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By William H. Lyon

In 1950 the Program Staff of the Department of the Interior undertook an exploratory study in the projection of energy requirements of the nation. This work was reported in Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7582 by H. J. Barnett. In that preliminary study Mr. Barnett, after exploring the nature of the energy economy in some detail, evolved a method for estimating how much energy will be required in the future, based on estimates of trends in efficiency of energy utilization in specific applications, the physical output of specific energy-consuming industries, size of the population, productivity advances in the economy at large, consumer preferences, and other factors. Considerable new information was developed regarding the nature of energy demands and the possible levels of requirements for each fuel under various assumed business conditions. The study analyzed the interrelationships, including substitutions, among the fuels and emphasized the need for viewing the energy economy as an integrated albeit complex whole. This exploratory study showed a need for a single comprehensive statistical re-port that would assemble and show in a uniform manner the diverse published statistical data on energy commodities now scattered through many publications. A particularly important need was for a set of historical statistics showing the production and consumption of all energy on a B.t.u. basis. As the prospective size and nature of the future energy requirements of the nation are matters of continuing importance, this report was prepared to assist further investigations of the subject. In this report the authors undertake to assemble and present in tabular form, on a uniform basis, the production and use of each of the fuels and electric energy in the United states for three census years -1929, 1939, and 1947. The year 1947, rather than a later year, was selected because it is the most recent year for which census data are available showing the consumption of fuel by each of the manufacturing industries. It is hoped that making data for these 3 years available in one re-port will provide the needed statistical background for further studies of fuel requirements and supplies.

Jan 1, 1951

By John C. Edwards

The Bureau of Mines developed a mathematical model to predict the oxygen requirements for a miner evacuating a mine. The model accounts for variations in the miner's escape speed with mine airway height, and for the empirically determined expressions for the weight-specific oxygen uptake rate for upright walking, stooped walking (duck-walking), and crawling. A Fortran computer program that is user oriented was prepared based upon the model's constitutive equations. Specific instructions for utilizing the program, as well as applications to miner evacuation from a mine, are presented.

Jan 1, 1986

In 2006, a total of 7,178 sand and gravel mining operations reported employment to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).1 ? Sand and gravel mines were the largest mining sector, comprising 48.2% of all mining operations. ? Sand and gravel mines were found throughout all 50 states and Puerto Rico.

Sep 1, 2008

By C. W. Owings

"PURPOSE OF REPORTMany bituminous coal-mine officials realize that coal dust presents an ever-present coal-mine explosion hazard, and that persons forced to breathe large quantities of it may be more subject to respiratory infection than persons working in less dusty atmospheres. As an outgrowth of the realization that coal dust should be allayed at its source, many mining companies have expressed the desire to install dust-allaying equipment, and in a number of mines, water or wetting solution is being applied on the cutter bars of mining machines, on mobile loaders, belts or conveyors underground, and tops of mine cars. Spraying equipment also has been installed on dumps to allay dust during dumping operations. Dust-allaying equipment has not been standardized, however, because manufacturers have found that many prospective purchasers of such equipment have different ideas. These manufacturers wish to standardize, so far as feasible, the types and placement of such equipment. Many mine officials, although interested, do not know the best or most effective methods for allaying dust.For a number of years the Bureau of Mines has advocated allaying dust by applying water or, more recently, water modified by a wetting agent on the cutter bar of mining machines and by applying water to loaded and empty mine cars in order to keep as much dust as possible from spilling onto the haulage roads. In recent years this Bureau has also advocated applying water with or without a wetting agent during mechanical loading of coal and during unloading of coal from trackless cars or buggies and from elevating conveyors. It has now become apparent that specific arrangement of pipes, hose, and nozzles should be standardized to at least some extent. It is the purpose of this report, therefore, to give in detail suggested arrangement of dust-allaying equipment in the hope that both manufacturers and mine officials will have available dust-allaying equipment with maximum efficiency to do the desired work."

Nov 1, 1945

By Allen S. Smith

Analysis of the helium content of a natural gas presents more than the usual difficulties encountered in applying the thermal--conductivity method because of the relatively small amounts of this inert gas present and the wide variation in the other constituents. However, the numerous advantages of this method and its adaptability to continuously recording and control instruments make it worthy of consideration. A specific application of the method described yields quantitative results only when used with gas mixtures of known qualitative compositions which vary within predetermined limits. Periodic analyses for the helium content of a producing gas well may be conveniently made by an absorption method3/ and a continuous analytical method is not necessary for this purpose. Natural gas containing 1.75 to 1.90 percent of helium produced from Government-owned wells is processed in the Amarillo (Texas) Helium Plant of the Bureau of Mines. The helium extracted in the plant is supplied to the Army and Navy, and the processed natural gas is sold to a commercial gas company4/. As complete recovery of the helium in the raw material is not economically practicable, the processed gas contains 0.1 to 0.3 percent of helium, depending upon conditions of operation;- Production is checked against the helium removed from the gas, which before the installation of the thermal--conductivity apparatus was calculated from the analysis of a cumulative sample of the processed gas. As conditions of operation affect the residual helium content to a large extent, a composite sample was an uncertain index of the efficiency of the process.

Jan 1, 1934

By W. A. Grosh

Records show that much of the lead produced in the Upper Mississippi Valley lead-zinc field was taken from natural openings along crevice systems at shallow horizons or at the surface. During the early history of the district, the shallow deposits were worked intensively; but in recent years the production of lead, except as a byproduct of deeper mining for zinc ores, has not been significant. Considering the methods of early mining, the character of mineralization, and the fact that galena can still be found on the surface of the old digging areas, it was reasoned that enough mineralization might remain on and above bedrock to permit, through the use of modern equipment and methods, economical re-treatment of surface material in the digging areas.

Jan 1, 1960

By R. W. Watson

In January 1980, the Bureau of Mines initiated an experimental program to examine the fire and explosion hazards of one-hour self-contained self rescuers (SSRs). This action was prompted by a growing concern on the part of government and industrial safety officials over the potential hazards of these devices when deployed on a large scale in underground coal mines. Prior evaluation of the safety of these devices had been at best sporadic and usually limited to experimental models. The recent availability of preproduction models of a l-hour SSR fabricated by the Mine Safety Appliance Company* and a production model manufactured by Dragerwerk Ag Lubeck of the Federal Republic of Germany allowed for a more comprehensive and meaningful evaluation of their safety in underground coal mines. This report summarizes the results of a 5-month study of the potential hazards of these two items. During the course of the work, periodic progress reports were presented to officials of the Mine Safety and Health Administration and various mining organizations including the American Mining Congress, Bituminous Coal Operators of America. National Independent Coal Operators Association, and the United Mine Workers of America. The free exchange of ideas that occurred during these meetings had a significant impact on the direction of this study and a serious attempt was made to address all of the issues that were raised at these meetings. The authors are extremely grateful to the individuals that participated in defining the specific problems that could arise as a result of deploying the self-contained self rescuers in an underground coal mine environment.

Jan 1, 1980

By Wilbert J. Huff

The work of the Explosives Division, Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1939, is described in the following pages. This paper is the fourth of a series of annual reports covering the activities of the division since July l, 1936.

Jan 1, 1940

By Daniel G. DiCanio

This report describes a computer-based model for estimating the tangible costs of injuries and deaths from work-related accidents in underground coal mines. The study undertook to identify and quantify the elements of accident costs, including field visits to coal mines, insurance carriers, and public agencies. The mathematical models developed for each tangible element of accident cost are presented in Volume I of the report. A listing of the computer programs which comprise the model and instructions for using the programs are presented in Volume II. Statistical distributions of mining family characteristics, data on 95 miners killed in underground accidents, and other basic data used to develop the model are presented in Volume III. Application of the model to a data base of 9,286 accidents which occured in underground bituminous coal mines during 1974 yielded a total of $56,900,000 in tangible costs to industry, mining families, and public agencies. Loss of income to the families of miners injured or killed in these accidents accounted for 47 percent of the total.

Jan 1, 1976

By H. C. Fuller, E. L. Anderson, F. S. Wartman, M. A. Cook

"This paper gives an account of the production of ductile-grade titanium powder in 100-pound batches by reduction of purified titanic chloride with magnesium, followed by grinding, leaching, and magnetic separation of the reaction product. Apparatus, technique, and methods of controlling product quality are described, and some data on operating costs are given.Although man has been aware of the existence of the element titanium for over 150 years, only recently has the metal itself been available in a form pure enough, particularly with reference to absorbed gases, to allow an estimate of its physical properties. In comparison with mild steel, the tensile strength of titanium is about the same, the resistance to atmospheric corrosion greater, and the specific gravity much less.These properties suggest the usefulness of titanium as a structural material for applications requiring resistance to atmospheric attack and a good strength-weight ratio. Although known reserves of titanium, high-grade enough to be useful at present are not sufficiently extensive to predicate that titanium might supplant iron, aluminum, and magnesium for structural purposes, the reserves are large enough to make its use as a structural material quite feasible in certain fields in which its unique properties are required.As a result of these considerations, the Bureau of Mines station at Tucson initiated an, investigation into the technology of titanium in 1938. First, a critical survey and small-scale trial of virtually all suggested methods7/ for producing the metal was made. The method devised by Kroll8/ seemed best adapted as a source of metallic titanium for, although the purity of the product was not as high as that of products from some other processes, it seemed that modifications in technique necessary for larger-scale production could be made more easily.Essentially, in applying the Kroll process, titanium tetrachloride was reduced to metallic titanium by adding the chloride slowly to molten magnesium contained in a molybdenum-lined iron reaction chamber filled with a protective atmosphere of argon. After reduction to the state of completion desired, the reduction mass and chamber were allowed to cool. Then the chamber was opened, and the reaction mass, consisting of titanium, magnesium chloride, and some unused magnesium, was removed by suitable means. Most of the magnesium chloride and metallic magnesium were removed by leaching in dilute hydrochloric acid. The leached sponge was then ground wet in a ball mill, releached in strong acid, and dried Removal of free iron by magnetic separation completed the production process.Development of the Kroll process by the Bureau was undertaken first at the station at Salt Lake City, in 1942 and the amount formed per run was increased in several steps from a few grams to pounds.9/ In addition to increasing the size of batch over that used by Kroll, the technique was simplified somewhat by the use of unlined reaction vessels."

Aug 1, 1949

By T. L. Turner, Daniel T. Rogers

As part of a program to investigate technology for the extraction of studied HNO3 alumina from abundant domestic ores , the Bureau of Mines leaching of calcined Georgia kaolinitic clay . In this investigation , iron impurities were removed from the aluminum nitrate pregnant leach liquor by solvent extraction , and the purified liquor was evaporated to prepare a suitably concentrated crystallizer feed liquor . Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate was crystallized from the liquor to separate the aluminum from undesirable trace elements and excess water . Continuous crystallization at 40 ° C in a pilot plant vacuum evaporative unit was performed for 5 days to observe the effects of impurity buildup under minimum bleed- stream conditions . Liquor feed rate was 26 lb/h and AAll (( NNOO33 )) 33..99HH22O0 ((AANNNN)) crystal production rate was 17 lb/h . Fe 203 and Cr203 were not effectively separated from the crystals , and P205 , MgO , and K20 impurities must be removed by recrystallization . Other impurities did not excessively contaminate the crystals . Washing the crystals with water or aqueous HNO3 gave an equivalent increase in crystal purity levels by displacing mother liquor . Theoretical equations , applicable to any continuous evaporative crystallization of developed to produce material balances for engineering ANN , were applications .

Jan 1, 1965

By A. D. Garman

This paper presents one of a series of digests of foreign mining legisla- tion and court, decisions which is being prepared in advance of a general report relative to the right of American citizens to explore for minerals and to own and operate mines in various foreign countries. This interpretation of the laws of Latin America has been prepared from the best available information in Washington, but is released subject to correction and amplification, if necessary, by the proper American diplomatic and consular officers, to whom it is being referred through the courtesy of the Department of State. Individual abstracts of the laws of each of the countries herein discussed have been prepared and published separately. This general summary is presented for the use of mining engineers and investors whose interests extend over the borders of a single country. It is also designed to bring out certain general principles of mining law and, so far as feasible, to indicate the trend of mining legislation in South and Central America. In order to gain perspective, the details of legislation are not com- pletely covered in this paper, but an effort has been made to bring out essential differences as well as points of similarity in the laws of the various countries. The course of legislation is first traced chronologically and the points discussed are then arranged in tables in somerhat greater detail. .Si. With a very few exceptions the existing mining legislation of Spanish America is a development, of the Spanish "Law Decree of Bases" (more briefly referr- ed to as the "Decree-Bases") of 1868. This in turn was influenced, particularly in its classification of minerals, by the French law of April 21, 1810.

Jul 1, 1930

By K. E. Stanfield

The oil yields of sections of Green River oil shale in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming are presented as part of a continuing project to determine oil-shale reserves in the United States. Oil-yield logs, based upon analyses obtained from 1945 through 1952, are presented to show the thickness and richness of 202 sections of Green River oil shale. The logs are based on analyses of approximately 20,500 samples, representing 179,000 feet of shale, which were made by the Bureau of Mines, and upon analyses, representing approximately 26,000 feet of shale, which were made by other agencies. The samples consisted of cores from a Bureau of Mines coring program in U. S. Naval Oil-Shale Reserve 1, Garfield County, Colo., and cores, drill cuttings, and channel samples provided by other agencies, chiefly oil companies. Most of the samples of oil shale from Utah and Wyoming were derived from oil-well drilling operations. As a result, the oil-shale sections were widely scattered and were not extensive or reliable enough to be representative of the significant deposits of Green River oil shale in these States. The oil-shale sections for Colorado, however, were more comprehensive, and a number of the sections were used in a previous report as a basis for estimating oil-shale reserves in Colorado. The present report does not give estimates of oil-shale reserves but is limited to presentation of oil-shale analyses that may be used for future reserve estimates. Other sections of Green River oil shale are being analyzed, and the results will be published in subsequent reports.

Jan 1, 1954

By Gene R. Reid

The contract objective is the development and in mine testing of an Automatic Fire Control System (AFCS) for mobile underground metal mining equipment. The effort described by this report covers the period from June 21,1975 through June 30,1976 and accomplished the following tasks: ? Preparation of Data Handling Plan and data acquisition which included visits to twenty mine sites in eleven states, visits to Bureau and MESA facilities, and a literature survey. ? Data analysis which determined the most hazardous type of vehicle for use in the demonstration, and design requirements for the AFCS, ? Development of recommended design concepts for the AFCS. ? Design and development of the AFCS including tests on a full-scale mock-up of a load-haul-dump (LHD) vehicle. ? Underground fire tests on an ST-2B-LHD vehicle at the Hecla Lakeshore mine Casa Grande, Arizona.

Jan 1, 1976

By Jay W. Hawkins

Under an approved remining program, mine operators can remine abandoned coal mines without assuming legal responsibility for treatment of the previously degraded water, as long as the discharging waters are not further degraded and other regulatory requirements are satisfied. A U.S. Bureau of Mines review of 105 remining permits in Pennsylvania indicates that remining results in substantial reclamation of abandoned mine lands, utilization of significant quantities of coal, and reduction of contaminant loads (acidity and iron) from degraded mine drainage discharges. Normality tests performed on the water quality and flow data indicate generally nonnormal distributions and extreme right-skewness, tending toward lower values. The water quality of underground coal mines was observed to be more highly degraded in terms of acidity, iron, and sulfate than that of surface coal mines. The optimum baseline sampling scenario is 12 months in duration at a frequency of one sample per month. Analysis of water quality and flow rates before and after remining indicates that a majority of the mines exhibited either no change or a significant decrease in pollution rate because of remining. The discharge flow rate was the dominant controlling factor when the post-remining contaminant load was significantly better or worse than the baseline (pre-remining) load.

Jan 1, 2010

By W. W. Adams

Lower accident rates were the outstanding feature. of the second annual sand and gravel safety competition conducted in 1930 by the United States Bureau of Mines in cooperation with the National Sand and Gravel Association. Both the frequency and, severity rates for accidents were greatly reduced as compared with those shown by the first year's contest, that for 1929. Three times as many plants were enrolled, and the number of man-hours of work represented wad more than doubled. Seventy-six sand-and-gravel plants, situated in 20 States, participated in the competition, as compared with 26 plants, located in 13 States, in the year before. The number of man-hours of employment, which indicated the amount of exposure to occupational hazards, was 4,915,592 an increase of more than 100 per cent over, the previous year's total of 2.259,572 hours. The frequents of accidents declined from 74.4 per million hours for all plants enrolled in the first year's contest to 42.7 per million man-hours for all plants enrolled in 1930. The accident-severity rate was reduced from 9.7 days of disability per thousand man-hours of exposure in 1929 to 5.9 days of disability per thousand man-hours of exposure in 1930.

Jan 1, 1931

By J. Koster

During the past several years, alunite from the Marysvale (Utah) region has been the subject of investigation by the Electrometallurgical Section of the Bureau of Mines. The nature and occurrence of this mineral, with considerable data on the Utah deposits, together with a number of results of preliminary experiments, have been given in a previous report.6/ The geology of the Marysvale region has been reviewed recently.7/ The present paper reports the results obtained by a method involving the sintering of alunite with boric acid and subsequent treatment of the sinter to produce alumina and potassium sulphate.

Jan 1, 1939

By Michael D. Balen

During the years 1987 through 1989, the Bureau of Mines Alaska Field Operations Center (Bureau) in cooperation with the Western Field Operations Center and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys (ADGGS), conducted mining, geological, and geochemical investigations in the 5.7 million-acre Valdez Creek Mining District (VCMD). This investigation was conducted as part of the Bureau's continuing Mineral Land Assessment (MLA) mining district studies program. The Bureau's MLA program is designed to provide reliable and comprehensive mineral resource information that supports mineral resource policy and land use decisions made by Congress and Federal land management agencies. The information also provides the basis for decisions that would expand the domestic supply of important mineral resources, primarily strategic and critical minerals. Much of the MLA work is done jointly with cooperating State or U.S. geological surveys.

Jan 1, 1992

By J. A. Organiscak

Quartz dust is one of the most significant ongoing health concerns in coal mining today. Since the early 1980's, the U.S. Bureau of Mines has conducted numerous studies in underground and surface coal mines to identify the sources of quartz dust and its fundamental characteristics. This report presents data and conclusions obtained from these studies. The two most significant quartz dust sources were found to be the continuous miner excavating rock and the highwall drill operating in a rock overburden. The percentage of quartz was found to be higher in the smaller size fractions of dust when significant amounts of rock were mined by the continuous miner. Another factor theorized to affect quartz dust generation and size characteristics is the morphology of the quartz-bearing rock. Several laboratory studies were conducted to investigate capture efficiency of water spray technology and flooded-bed scrubbers with respect to the particle size of the dust. Water sprays and flooded-bed scrubbers were both found to be less efficient on smaller dust particles, and the scrubber was particularly less efficient on quartz dust. These results indicate that quartz control technology should be directed at controlling smaller sized dust particles.

Jan 1, 1990

By Robert H. Merrill, James V. Williamson, David M. Ropchan, George H. Kruse

In- situ rock stresses were determined by flatjack and borehole - deformation methods . Estimates of the stress distribution around a flatjack were obtained by a combination of flatjack and borehole - gage techniques . The investigations were part of a study , conducted jointly by the State of California and the Federal Bureau of Mines , to determine the stress in rock at the site of an underground powerplant for the Oroville Dam near Oroville , California . The stress distribution around each of three flatjacks was nonsymmetric ; however , stresses obtained from 9 flatjack and 157 borehole measurements are considered reasonably accurate for engineering purposes . The stress near the edge of the openings is between 800 and 1,600 psi ; the stress in the undisturbed rock is approximately 500 psi , nearly hydrostatic .

Jan 1, 1964