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By H. B. Humphrey

The solvents used most widely in industry may be divided into groups according to their chemical and toxicological properties. These groups, with representative members, follow: Petroleum distillates (aliphatic hydrocarbons) Examples: Gasoline, benzine, Stoddard's specification solvents. Alcohols, esters, ketones, ethers, and ether alcohols Examples: Denatured alcohol (ethyl alcohol to which various denaturants may be added), methanol (methyl alcohol), ethyl acetate, amyl acetate (banana oil), acetone.

Jan 1, 1956

By Nicholas Kyriazi

A joint effort by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) was undertaken to determine how well self-contained self-rescuers (SCSR's), deployed in accordance with Federal regulations (30 CFR 75.1714), survived the underground environment with regard to both impact damage and aging. This report presents findings regarding laboratory-tested SCSR's from 1982 through 1990. The SCSR's were tested on human subjects and on a breathing and metabolic simulator (BMS). These results indicate that most of the apparatus, if they pass their inspection criteria, perform as expected except for units with manufacturing defects or design deficiencies. However, when the apparatus are carried in and out of the mine daily and stored at the working section, they may suffer abuse. Physical signs of abuse, unless extremely obvious, are frequently not detected by the miners or mine operators. This poses a potential danger to a user in an emergency. Recommendations include improved training in inspection procedures.

Jan 1, 2010

By O. C. Baptist

This report presents results of an investigation undertaken by the Bureau of Mines to determine the clay content of typical petroleum reservoir sands in Wyoming and the effect of clay content on the permeability behavior of the sands. These results should have significance in determining the feasibility of injecting water into the sands for secondary recovery and in estimating the probable damage incurred by these sands if invaded with filtrates from water-base drilling muds. The results of air-, brine-, and water-permeability determinations are given for reservoir sands in three Wyoming fields. The amounts of materials of "fine silt and clay size" (Wentworth scale) in the sands and the types of clay minerals present, as identified by X-ray diffraction methods, are also presented and discussed.

Jan 1, 1955

By Andrew A. Cochran

Laboratory-scale research was conducted by the Bureau of Mines to develop a new process for treating electroplating and other wastes. Various acid and alkaline cyanide wastes were combined under controlled conditions to neutralize the wastes and to almost completely precipitate the metals and cyanides. The metals were subsequently recovered for recycling; the cyanides can also be easily recycled. The process was successfully used to treat the major types of electroplating and etching wastes, containing Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn, and to treat both concentrated and dilute wastes. The economic aspects of treating concentrated electroplating, etching, and anodizing wastes are especially attractive because of the low cost of mixing two wastes, the high value of the recovered metals, and the simplicity of the recovery procedures. The filtrates from the waste-plus-waste step were relatively harmless compared with the original wastes and met Public Health Service standards for free cyanide content. Free cyanide ions were not detected in most of the filtrates; the limit of detection was 0.03 ppm. Only small amounts of HCN were produced during the neutralization; the HCN was collected and neutralized.

Jan 1, 1974

By J. F. Barkley

During the present war emergency, under the urge of the Federal Government to store coal, the following questions are frequently asked by coal users: (a) Will the coal lose any, of its heating value in storage? (b) Will it slack and give a smaller-size coal? (c) Will its burning characteristics change in any way? (d) Will it catch fire from spontaneous combustion? (e) What precautions should be taken when coal is stored? DISCUSSION (a) Loss of Heating Value Studies by the Bureau of Mines show that the loss of heating value of coal in storage commonly has been overestimated. Various types of storage tests were made on New River, Pocahontas, Pittsburgh gas, and Sheridan (Wyo.) coals. The following is quoted from Bureau of Mines Bulletin 136, Deterioration in the Heating Value of Coal During Storage, by H. C. Porter and F. K. Ovitz (p. 8):

Jan 1, 1943

By Daryl E. Radcliffe

Ninety-seven roof bolts were instrumented with strain gages and resin-grouted in three areas of the Bear coal mine, Somerset, Colo., by the Bureau of Mines. Measurements taken with these instruments indicate roof support is achieved through a combination of point suspension and resistance to vertical and horizontal stresses caused by localized shearing in the roof. The localized shearing results in bending of the bolts, yielding due to high vertical stresses, and the transfer of high loads to the bolt head or plate.

Jan 1, 1980

By Charles A. Steen

Publication of this information circular results from an invitation extended to the Bureau of Mines by the Utex Exploration Co. to visit the company mine, on the Mi Vida claim about 39 miles southeast of Moab, in the Big Indian mining district, San Juan County, Utah. The Bureau is pleased to present this record of the Utex mine -- a property that in the relatively short period of 4 months has become one of the major uranium-ore producers on the Colorado Plateau. The ore deposit was discovered in July 1952 by Charles A. Steen, a geologist-prospector, now chief geologist of the Utex Exploration Co., in tae course of drilling the first diamond-core borehole in the Big Indian district. High-grade ore, 14 feet thick, was penetrated by the borehole. Sinking of a shaft, from which to develop the ore body, was begun in October, and the first shipment of ore left the property December 6, 1952. Ore production, as recorded on ore-settlement sheets received by the company up to July 15, 1953, totaled 16,000 tons averaging, 0.51 percent U305 and 1.25 percent V205. Discovery of the ore body and the large production of ore were achieved without any financial assistance from the Government.

Jan 1, 1953

By M. H. Kline, Wing G. Agnew

"INTRODUCTION The Yancey-Crawford tract, located 1-1/2 nines east of Yancey station on the Norfolk & Western Railway in Rockingham County, Va. was from 1917 to 1941 considered an unusually promising manganese prospect. Because of the favorable geologic formations and because of the common occurrence of manganese in the district and Virginia's large production of these minerals from this area, geological report 3/ have listed this tract as the No. 1 prospect in the State. During World War I, extensive geologic studies were made to locate manganese deposits similar to those exploited at the Crimera mine near Waynesboro to alleviate this mineral shortage during the existing emergency.In September 1941 the Bureau of Mines started exploratory drilling on the tract in an effort to discover and block out reserves of manganese minerals as authorized by the 76th Congress under the Strategic Materials Act. After five drill holes wore sunk, the project was terminated October 1941."

Apr 1, 1948

By G. S. Scott

It is sometimes desirable to know what changes in sizing characteristics would appear in screened coals if screens of different - size openings than those employed had been used . This report is concerned entirely with the application of the Rosin- Rammler law to a solution of this problem .

Dec 1, 1943

By N. A. Tolch

[In this partner ?propulsive strength? or "strength" is defined as the relative propulsive effect of an explosive as determined by means of the United States Bureau of Mines ballistic pendulum. The data presented are derived from one particular strength testing device and do not necessarily represent the relative execution value of the different explosives in actual blasting. However, it is believed that the data obtained with the ballistic pendulum fire indicative of the relative propulsive or heaving force and are of value until propulsive strength can be expressed in more fundamental units.]

Jan 1, 1929

By M. J. Ackerman

This study was undertaken to make a comparison between the cost of mining coal under roof bolt and under conventional timber methods of roof support. Studies were made at 14 mines in Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio, and northern and southern West Virginia. At each mine data were obtained for sections of the mine where the physical conditions, mining equipment, and mining systems were similar. Coal, recognized as one of the basic industrial fuels, is very competitive with other fuels, and management, in order to protect and enlarge its market, must be continually alert to find more efficient methods of production. Continuous production of coal is desired by all operators but never obtained. In mechanized mining the performance and production vary with operating time, which can be interrupted by many variable factors, such as condition of the roof, method of roof support, condition of equipment, water, ventilation, power, transportation, efficiency of operating crew, and supervision.

Jan 1, 1961

By David E. Morse

Burundi, a small central African republic located between Tanzania and Zaire, remained essentially a nation of small family farms in 1978-79 with approximately 95% of the population engaged in subsistance agriculture. Coffee and tea continued as the nation's major export commodities. Mineral exports, small tonnages of cassiterite, wolframite and bastnasite, accounted for an estimated 3% of total exports in 1978 and 2% in 1979, or $2 million2 in both years. Burundi's major mineral imports in 1978-79 were cement, iron and steel, and refined petroleum products. Abnormal weather conditions, a drop in world coffee prices in 1978, and the conflict in neighboring Tanzania and Uganda in late 1978 and early 1979 combined to re-strict economic growth in Burundi during 1978-79. The gross domestic product (GDP) posted a gain of 6.7% in real terms for 1978 and an estimated 2.5% for 1979 which was significantly less than the 13.7% recorded in 1977, a time of high world coffee prices. The manufacturing and construction sectors were hard hit in 1979 by the conflict between Burundi's eastern neighbors because of transport disruptions which made building materials and manufacturing inputs almost unobtainable.

Jan 1, 1981

By W. W. Weller

Low-temperature heat capacities of scandium sesquioxide (Sc203) and a mixture of cerium sesquioxide (Ce203) and cerium dioxide (CeO2) were measured over the temperature range from 50° to 298° K. The entropy of scandium sesquioxide at 298.15° K was evaluated directly as S°298.15 = 18.4 ± 0.1 cal/deg mole. That of cerium sesquioxide was extracted by combining the heat-capacity data for the mixture with those for pure cerium dioxide; the result was S298.15 36.0 ± 1.0 cal/deg mole.

Jan 1, 1963

By R. M. GRANTHAM, J. H. SOULE

C. R. Keyes, F. C. Schrader , F. A. Jones ( the first director of the New Mexico School of Mines , whose name was given the deposits ) , and N. H. Darton all described the Jones iron deposits within a decade after their discovery in 1902 . The earliest locations now on record were made in 1927. Interest in iron ores was revived during the second World War . Paul E. Pesonen , of the Bureau of Mines , reported on the deposits in December 1941 and proposed an extensive exploratory program . In March 1942 , the deposit was reported upon by C. H. Johnson , also of the Bureau of Mines , and a definite program of exploration was outlined .

Feb 1, 1947

Ten years ago we surveyed in "Uspekhi Khimii" the mechanism of the synthesis of hydrocarbons from CO and H2 (1).5 With new data obtained since then, mostly by Soviet researchers, our previous work (2), dealing with new forms and catalysts of the synthesis, is brought up to elate by reviewing research in this field. FORMATION OF CARBIDES The hypothesis that carbides are intermecliates in the synthesis assumes that carbon monoxide reacts with the metals of the eighth group and that this reaction is connected with the reversible reaction 2CO[=]C +CO2 (1) in a certain range of temperatures (3).

Jan 1, 1958

By C. B. Manula, R. L. Sanford, R. A. Rivell

Part I. DATA INPUT ALTERNATIVE 1

Jan 1, 1974

By W. W. Adams, V. E. Wrenn

"Production of explosives in the United States during the calendar year 1935 decreased 2 percent from 1934, according to reports covering all companies engaged in the manufacture of explosives during those years.Reports from manufacturers showed a total production of 308,381,250 pounds of explosives; this quantity included 39,170,016 pounds of permissible explosives 5/ 200,323,559 pounds of high explosives other than permissibles, and 68,887,675 pounds of black blasting powder of which 34,222,625 pounds were granular powder and 34,665,050 pounds pellet powder.Coal mines consumed 89 percent of the total production of blasting powder, 99 percent of the total output of permissible explosives, and 11 percent of the output of other high explosives.The metal mines of the United States used 28 percent of all high explosives other than permissloles, less than 1 percent of all permissibles, and 1 percent of all black powder produced.Quarries and nonmetallic-mineral mines consumed 17 percent of the high explosives other than pormissibles, less than 1 percent of the permissible., and 3 percent of the blasting powder.Construction work required the largest quantity, 40 percent of all high explosives manufactured during the year. Less than 1 percent of the permissibles and 6 percent of the black powder produced during 1935 was used in construction work."

Nov 1, 1936

By S. H. Brooks

"IntroductionThis preliminary report deals with the effect of oxygen pressure on the ignition temperature and combustibility of oils, it is the third of a series which will present the results of an investigation being made by the Bureau of Mines, on oxygen-oil explosions. The purpose of this research is to obtain technical data that will serve as a basis for safety precautions general outline of the problem has been given in the first report (Serial 2507).The present experiments have resulted in (1) a method for determining spontaneous ignition points of oils in an atmospheric of oxygen under pressure; and (2) the determination of these ignition temperatures for three typical oils, one being an animal oil (sperm), one a vegetable oil (linseed), and one a mineral oil (""Moiloil A"").These experiments on explosibility of oil were performed in order to discover the general nature of the phenomenon, especially the order of magnitude of the temperature necessary for spontaneous explosion (120°C. and upwards) and the effect of pressure variation (negligible as regards ignition temperature but important in relation to the violence of the explosion). A continuation oftests should provide a basis for selecting the safest lubricants for high pressure compression of gases particularly air and oxygen; and should be of value when devising new specifications for lubricants, both in the government departments and the compressed-gas manufacturing industry."

Dec 1, 1923

By G. W. Birge

Carbonizing properties of the principal coalbeds of Elk, Clarion, Jefferson, Clearfield, and Centre Counties, Pa,, are described in this Bureau of Mines report, Twenty-six samples, representing the Upper Freeport, Lower Freeport, Upper Kittanning, Middle Kittanning, Lower Kittanning, and Brookville beds, were carbonized by the Bureau of Mines--American Gas Association (BM-AM) method, and yields of products and physical properties of cokes were determined. Expansion or contraction of the majority of the samples was measured in the Bureau of Mines sole-heated oven. Chemical analyses, agglutinating values, and free-swelling indexes are given for all samples. In this area the coals generally are characterized by high sulfur and moderately high ash content, and their suitability for metallurgical use would depend largely upon satisfactory cleaning. The samples from Elk, Clarion, and Jefferson Counties were high-volatile A bituminous In rank, whereas, most samples from Clearfield County and all those from Centre County were of medium-volatile rank. Coals from Clarion County had dry, mineral- matter-free fixed-carbon contents ranging from 56.5 to 60.3 percent and were weakly coking. With the exception of two samples which contained excessive ash, the medium-volatile coals of Clearfield and Centre Counties were strongly coking and, as indicated by sole-oven expansion results, would require blending with lower rank coal to avoid oven damage.

Jan 1, 1963

By R. V. Ramani, R. Bhaskar

"One of the primary means of control of health hazards from respirable contaminants in mine atmospheres is through design and operation of mines to meet mine health and safety regulations and recommended practices. A U.S. National Academy of Sciences study concluded that for significant progress in coal mine dust control, research should be directed more toward obtaining fundamental understanding of the origin, transport and characteristics of respirable coal mine dust. Theoretical and experimental studies on transport of dust · in mine airways, particularly coordinated efforts to validate theory with practice, are scarce. Some empirical models, developed on the basis of experimental data, are available but these models cannot be applied to new conditions. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of theoretical and experimental studies on the transport and deposition of dust in mine airways. This study is a part of an ongoing research project in the Generic Mineral Technology Center on Respirable Dust.In the paper, the assumptions of the modeling phase of the project and the development of a convectiondiffusion equation for dust transport in mine airways are outlined. The important aspect of the modeling effort is the capture of the deposition phenomenon. The experiments performed under controlled conditions in a typical mine airway, as well as under normal mine operating conditions, are discussed. The comparison of the model predictions with experimental results are made to identify critical areas of agreements and deviations. The implications of the findings and areas for further research and development are presented."

Jan 1, 1990