ladle tests is to secure a sample that will show the average composition of the heat, not primarily to investigate the lack of uniformity existing; however, the assumption that the samples are not of uniform composition -remains. In other words, we have three samples of steel of different composition, the par-ticles of which are not subject to extreme comminution so as to mix inti-mately, and yield an average homogeneous sample, if placed in one

Jan 11, 1919

The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and out- standing attainment in the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography, chosen by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of the Iron and Steel Division. The following were the Howe lectures and lecturers for the years indicated: 1924 What is Steel? By Albert Sauveur.

Jan 1, 1934

By H. C. Fowler

No exact demarcation can be made between producfion engineering and engineering research projects which interest production engineers because the results of today's engineering research make possible many of the applied production engineering methods of tomorrow. A corollary of the development of fundamental research is that so-called practical research becomes necessary. Assuming engineering research to include all subjects related to oil and gas production on which knowledge is being increased through experimentation and through analyses of data obtained from both the laboratory and the field, a review of the work of 1932 shows that the fundamental concepts of at least three major problems have become better understood—bottom-hole pressures, solubility of gas in oil, and fluid movement—and that the established data on the relationships of oil and gas have been applied to obtain more efficient and more economic production of both. Engineers no longer are concerned primarily with the initial development of devices for obtaining the pressures at the bottom of wells. Advancement in the technique of obtaining reliable pressure readings in wells has been rapid. One of the first public suggestions regarding apparatus for obtaining precise information at the bottom of oil wells was made before the Petroleum Division of the A.I.M.E. in 1928. Even during the early development stages in East Texas, reservoir pressures were estimated from well-head observations. Soon, however, a number of proved devices and methods were available, and today bottom-hole pressures in many fields are being recorded and studied as an essential part of the production programs. The research now turns to interpretations of data, obtained with these devices, in terms of reservoir energy and to the development of methods whereby the oil and gas will be withdrawn in accordance with rational and equitable programs based on oil-gas-energy relationships. The term ((bottom-hole pressures" should not be interpreted as indicating the full scope of all research on this problem. By using pressure (and temperature) data obtained in related vertical-flow studies,

Jan 1, 1933

By H. E. Mauck

The many factors that control bumping must be carefully studied for each coal seam where bumps occur, and specifications known to exclude bumping should be incorporated in the mining plans. This calls for complete knowledge of the seam's characteristics and its adjacent strata, and in many instances these characteristics are not revealed until the seam is actually mined. Pressure and shock bumps, the two general types, occur jointly and separately. In this discussion no differentiation will be made. Whether pressure or shock, they are treated as bumps, and both must be eliminated.

Jan 9, 1958

By Thomas V. Falkie, Robert Stefanko

Higher education is in serious trouble in the United States. With increasing costs threatening to create a taxpayer's revolt, serious thought must be given to determining whether or not we can continue to afford our present educational policies. Disinterested students with little aptitude are pushed into over- crowded universities by well-meaning parents, but they lack real objectives beyond achieving that great status symbol-the degree. Advanced degrees are heaped upon the baccalaureate degree, and the pursuit of the pure and social sciences continues at the expense of engineering and technology.

Jan 1, 1971

By Freeman Bishop

Of all President Nixon's many legislative proposals, the one that will probably have the most far reaching effect on the mining industry will be the collecting of odds and ends of antipollution programs into the confines of a single independent Federal agency, the Environmental Protection Administration. In addition, the President is asking this Congress to approve shifting some policy and planning to the Commerce Department in an agency that will probably be known as the Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. This division will deal with ocean mining policy and future sources of minerals and metals.

Jan 1, 1970

Henry D. Hibbard, Plainfield, N J. (communication to the Secretary*):—This very interesting history is a valuable addition to our knowledge of the basic process and its introduction to this country. In addition to the attempts noted in the paper which were made here to establish the basic Bessemer process, and the experiment with the Siemens-Martin process at the Otis works, there were others made with the latter-named process at about the same date, all of which failed or, at least, were discontinued. The first attempt which survived was that of Carnegie,

Jan 1, 1911

The Howe Memorial Lecture, in memory of Henry Marion Howe, Past President of the Institute, was authorized in April, 1923, as an annual address to be delivered by invitation under the auspices of the Institute by an individual of recognized and outstanding attainment in the science and practice of iron and steel metallurgy or metallography, chosen by the Board of Directors upon recommendation of the Iron and Steel Division. The following were the Howe lectures and lecturers for the years indicated 1924 What is Steel? By Albert Sauveur

Jan 1, 1952

By A. Tobey Yu, David A. Kinneberg

As the heart of a copper-producing complex, a smelter converts raw copper concentrates or leach-plant precipitates, or both, into blister copper. A typical smelter feed also contains matte chips, flue dust, flux, and lime. All these materials vary widely in their characteristics, ranging from sub-micron to lumps, from slurry to dust, from abrasive to corrosive, and free-flowing to adhesive. Handling all these materials becomes even more problematic since most of the world's open-pit copper mines are located in a semi-arid zone where rainfall is minimal.

Jan 12, 1976

Ocean engineers and technologists will assemble in Houston, Texas, during May 3-6, 1976, for the Eighth Offshore Technology Conference (OTC) . More than 50,000 members of industry, government, and academia from 94 nations will participate in what is generally acknowledged as the offshore industry's show-of-shows. A well-diversified 280-paper technical program has been divided into 42 general sessions that range from seafloor surveying and offshore mining to navigation systems and environmental issues. In addition, the largest technical- educational exhibition in the conference's eight-year history will augment the OTC '76 program.

Jan 4, 1976

By L. Michael Kaas

On its tenth anniversary, the computer is a "fact-of- life" in the mineral industries. Its evolution as a practical mining tool was accurately summarized by Alfred Weiss, editor of the Proceedings of the 1969 International Computer Application Symposium, A Decade of Digital Computing in the Mineral Industry: "During the past decade, data processing and operations research developments within the mineral industry have evolved through states typical of any new technique. These have ranged from mere recognition, to cautious acceptance, to confident utilization, and in some instances, to substantial investment in computer hardware and software."

Jan 1, 1970

By Fathi Habashi

Chalcopyrite can be readily leached with HNO3, but the recovery of elemental sulfur does not exceed 50% under the most favorable conditions. Preheating at 500°C in a slightly reducing atmosphere increases the recovery of elemental sulfur to about 65%. Chalcopyrite can also be treated with HNO3 in a pressure reactor at 110°C to solubilize selectively the copper while iron remains in the residue as an oxide. The recovery of elemental sulfur also improved when preheated chalcopyrite is treated in this way. Stainless steel should be an adequate material of construction.

Jan 1, 1974

By James E. Hoffmann, John A. Bonucci, Peter D. Parker

A hydrometallurgical process has been developed for the recovery of high-purity silver from sulfated residues. The process eliminates the high temperature operations ordinarily associated with silver recovery and refining. The crux of the process is a metathetical leach which maintains the sulfate ion concentration at a level which both allows silver nitrate to be freely soluble and simultaneously depresses the solubility of lead nitrate. The subsequent hydrolytic purification of the silver nitrate solution, the recovery of high-purity silver by electrowinning in a diaphragm cell, and the final product purity are discussed.

Jan 1, 1981

FRIENDS of the late Charles F. Rand presented in 1930 a sum of money from which the income is available to support various phases of the work of the Institute in which Mr. Rand was so deeply interested. At present the fund amounts to $10,000. The specific terms of the deed of gift are as follows: "The fund collected to establish a memorial to the late Charles F. Rand shall be placed in the custody of the Board of Directors of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, to be set up as a trust to be known as the `Charles F. Rand Foundation,' the income of which shall each year be applied to a distinct purpose to be decided upon in that year by vote of the Board of Directors. This purpose shall be such as to promote the general welfare of the Institute and to constitute a permanent memorial of the usefulness of Mr. Rand, who for many years gave unstintingly of his time and talents in its service.

Jan 1, 1946

By Robert E. Green

Formulae are given for calculating the modes of wave propagation in a single-crystdl specimen possessing a given crystallographic orientation. Such calculations lead to determination of the orientation factor appearing in the Granato-Lucke theory for the attenuation of these waves due to dislocation damping. A detailed treatment is given for the case of an aluminum crystal possessing the orientation having a maximum Schmid fac -tor of 0.5. FOR a number of years the attenuation of ultrasonic waves propagating in metals has been used to investigate various phenomena causing internal friction.Most of the experiments were performed on polycrystalline test specimens and the waves were assumed to be propagating in an isotopic medium. However Alers 6 in 1955 and more recently Hikata et at. Chiao and Gordon,8 and Swanson and Green 10 have used measurements of attenuation of ultrasonic waves to study internal-friction changes in single crystals. These authors were concerned with the energy losses experienced by the ultrasonic waves due to dislocation motion induced by plastic deformation of the crystals. Alers measured the attenuation of 7 mc per sec ultrasonic pulses propagating in zinc single crystals before, during, and after plastic deformation. Simultaneously he measured the time-dependent plastic strain at constant stress in order to study the correlation between this strain and attenuation. The crystals were oriented in such a way that the applied stress provided a direct shear on the slip plane, thus causing the deformation to proceed by slip on this plane. At the same time the high-frequency sound pulses were sent through the crystal perpendicular to the slip plane. He found that the attenuation of transverse waves, the stress vectors of which lie in the slip plane, was very sensitive to the deformation. The polarization of the particle displacements, associated with these waves, relative to the applied static shear stress, and hence the direction of slip, had no obvious effect on the results. The attenuation of longitudinal waves was affected by the deformation only when the slip plane was not perpendicular to the propagation direction. This indicated that the attenuation was caused by dislocations introduced by the deformation and moving only in the slip plane. Hikata et al. made simultaneous measurements of attenuation, velocity changes, and stress-strain relations on aluminum single crystals deformed in tension. Both longitudinal and shear waves were used, at frequencies of 10 and 13 mc per sec. They placed emphasis on the choice of propagation modes and polarization of the ultrasonic waves, such that interactions between these waves and dislocations on selected slip systems could be investigated. They also selected specimens possessing specific crys-tallographic orientations, which allowed investigation as a function of the number of equally favored slip systems under the applied stress. They found that, for symmetrical orientations, the change of attenuation decreases with the increasing number of equally favored slip systems, i.e., in the order

Jan 1, 1964

By Kiyoshi Mizui

Processes for manufacturing prereduced iron pellets from iron ore dust occurring in iron works have recently begun on an industrial scale. Because of their high porosity and low mechanical strength, these prereduced iron pellets tend to oxidize again and disintegrate into fine particles during transportation and storage; this may result in such difficulties as decreased yield, undesirable work environment and heat generation during oxidation. A possible process for avoiding oxidation and disintegration of prereduced pellets is increasing the density through briquetting. The authors carried out briquetting tests under various conditions, attempting to find optimum briquetting conditions. They found that crushing prereduced pellets and adjusting the particle size to a certain range before briquetting increased the briquette strength and reduced the amount of binder needed. Oxidation resistance of briquettes and raw material pellets was compared in open air and at high temperatures. Briquettes showed superior oxidation resistance.

Jan 1, 1977