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By M. Duclos, A. Sawatzky

A simple model has been developed which describes the steady-state solute distribution in Ti-H type systems above the eutectoid temperature in the presence of a temperature gradient. The solute distribution is dependent on the shape of the phase boundaries. An interesting result, and one that is not observed at steady state in thermal diffusion below the eutectoid temperature, is the existence of a two-phase region. The heat of transport for hydrogen in a titanium, Q*a, over the temperature range 275" to 650.C is determined to be 4500 * 230 cal per mole. The heat of transport for hydrogen in B titanium, QB* over the temperature range 320" to 590.C is found to be 630 ± 200 cal per mole. It is also shown that thermal diffusion provides a method by which phase bounduries above the eutectoid may be determined in Ti-H type systems. IN modern technology materials are being used at constantly increasing temperatures under greater temperature gradients. Thus atomic migration in metal alloys due to a temperature gradient (thermal diffusion) may in some cases occur to an observable extent. The thermal diffusion of hydrogen in zirconium has in recent years received considerable attention1-' because of the use of zirconium alloys in nuclear power reactors. The thermal diffusion kinetics below the eutectoid (547°C) are fairly well understood. At steady state the solid solution, a, and hydride, 6, phases are completely separated with the hydride precipitating at the lower temperatures. No experimental work has been carried out in the a + B region although Droege4 suggested that a complete separation of the two phases, as observed at temperatures below the eutectoid, might not always occur. In the present investigation a simple model has been used to determine the steady-state solute distribution under a temperature gradient in Zr-H type systems heated above the eutectoid temperature. The solute distribution is shown to be dependent on the shape of the phase boundaries in the constitutional diagrams and several typical cases are discussed. The model has been applied to Ti-H. This system was chosen in preference to Zr-H because of its much lower eutectoid temperature (-300°C as compared with 547.C), thereby reducing experimental errors due to oxidation and hydriding. The heats of transport for hydrogen in the a and B phases of titanium also have been determined since they were required to compare the proposed thermal diffusion model with experiment. THEORY In the presence of a temperature gradient the atomic flux in a single-phase region of a two-com-ponent system of which the atoms of only one component are diffusing is given by:' J = - U\dx + RT3 dx) which can be written as: j-D(dn/dt +Q*n/RT2)dt/dx [11 J - -D\dT + RT2)dx [1] where D = diffusion coefficient, n = solute concentration, T = absolute temperature, R = gas constant, dT/dx = temperature gradient, and Q* = heat of transport. At steady state (J = 0) Eq. [I] leads to the solute distribution: n = noexp Q*/RT where no = a constant depending on total solute content. The heat of transport Q* can be experimentally determined from the steady-state distribution. In the present paper we shall determine the solute distribution in systems having the constitutional diagram exemplified by Ti-H shown in Fig. l.' As shown, N,(T) and NB(T) are the equilibrium solute concentrations in the a and 0 phases at temperature T. Lines AA' and CC' define the region of interest to us. The following assumptions are made: 1) Steady-state conditions prevail. 2) In a single-phase region all points on an isotherm have the same thermodynamic potential so that the composition over an isotherm is uniform. If a two-phase region exists, thermodynamic equilibrium is found only at phase interfaces. However, we assume the component of the concentration gradient along an isotherm to be small so that the composition in each phase is approximately the same as at the interface and is given by the constitutional diagram, Fig. 1. 3) There is appreciable diffusion of only one component. 4) We shall consider only the case where Qa*, QB*, and Qg*, the heats of transport for solute diffusion in the a, B, and 6 phases, respectively, are positive. This has been observed for the thermal diffusion of hydrogen in zirconium3 and titanium.10 We will show that the steady-state solute distribution above the eutectoid is primarily determined by the heats of transport and the temperature dependence of Na(T) and Np(T). It may be quite different from the steady-state distribution below the eutectoid. For example, we will see that, under certain conditions,

Jan 1, 1970

By D. L. Douglas

The ß decomposition of Zr-U-O alloys was studied during an interrupted quench from the a + ß region. Decomposition was more rapid than in binary Zr-U alloys of the same uranium content or qf equivalent ß composition. The rapid transformation has been ascribed to the presence of the primary a phase which provided nucleation sites and which permitted preferential partitioning of oxygen to the a phase and of uranium to the COMMERCLAL heat treatments are designed to produce certain strength and toughness character- istics by controlling the microstructure of an alloy. A desired distribution of microconstituents is achieved in practice by treating an alloy under the correct time-temperature conditions. A knowledge of the phase equilibria in any alloy system is essential in outlining heat treatments, but in addi-

Jan 1, 1961

By K. Adam

Grinding in steel mills adversely affects the flotation of pyrrhotite. The electrochemical nature of inter action between pyrrhotite and active metals was investigated by contacting pyrrhotite with platinum at different applied potentials. Flotation tests, scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were wed to examine the surface properties of pyrrhotite. The formation of hydroxide or oxide and sulfate species of iron through the oxygen reduction reaction at the cathodically polarized surface of pyrrhotite was shown to be the mechanism responsible for the reduced floatability of pyrrhotite.

Jan 1, 1985

By ALFRED D. FLINN

ENGINEERING COUNCIL has passed, not out, but upward! Therefore, its recent wake was conducted by itself as a joyful occasion somewhat in advance of its official demise. Council held its last meeting in Washington, Dec. 16, 1920. Business was transacted with dignified gravity in the forenoon. During the afternoon calls were made upon the chiefs of technical bureaus of the Government: the Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army; Chief of Yards and Docks of the Navy Department; Director of U. S. Reclamation Service; Director of U. S. Geological Survey; Director of Bureau of Mines. The Council pronounced them, each and all, able men and true. But what of the evening? Well, there was a dinner at the Washington Hotel. Twenty-six men gathered around a flower-strewn table-not a casket. As guests, there graced the festive board the hosts of the afternoon calls, and a number of members of the new American Engineering Council. The body about to be apotheosized-otherwise known as Engineering Council-was both jocular and reminiscent. Rewards were bestowed and appreciations expressed. To the man who had for three long years borne the burden of chairmanship and whose financial recklessness made possible the Washington office and the movement for a National Public Works Department, the following "note," duly engrossed and signed, was given, accompanied by "The Song of the Council Crew."

Jan 1, 1921

By F. Lawson, N. A. Sareyed-Dim

A rotating disk of iron precipitant in a high temperature batch reactor has been used to study the kinetics of precipitation of nickel from low concentration aqueous solutions. Under inert atmosphere conditions, for temperatures up to 150°C, the rate of nickel deposition at pH25°C of 5 to 6 is controlled both by the rate at which nickel ions reach the surface and the rate of chemical reaction at the surface. However, the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere above the reacting system increases the nickel deposition rate dramatically. It is suggested that under the experimental conditions used, hydrogen atoms are adsorbed on both the iron and nickel, thus reducing the number of sites available for the cementation reaction. Oxygen acts as a depolarizer for hydrogen.

Jan 1, 1977

By AIME AIME

WHEN Russell B. Paul was born in Russell Gulch, Gilpin County, Colorado, that district was the state's leading gold producer. The son of Dr. Henry Paul, who had gone to Colorado from Missouri during the golden era following the Civil War, and had joined the Institute in 1889 when he was manager of the famous Aspen mine, young Paul's early life was steeped in a mining atmosphere from which developed his selection of mining engineering as a profes¬sion. After receiving his E.M. degree from the Colorado School of Mines in 1902, Mr. Paul worked in Colorado and Honduras. Returning from Central America he was married to Mary Ellen Gilmour, daughter of a prominent Central City mining man;

Jan 1, 1943

By Stirling Huntley, L. G. Huntley

THE controversy regarding the ,'probable future of the Mexican oil fields, and its relation to the oil industry of the United States, has led to the preparation of this paper. As has been predicted by several writers in recent papers, certain of the producing areas in the so-called "southern fields" in the Tampico Embayment have only a limited oil reserve. These areas are being pulled on by every pipe line in that region, and the length of time that they will continue to produce is a direct factor of the daily oil shipments of these companies. However, this is not the whole story, and in the following paragraphs an attempt will be made to show that the life of Mexican oil production will be a long one, and Mexican oil will continue to be a large factor n the market for an indefinite time after the areas mentioned above have been drained. The past and present producing fields will be discussed separately, in order-to establish a basis for comparison, the ,only method by which underground reserves 'can be estimated in these fields.

Jan 1, 1921

By Gerald G. Griswold, James O. Greenslade, Cherie Tilley, Richard Reseigh

INTRODUCTION The Harrison Western Corporation, a leading Denver based mine contracting and engineering concern, is presently engaged in sinking two 1,006 m (3,300 ft) shafts for the Phillips Uranium Corporation at their Nose Rock Project, approximately 13 miles northeast of the small community of Crownpoint in McKinley County, New Mexico. The Nose Rock Project is the first attempt by the Phillips Uranium Corporation to tap the deep uranium reserves in what has become known as the Grants Mineral Belt. (See Figure 1) Project Description Phillips Uranium Corporation's plan for the large 2700 metric ton per day (2950 tons/day) mining facility calls for a series of deep access and ventilation shafts ranging from 4.27 m (14 ft) to 5.49 m (18 ft) in diameter to approximate depths of 1,006 m (3,300 ft). The initial pair of shafts consists of one production shaft and one ventilation shaft separated by a distance of 91 m (300 ft). The interbedded layers of sedimentary sandstones and shales to be penetrated by the shafts contain several major water producing aquifers, the deepest being the mineralized zone called the Westwater Canyon Member of the Morrison Formation. A series of temporary and permanent water pumping stations is planned. Generally, the temporary stations are located above major aquifers to facilitate water removal while sinking through the aquifer and the permanent stations constitute what, in the final mode, will be the mine dewatering system. In addition, Phillips Uranium Corporation has In- stalled and is maintaining a system of depressurization wells that temporarily pump the major aquifers and considerably reduce the water inflows during shaft construction. The major aquifers are also chemically grouted prior to sinking. Site work for the project was initiated in the fall of 1976. Full scale shaft sinking commenced in November of 1977 on the 4.88 m (16 ft) diameter ventilation shaft and on the 5.49 m (18 ft) production shaft by another contractor. Harrison Western Corporation began work on the project on November 4, 1979 wlth the production shaft at a depth of 633 m (2,076 ft) and the ventilation shaft at a depth of 474 m (1,554 ft). This paper will address only the portion of shaft sinking completed by Harrison Western. Geology and Hydrology The Nose Rock Project is located on the Chaco Slope in the southern extreme of the San Juan Basin in northwest New Mexico. The southern San Juan Basin is generally bound by the Defiance Uplift to the west, the Zuni Uplift to the south and the Nacimiento Uplift to the east. The Grants Mineral Belt occupies most of the southern portion of the San Juan Basin and this project is located on the northern extreme of the Grants Mineral Belt. The San Juan Basin is comprised of sedimentary rock of continental, marginal-marine and marine origin, that dip northward from the Zuni Uplift and Chaco Slope into the interior of the San Juan Basin. (See Figure 2) Major Formations The major geologic formations to be penetrated range from mudstone and shales to siltstones and sandstones. The sandstones are highly productive aquifers which, under static conditions, would flow artesian. Water temperatures in the aquifers are high and therefore are a force to be dealt with. Temperatures range from 18ºC (65OF) in the upper aquifers to 48ºC (118º'F) in the lower. The mudstones are generally bentonitlc. (See Figure 2) GALLUP SANDSTONE: The Gallup Sandstone is the first major regressive wedge in the San Juan Basin of the Cretaceous era and at this project is about 35 m (115 ft) thick. It is medium grained and prior to depressurization carried a hydrostatic water pressure of over 72.5 kg per cm2 (1,031 psi) which 1s artesian. Compressive strength ranges from 334.7 kg per cm2 (4,760 psi) to 421.8 kg per cm2 (6,000 psi). Water temperature is approximately 30°C (86°F).

Jan 1, 1982

By Donald L. Everhart

SOONER or later intelligent exploration for uranium leads to these questions: Where did the metallic ions that formed the orebodies come from? What processes and geologic factors were involved in ore replacement? These matters, of course, make a big difference in how best to look for orebodies. Before these questions are discussed it might be well to point out other factors bearing on the subject. The whole business of uranium exploration is only a little over ten years old, participation by the public is only about six years old, and real interest and activity by more than a few large mining companies has arisen only in the past two or three years. Throughout this short period, uranium exploration has been affected by the unique influences of necessary security measures and by division of the over- all job into individual projects by a large number of specialists in diverse fields. This has meant that a normal interchange of information on the nature of uranium deposits has really only just begun. Com- pared to the vast amount of published studies on iron, copper, lead, zinc, and gold deposits over the past 50 to 75 years, current knowledge of uranium deposits is in its infancy and much of the pertinent information is still scattered about in a number of unpublished sources. The volume of reports on all phases of uranium exploration is now beginning to mount at a remarkable rate, and geologists with widely varying specialized backgrounds in uranium geology are engaging in spirited debates over the origin of uranium and the relative importance of geologic controls of various deposits.

Jan 9, 1954

By Charles C. Hall

The following procedure in estimating mineral oil when mixed with vegetable or animal oils, is the result of a long series of cxperiments based on the method suggested by Sir William Thompson and Mr. A. H. Allen, in a paper read before the Royal Society.* Four to five grams of the oil under examination are weighed out into a porcelain capsule of 75 C.C. capacity. Thirty C.C. of a 10 per cent. solution of potassium-hydrate in alcohol are added, and the capsule covered with a watch-glass is placed in a water-bath heated to about 93' C. The mixture of oil and alkali should be stirred frequently, and after three-quarters of an hour it is boiled with stirring. This will secure the complete saponification of all the vegetable or animal oil. After the boiling has been continued some time, and most of the alcohol is expelled and a thick scum of soap forms on the surface, a little bicarbonate of soda is added to convert the excess of caustic alkali into carbonate. When the contents of the capsule have become pasty an equal bulk of fine, clean sand is stirred in. This makes the soap granular, and facilitates the removal of the last traces of alcohol. The capsule is now heated for two hours more on the water-bath. After cooling, the contents of the capsule are transferred to a short-necked funnel, having a thin plug of asbestos, and washed with petroleum-ether, or some other light petroleum spirit. The ether dissolves out the mineral oil from the soap, and is best collected in a quarter-liter flask having a short neck. The ether can be applied conveniently and effectively by a small washbottle. Care must be taken to effect a complete removal of the oil

Jan 1, 1883

By T. A. Rickard

The function of a preposition is to show the relation of one thing to another; it is necessary therefore for the writer to select the preposition that indicates the particular relation, otherwise he will fail to express himself clearly. Is it against common sense' to suggest that a Government is justified, morally as well as constitutionally, in preventing the decay of an industry by insisting upon the amalgamation of the prosperous with the needy? All these seven prepositions are used correctly. With the first dredge introduced in Russia, of Werf Conrad, Haarlem, make, this method of alluvial dining became important. Here the prepositions "with", "in", and "of" are used wrongly. He means: "This method of a1lu;ial mining sprang into importance shortly after the first dredge, made at the Werf Conrad, Haarlem, was introduced into ;Russia." The statement itself ii not true, but for that I am not responsible. Once, while I was serving with him, we were frozen in out of sight of land in the Gulf of Pichili in the North of China. Admiral Fisher wrote thus. He has used nine prepositions in making this brief statement. The sequence of three prepositions "in out of" is particularly awkward.

Jan 1, 1931

By S. N. Singh, M. C. Flemings

Results are presented of a study on the combined influences of ingot dendrite am spacing and thermo-mechanical treatments on the fracture behavior and mechanical properties of high purity 7075 aluminum alloy. The most important single variable influencing mechanical properties was found to be undissolved alloy second Phase (microsegregation inherited from the original ingot). Ultimate and yield strengths were found to increase linearly with decreasing amount of alloy second phase while ductility increased markedly. At low amounts of second phase, transverse properties were approximately equal to longitudinal properties. In tensile testing, microcracks and holes were invariably found to originate in or around second phase particles. Fracture occurred both by propagation of cracks and coalescence of holes, depending on the distribution and amount of second phase. IN most commercial wrought alloys, second phase particles are present that are inherited from the original cast ingot. These include, for example, non-equilibrium alloy second phases such as CuAl2 and impurity second phases such as FeA13 and Cr2A1, in aluminum alloys. A previous paper1 has dealt with the morphology of these second phases in cast and wrought aluminum 7075 alloy, and with their behavior during various thermomechanical treatments. In this paper we discuss the influence of the particles on mechanical properties and fracture behavior of the alloy. Previous experimental work indicating a direct and major effect of second phase particles on mechanical properties (especially on ductility) includes the work of Edelson and Baldwin on pure copper.' Also relevant are the many studies demonstrating the important effect of nonmetallic inclusions on the fracture of. steel.3'4 Work on aluminum includes that of Antes, Lipson, and Rosenthal5 who showed that a dramatic improvement in ductility of wrought aluminum alloys of the 7000 series is achieved by eliminating second phases. It now seems well established that included second phases play a dominant role in controlling ductility (as measured, for example, by reduction in area in a tensile test) of a variety of materials. There is, therefore, considerable current interest in the mechanisms by which second phase particles affect ductile fracture. Experiments done by various workers have shown that second phase particles or discontinuities in the microstructure are potential sites for nuclea-tion of microcracks and of holes,6-l3 which then grow and cause premature fracture and the loss of ductility. Theoretical attempts have been made to explain the observed phenomena; most are able to explain observations qualitatively, but lack quantitative agreement. Much experimental work needs to be done to aid extension of theoretical models. A recent review article by Rosenfield summarizes work in this general area.14 PROCEDURE Material used in the previously described study on solution kinetics of cast and wrought 7075 alloy1 was also used in this study. Procedures for ingot casting, solution treating, and working were described in detail in that paper. Test bars were obtained for material of 76 initial dendrite arm spacing (11/2 in. from the ingot base) and 95 µ initial dendrite arm spacing (51/2 in. from the ingot base) for the following thermomechanical treatments (solution temperature 860°F; reduction by cold rolling). a) Solution treated 12 hr, reduced 2/1, 4/1, and 16/1. b) Solution treated 12 hr, reduced 16/1, solution treated approximately 5 hr after reduction. c) Same as a) except solution treated 24 hr prior to reduction. d) Same as b) except solution treated 24 hr prior to reduction. e) Same as d) except solution treated 20 hr after reduction. Test bars were taken both longitudinally and transverse to the rolling direction. Transverse properties are in the long transverse direction; since the final product was sheet (0.030 in. thick), properties in the short transverse direction could not be obtained. Test bars were flat specimens, of gage cross section1/-| in. by 0.030 in. and 1/2 in. gage length. After machining the test bars, they were given an additional 1/2 hr solution treatment of 860°F and aged 24 hr at 250°F. Three bars were tested for each location and thermomechanical treatment, after rejection of mechanically flawed bars. The average results of these three bars are reported. Elongation was measured using a $ in. extensometer and reduction in area was determined using a profilometer to measure the area after fracture. INFLUENCE OF THERMOMECHANICAL TREATMENTS AND SECOND PHASE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES Results of mechanical testing are presented in Figs. 1 to 4 and in tabular form in the Appendix. A general conclusion from results obtained is that details of the thermomechanical treatments studied were important only insofar as they influenced the amount of residual second phase. Figs. 1 and 4 show the longitudinal properties obtained (regardless of thermomechanical

Jan 1, 1970

By W. R. Ingalls

THE main objective of everybody, individually and collectively as the people of nations, is to earn their living and improve the scale thereof as much and as rapidly as possible. We are able to earn" our living only by working and producing. We I are able to rise to higher standards of comfort only by increasing our production of goods, or diminishing the waste of those that we do produce, or both. This statement is trite. It is equally trite to dwell upon the importance of increased production to be derived from increased efficiency of labor and improved manage-ment; and the good results that would accrue to every-body if employers and employees would work together to secure the maximum of production at the minimum of cost. All of this is nothing more than platitude, to which every intelligent person subscribes in the abstract; but what concerns us especially, and what is neither so easy nor so understandable, is to translate the expres-sion of the abstract principle into formulas for action. The national net income obviously may be increased in two ways, or by both together. One is to diminish the waste of the goods that we already have made available. The other is to increase the supply of goods. .Increasing the supply of goods may involve the elimina-tion of waste, but a distinction is to be drawn between the waste of things that we have and the failure to obtain those that we might have. If we limit the term "waste" to the careless and profligate use of the materials that have come into our possession, together with the absorption of labor in doing obviously unnecessary things; and if we character-ize by the term "inefficiency" the failure to accomplish in our industrial operations the best of which we are capable, we shall create a distinction that will be pro-motive of clear thinking. In this paper I am going to deal with inefficiency, not waste, observing the distinc-tion, arbitrary if you please, that I have made. Without any doubt the greatest inefficiency that exists in our economic affairs is that which causes hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, of men to be idle a good deal of the time. The major reasons for such idleness are two-fold. One of them is the conse-quence of what for convenience may be called business cycles, although I do not hold to the hypothesis of business cycles as it is now being rather widely expounded. That hypothesis involves the idea of rhyth-mic undulations due to causes unknown, but which it is hoped may be ascertained. The movement of busi-ness in waves up and down is undeniable, but that there are recurrences of cycles every so often is purely imag-inary, I think. It is unnecessary-to digress into that subject. The extents of the rises and falls above and below a median line undoubtedly is less than is commonly supposed.

Jan 3, 1922

By G. E. Murray

Lead blast-furnace work at Trail is unique in that this is the only plant in the world where blast-furnace smelting on a large scale for both lead and zinc recovery is carried on under one management. On this account the factors that determine economic practice differ from those of other lead smelters. In addition to this different metallurgical outlook, a great deal of structural investigation has been carried on, which has resulted in the development of a furnace which should prove of interest to all who are faced with similar problems. This description may be conveniently divided into various heads as follows: (1) General—make-up of charge, etc.; (2) structural—(a) hoods and charging methods, (b) shaft construction, (c) crucible construction; (3) handling slag; (4) handling bullion; (5) metallurgy. The Charge The Trail plant is an old one, on a congested site. As with most old plants, this limits the method of charge preparation. In general, lead metallurgists will agree that sinter when it reaches the blast furnace should contain as small an amount as possible of actual fines. There would be some difference of opinion as to the maximum size as well as of the minimum required, but to obtain the optimum condition some form of screening is indicated. This screening should take place immediately before the blast furnace if possible, and because sinter deteriorates in storage there should be as little as possible. There should also be the minimum amount of handling between the sinter machines and the furnaces. Unfortunately, at Trail the sinter must be handled considerably before it is charged to the furnace, and no feasible scheme of screening has yet been devised. Trail practice, then, demands that the sinter be a strong one physically. Dependent upon the amount of lead in it, it has been found advantageous to incorporate granulated slag into the final sinter, the amount varying inversely as the lead content. The addition of this slag makes a harder sinter, which arrives at the blast furnace in a better condition, but it entails some lack of efficiency, because desulphuriza-tion is not so rapid nor so complete.

Jan 1, 1937

By H. P. Allen

THE Achotla mill of the Cia. Minera de Pe[n]oles is of special interest in that it is one of the few still employing the chloridization process. The ore milled comes from the Suriana mine and consists of both oxide and sulphide, from neither of which can the gold or silver be extracted by a simple cyanide treatment. The mill was built in 1927, after several years of study in the development of the process1, and operated from December of that year until October 1930. Operations were resumed in February 1935, and have been continuous since, treating approximately 5000 tons per month, while the mine is getting up to full tonnage of 6500 tons per month. Transportation Of Supplies The property is in Guerrero, Mexico, some 175 km. by airline southwest of Mexico City. The mill site is at Temisco (Fig. I), 8 km. from the Balsas River and 4.8 km. by aerial tram from the mine. At Temisco are the general office, shops, warehouses and laboratory serving both mine and mill. Here sufficient water is available either from a small creek running through the property or from the Balsas River, also convenient and ample storage space for the tailings. With the exception of the mine timber and a few native building materials which may be obtained locally, all supplies for both mine and mill are brought down the Balsas River from Balsas, the terminal of a Mexican National Railway line out of Mexico City. The method of transportation on the river is interesting. Rapids with very fast water are numerous, prohibiting the use of mechanically propelled boats. Those used resemble large, flat-bottomed rowboats some 22 ft. long by 8 ft. wide (Fig. 2). They are manned by two oarsmen sitting in the bow, each handling one large oar, and usually another man in the stern who, with his oar, assists in steering the boat, especially when the rapids are run. From 3 to 7 tons of freight are carried on each boat, depending upon the stage of the water, which governs also the time

Jan 1, 1937

By H. H. Podgurski

Above 200°C the observed increase in the apparent solubility of hydrogen in low alloy steels caused by cold work is attributed to the formation of methane in microvoids. This methane can be isolated quantitatively, and furthermore, the amount of methane is in accord with the equilibrium 2H2 + Fe3C = CH4 + 3Fe. The micro-void volume, calculated from the methane content via the equation of state for methane, corresponds approximately to that calculated from the measured density decrement produced by cold work. THIS investigation was undertaken with the intent of employing the hydrogen atom as a probe in detecting specific crystallographic defects in cold worked steel. It was expected that different degrees of chemical interaction of hydrogen with the various types of defects could be utilized. The original aim was to assign concentration values to defect sites. The success of this approach requires that experimental conditions can be attained under which lattice-dissolved hydrogen equilibrates primarily with only one type of defect. A set of experiments which appeared potentially to embody these requirements was described several years ago by Keeler and Davis.1 They noted in the case of a mild steel (low carbon) that the solubility of hydrogen between 200° and 400°C near atmospheric pressure was notably increased by cold working the steel. The observed solubility was an order of magnitude greater than the normal lattice solubility. * Although the Keeler and Davis studies suggested that the density decrement effected by their cold-working operation might be related to the anomalous solubility of hydrogen, they offered no explanation of the relationship between the two effects. Prior to this work, Darken and smith3 had noted a similar effect of cold work upon enhanced sorption of hydrogen by steel when charged by acid pickling. In the light of present-day concepts, interaction between lattice-dissolved hydrogen and dislocations was strongly suggested. More recently, Hill and Johnson,4 working with a

Jan 1, 1962

By Albert E. Wood, Edgar R Shepard

The interest of the Federal Government in improvement of waterways dates from 1820, when Congress appropriated $5000 for making a survey of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers and assigned this work to the Corps of Engineers of the Army. Since that time the Government has gradually assumed increasing jurisdiction in the matter of improvement and control of inland waterways until, by the River and Harbor Act of Jan. 21, 1927, Congress assigned to the Secretary of War and to the Chief of Engineers the duly of making surveys, in accordance with House Document No. 308, 69th Congress, to formulate plans for the most effective improvement of the navigable streams of the United States and their tributaries, for navigation, development of water power, control of floods, and the needs of irrigation. Virtually all the preliminary investigations and surveys required by this act have been completed. The reports made to Congress have been published and often are referred to as ''308 Reports." The map shown in Fig. 1 is merely a skeleton distribution of the projects covered by these reports, but it serves to indicate the magnitude of the proposed undertaking. In many instances, a single character on the map stands for a major development involving several dams and reservoirs or many miles of canals or levees. The devastating floods of 1936, and the need for worthy public works to take up the slack in employment, gave further impetus to this program and in 1936 led to the enactment of a bill authorizing a large number of these projects. The National Flood Control Act of 1936 specifically authorizes some 270 flood-control projects in 31 states, and affecting nearly every state in the Union, with an estimated construction cost of about $300,000,000. In addition, the 1936 Act directs the Secretary of War to make preliminary examinations and surveys for flood control in some 230 additional localities, and to continue surveys and studies of 18 reservoir sites. The Corps of Engineers is proceeding rapidly with foundation investiga-

Jan 1, 1940

By Albert E. Wood, Edgar R. Shepard

The interest of the Federal Government in improvement of waterways dates from 1820, when Congress appropriated $5000 for making a survey of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers and assigned this work to the Corps of Engineers of the Army. Since that time the Government has gradually assumed increasing jurisdiction in the matter of improvement and control of inland waterways until, by the River and Harbor Act of Jan. 21, 1927, Congress assigned to the Secretary of War and to the Chief of Engineers the duly of making surveys, in accordance with House Document No. 308, 69th Congress, to formulate plans for the most effective improvement of the navigable streams of the United States and their tributaries, for navigation, development of water power, control of floods, and the needs of irrigation. Virtually all the preliminary investigations and surveys required by this act have been completed. The reports made to Congress have been published and often are referred to as ''308 Reports." The map shown in Fig. 1 is merely a skeleton distribution of the projects covered by these reports, but it serves to indicate the magnitude of the proposed undertaking. In many instances, a single character on the map stands for a major development involving several dams and reservoirs or many miles of canals or levees. The devastating floods of 1936, and the need for worthy public works to take up the slack in employment, gave further impetus to this program and in 1936 led to the enactment of a bill authorizing a large number of these projects. The National Flood Control Act of 1936 specifically authorizes some 270 flood-control projects in 31 states, and affecting nearly every state in the Union, with an estimated construction cost of about $300,000,000. In addition, the 1936 Act directs the Secretary of War to make preliminary examinations and surveys for flood control in some 230 additional localities, and to continue surveys and studies of 18 reservoir sites. The Corps of Engineers is proceeding rapidly with foundation investiga-

Jan 1, 1940

By Donald P. Richards, John F. Abel

Geotechnical site investigation for new mine shafts can reduce the level of design uncertainty for shaft linings. The parameters which determine the lining strength required include rock strength and hydrologic properties, the in situ stress conditions, and the concrete strength. These parameters are applied to analytical methods of shaft lining design using the plastic and clastic assumptions of rock response to determine the required lining thickness to maintain the stability of the shaft excavation.

Jan 1, 1982

By Samuel Hoyt

THE hardness of annealed copper has been given in the literature and is easily obtained by any of the standard methods of hardness testing. It is not our intention to correct published values or to add to them, but to describe tests of two bars of annealed electrolytic copper in which the methods of Meyer's analysis were employed. MEYER'S ANALYSIS OF BALL INDENTATION TEST The ball indentation test is probably the most valuable hardness test we now have but, as it is carried out in the Brinell or Rockwell test, the result may be seriously in error without the operator suspecting such to be the case. This condition results from the isolated and uncontrolled nature of the measurement. The accuracy depends on the accuracy of the equipment and the care and skill used in the operations; there is nothing in the impression diameter, which is all that is measured, to indicate the presence of error. Meyer's analysis supplies a control of the measurements that goes far toward eliminating unsuspected errors. The principles of this work maybe obtained from elsewhere.1 As this subject has not received the attention of this Institute, it may be well to summarize the more important points as follows.

Jan 2, 1926