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By Toby Mayo, Tassos Grammatikopoulos, Massoud Aghamirian, MARK FEDIKOW

The Zoro pegmatite project in east-central Manitoba occurs 20 km east of the historic mining town of Snow Lake. A composite sample (Master Comp) was prepared fromthree pegmatite zones within Zoro Dyke “D1” including the North, Central, and South Zones for mineralogical analysis and heavy liquid separation (HLS). The mineralogical examination was conducted on a subsample crushed to ca. P80 of 600 μm to determine the overall mineral assemblage, liberation of spodumene, and assess the potential recovery of spodumene by flotation. XRD and QEMSCAN results show that the sample consists of spodumene (10.5%), quartz (29.3%), plagioclase (29.0%), K-feldspars (21.3%), micas (5.1%), tourmaline (2.9%), and Fe-Mn-phosphates (0.1%). Spodumene is well liberated (88%), but also forms complex particles (7%), and middlings with quartz (4%). Liberation of spodumene increases from 81 in the + 600 μm to 95%in the − 106 μm size fraction. Liberation of quartz, feldspars, and micas account for 89%, 94%, and 83%, respectively. Electron probe micro-analyses and LA-ICP-MS showed that the average Li concentration is 3.7% in spodumene, 2196 ppm in micas, 1001 ppm in tourmaline, and 115 ppm in K-feldspars. Thus, spodumene accounts for 96%, micas 2%, Fe-Mn phosphates 1%, and both K-feldspars and tourmaline for < 1% of the total Li in the sample. The mineralogical data indicate the potential to recover spodumene by flotation with minimal Li losses due to other than spodumene carriers. Heavy liquid separation was conducted on the Master Comp which was crushed to − 6.4 mm, while the − 600 μmfractionwas removed fromthis test. The coarse fraction − 6.4mm/+ 600 μmwas subjected to HLS tests with eight heavy liquid-specific gravity cut-points (2.65 to 3.10 g/cm3). HLS indicates that it is possible to produce a high-grade lithium concentrate (close to 6% Li2O) after the rejection of iron silicates with magnetic separation.

Sep 16, 2020

By Jack T. Work

Spiraling costs in every segment of the open-pit mining cycle is a fact of life that every operator must reckon with. The introduction of various shock absorbing devices for rotary drilling is one recent innovation that may significantly reduce overall drilling cost, increase drill availability, and lower maintenance requirements. In a recent all-inclusive test in taconite ores, shock absorbers on Bucyrus-Erie BE 60R and Gardner¬Denver GD 120 rotary drills were directly responsible for overall savings of up to $41.06 per hour. What is It? A shock absorber is simply a device installed between the rotary drive head and drill steel that cushions the two. It functions in the same manner as springs and shocks on an automobile. Some benefits associated with use of the tool are readily apparent on a daily basis; other benefits are realized over longer time intervals and through continued use. A properly designed shock absorber will: •protect the drill from severe vi¬brations, improve rock bit performance, allow application of the best weight-on-bit and rotating speed under all drilling conditions, •function effectively over a wide range of applied bit weights, • have a spring rate soft enough to perform its primary function of absorbing both rotary and vertical vibrational forces generated by rough drilling, •be reliable and subject to as little maintenance as possible, •be easy to install and remove, and • be of such an economic benefit so as to offset the added expense of its application. A shock absorbing tool developed by BJ-Hughes Inc. was used in a recent test. The "Smoothdrill" is just one of the products currently available. This unit absorbs both rotary and vertical shock loads and has no mechanical parts so lubrication is unnecessary. A rebuild of the unit consists of removing the worn rubber element and inserting a new element, an operation taking less than one hour. Minimizing Vibrations Severe vibrations on a blasthole drill operating in broken and discontinuous formations have visible effects. These vibrations often cause structural damage when allowed to&apos; continue, resulting in fatigue cracks in the mast and related structural components in the drill. When rough running formations are encountered, drilling must be interrupted and possibly shut down. Usually, the drill operator resumes drilling using less down pressures and various rotational speeds until firmer drilling is encountered. An effective shock absorber can substantially reduce these vibrational forces so more down pressure can be applied in bad ground. It is generally accepted that longitudinal vibrations and cyclic forces are more effectively reduced if a tool is designed to incorporate a relatively "soft" shock absorber. The softness of any shock absorbing tool is best judged by its spring rate-the weight required to produce a given amount of deflection, commonly expressed in units of kg per mm or pounds per inch of deflection. All shock tools use a resilient member such as rubber springs, steel springs, fluid, or gas springs to absorb

Jan 4, 1980

By Jay F. Colinet

Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP), commonly known as black lung, is caused by the inhalation of respirable coal mine dust and is a disabling and potentially fatal lung disease with no cure. Historically, CWP has taken a tremendous human and financial toll in the US coal mining industry. Recent health surveillance data indicates that CWP continues to occur at elevated levels. Respirable coal dust exposure must be controlled to prevent the development of CWP. The Pittsburgh Mining Research Division of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts laboratory and mine-site research to identify control technologies that can be used to successfully reduce respirable dust levels. Various technologies, using multiple methods of control, can be applied in order to reduce dust levels. An overview ofCWP’s impact and a general methodology for controlling respirable dust in underground coal mines are discussed in this paper.

Jul 30, 2020

By Xiaoting Li, Richard Adasiak, Benjamin Mirabile

Pumpable J-Crib stopping walls and Jennmar high-strength (HS) stopping panel walls are widely used for resisting high-ventilation air pressures and roof support in underground mines due to their installation efficiency, convergence allowance, and better performance than traditional concrete block stopping walls. Based on the different entry dimensions and required maximum ventilation air pressures of up to 36-in. water gauge, 24-, 27-, 30-, and 36-in.-diameter pumpable J-Crib stopping walls, or 18- to 30-in. thick Jennmar HS stopping panel walls can be designed, and their support capacities and convergence allowances are evaluated for better roof control. Pumpable J-Crib stopping walls consist of 0.187-in.-diameter steel wire reinforced, JCrib material-filled bags, and non-wire-reinforced filler bags in between. Jennmar HS stopping panel walls consist of two, 20-gauge (0.04-in.-thick), galvanized, cold-formed steel panels with J-Seal materials pumped in between. Based on the fundamental structural design principles and specifications of ACI 318-19(22), the compression and flexural strength, and shear resistance of the walls can be checked to be compliant with the codes and specifications following the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) method. Specifically, the 0.187- in.-diameter steel wires in the pumpable J-Crib walls and 20-gauge steel panels in the HS stopping walls are integral parts of the walls and are considered to effectively confine the J-Crib or J-Seal materials. These steel elements play a significant role in reinforcing and improving the strength or support capacity of the stopping walls from a structural design perspective. Because of the high ductility of low-density J-Crib/J-Seal materials and steel elements, these walls are good at accommodating or absorbing the roof convergence (≥5% entry height), which cannot be matched by a traditional concrete block stopping wall (Figure 1). Based on the successful design and application of these stopping walls in different mines for improving roof stability and avoiding the air leakage, the authors have formulated the design methodology and verified independently by the finite element analysis (FEA) simulation technique. This design methodology combines the fundamental structural design principles with specific wall dimensions and material properties, facilitating mine engineers and government agencies to understand the in-depth working mechanism of these stopping walls.

Jul 1, 2023

By Jonisha P. Pollard, F. Nasarwanji, Lydia M. Kocher

This study identifies nonfatal injury incidence rates, nature of injury, work activities, glove usage, and sources of hand and finger injuries in the U.S. mining industry, as reported to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) from 2011 to 2017. Hand and finger injuries occur at a rate of 6.53 per 1000 full-time employees, which is nearly double the rate of the next highest affected body part, the back.

Feb 24, 2022

By B. Cavender

Safety departments have traditionally been held responsible for the safety performance of their division or company. This approach leads to a lack of ownership of safety issues by the larger organization. An alternative paradigm is significantly more effective: the members of the work force (managers as well as workers) are fully responsible and accountable for safe production. The safety department is not extinct, however. Its role has changed, to focus on training, litigation, and external relationships such as community relations. This approach was implemented at BHP Copper&apos;s Superior mine and mill in Arizona. By obtaining the genuine commitment of the work force to accident-free production, the mill&apos;s MSHA incident rate immediately dropped from 7.4 to zero. The mill also ran one year with no MSHA citations. When this philosophy was implemented at the divisional level, the division&apos;s incident rate decreased from 9.5 to 1.1,an 88-percent reduction in six months.

Jan 1, 2000

By Joaquin Ruiz

Naica consists of at least 10 mantos and 40 chimneys that have produced over 15 million tens of ore with 10% Zn, 13% Pb and 13 oz/ton Ag. The ore occurs in thick-bedded, folded Cretaceous limestone. Fractures and 26 Ma old felsite dikes with an initial strontium isotopic ratio of 0.708 localize the mineralization. The mantos follow the dikes and have abundant early skarn with manganohedenbergite, calcic garnet, idocrase, quartz, calcite, wollastonite, schellite and later sulfides. The chimneys arise from the mantos and change from silicate-rich to silicate-free sulfide limestone replacements. Carbon, oxygen and sulfur isotope data on carbonates, silicates, sulfides and sulfates are compatible with a single evolving (magmatic?) fluid.

Jan 1, 1985

By J. Weng

The equations of heat conduction are numerically solved for two kinds of artificial freezing- mechanical freezing and liquid nitrogen freezing. A two dimensional finite difference model simulating the freezing field is developed. The procedure introduces a way to simulate the effect of latent heat released when water transforms from liquid to solid. The procedure also produces a way to calculate the harmonic mean of heat conductivity used when dealing with heterogeneous material. The theoretically derived temperature distributions in frozen soil are given and compared with measured data. An analysis is made on the thermal design in shaft freezing. The average temperature of frozen soil is calculated by using numerical integration. The regularity of development of frozen soil radius is revealed and given in an appropriate mathematical model.

Jan 2, 1984

By Sandeep Kumar Jeripotula, Govinda Raj Mandela, Aruna Manglapady

The main aim of this work is to evaluate whole-body vibration (WBV) of dozer operators based on three sitting postures (i.e., with 15° lean forward inclination posture, vertically erect posture with no inclination, and with 15° lean backward inclination posture) in Indian surface coal mines. A seat pad tri-axial accelerometer was used to collect WBV data from six dozer operators for three different sitting postures. Results showed that except for Dozer-1, 2, 4, and 5 operators during lean forward sitting posture and Dozer-4 operator during vertical erected posture, no other dozer operators have exceeded an exposure limit value (ELV) of 1.15 m/s2 in any of the considered sitting postures. Similarly, the vibration dose value (VDV) based on exposure action value (EAV) of 9.1 m/s1.75 has surpassed for all the dozers. But no dozer operator has exceeded an exposure limit value of 21 m/s1.75. The outcome of the study infers that based on “above health guidance caution zone (HGCZ)” for daily vibration exposure, i.e., A(8) measurements, for the operator sitting in lean backward postures the vibration amplification was reduced by 32.89% less compared with lean forward posture and 16.23% less when compared with vertically erected posture. Similarly, based on VDV(8), the exposure to vibration for the lean backward posture was reduced by 33.34% when compared with lean forward posture and 17.11% less when compared with vertically erected posture. Based on the above observation, it is concluded that lean back inclination with a trunk flexion of 15° is a favorable sitting posture, as it exposes the dozer operators to minimum vibration.

By Fred Heivilin

A symposium on the characterization and toxicology of mineral dusts was held Sept. 19 and20 in Washington, D.C. The symposium was held to update the minerals industry, the health community, government agencies and academia on the technical, health and regulatory aspects of minerals to be evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).In October 1996, the IARC met in Lyon, France, to discuss and prepare “Volume 68 of the IARC Mono-graphs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans on Silica, Silicates, Dusts and Organic Fibers.”

Jan 1, 1996

By Felicia F. Peng

The manganese removal from aqueous solution containing high Mn2+ concentration by adsorption and oxidation was studied using manganese oxide particles as the adsorbent. The operating parameters including pH, flow rate, initial manganese concentrations, and oxidant dosage affect the performance of Mn2+ removal were evaluated in a laboratory packed column. In the multi-column adsorption tests, each additional column doubled the time for complete manganese removal. No further decrease of pH was also observed once it was lowered to pH 4.5 to 5. This finding implied the possibility of complete high manganese removal without further pH adjustment during adsorption. Oxidation of Mn2+ by dissolved oxygen was found to be insignificant for manganese removal for high Mn2+ concentration. Adsorption was the predominated mechanism involved with manganese removal. Extremely low H+/Mn2+ stoichiometry compared to the reported values was measured. These low values suggested that different adsorption mechanisms such as chemisorption other than H+/Mn2+ ion exchange might play an important role at low pH. This paper presents the quantity and explanation of the results obtained for the mechanism of adsorption and oxidation of high concentration manganese on the manganese ore particles.

Jan 1, 1997

By P. A. Plunkert

Metallurgical-grade bauxite was imported into the United States from 11 countries in 2004. The principal suppliers of this 10 Mt (11 million st) of imported ore were Jamaica (33 percent), Brazil (25 percent), Guinea(23 percent) and Guyana (11 percent). The average value of imports, cost, insurance and freight (c.i.f.) U.S. ports, was $31/t ($28/st). Calcined refractory-grade bauxite imports were 165kt (182,000 st) with an average value of $146/t ($132/st), c.i.f. U.S. ports. China supplied 70 percent; Guyana, 22

Jan 1, 2005

Fluorspar was not mined in the United States during 2004, although a small amount of usable synthetic fluorspar (CaF2) was produced from industrial waste streams. The majority of fluorspar consumed in the United States came from imports or stockpiled material purchased from the National Defense Stockpile (NDS). In addition, consumption is supplemented by use of by-product fluorosilicic acid produced at phosphoric acid plants. In 2004, annual production of fluorosilicic acid was 50kt (55,000 st) or about 88 kt (97,000 st) of 92 percent fluorspar equivalent. In 2004, annual production of fluorosilicic acid was 50kt (55,000 st) or about 88 kt (97,000 st) of 92 percent fluorspar equivalent.

Jan 1, 2005

By Bob Rautenberg, Luminita Calin

The Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP), commonly known as the Deep Tunnel Project, was developed by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago as a two-phase solution to the problem of waterway pollution and basement flooding due to sewer system backups created by the combined sewer overflows. With only one contract left before completion of the Phase I tunnels—the 12.4 km(7.7 mi.) long Little Calumet leg—the pollution control phase of the 175.7 km(109.2 mi.) long system will be 93% complete, once the Torrence Avenue tunnel project comes to an end. This paper describes the Torrence Avenue tunnel project, currently under construction by the joint venture of Kenny (Sponsor) / Kiewit / Shea. Mining of the10.4 km (34,151 feet) long and 8.3 m (27&apos;-4") diameter mainline tunnel was completed in a record thirty-one-weeks period and the concrete lining is nearing completion. Details on the complete muck handling system, numerous mining and concrete lining records will be given.

Jan 1, 2001

By Susana Bolhão Muiños, José Hipólito Monteiro, Martin Frank, James R. Hein, Henrique Garcia Pereira, Fátima Abrantes, Tracey Conrad, Luís Gaspar

In spite of all the work that has already been done on ferromanganese deposits, studies on the Atlantic Ocean occurrences are still in their infancy and there is a clear need for investigations concerning the origin, distribution, and resource potential assessment of these deposits. Nevertheless, studies already carried out on northeast Atlantic seamounts indicate the general presence of ferromanganese deposits of hydrogenetic origin, i.e. deposits formed by direct precipitation of colloidal, hydrated metal oxides that are scavenged from the water column on hard-rock substrates. The hydrogenetic precipitation promotes the enrichment of ferromanganese crusts in many trace metals, most of which are of economic interest, such as Co, Ni, Te, rare earth elements, and platinum-group elements and thus ferromanganese crusts are considered an important metal resource.

Sep 1, 2014

By L. Mead

Dimension stone is a natural stone (granite, marble, limestone, sandstone and slate) that can be quarried, cut and shaped to conform to acceptable industry standards for size, consistency and durability. There are numerous outlets for the finished product in exterior and interior architectural and design applications. A continued growth market is with residential usage— particularly in new, upscale construction. This has become a competitive market between domestic producers and lower cost imported products. These imported products have become available at many of the building supply retail outlets and have increased the use of stone in residential construction and renovation. The traditional architectural application of dimension stone is tied to commercial and institutional building construction trends and market. There has been a noticeable increased usage of stone in the Sun Belt. This stone is usually supplied by local fabricating shops. It is used in the exterior and interior of shopping malls. This market generally uses local stone sources. It has increased the demand for sandstone, limestone and quartzite in this region of the country.

Jan 1, 2005

By T. I. Martinovic

A major investigative&apos; program was conducted on the development of an acceptable substitute organic binder for bentonite for the pelletizing of the Iron Ore Company of Canada&apos;s Carol concentrate. The first phase of the program covered an evaluation of several organic binders in laboratory tire balling in order to identify the most promising potential organic binders. Based on the green ball quality obtained, Peridur C-10, Alchem 8C26 and peat moss were selected for full scale pot-grate testwork. The selected binders were tested with various pelletizing mixes (acid, dolomite, limestone and fully fluxed). The pot-grate test results showed that an acceptable pellet quality can be produced with the use of Peridur C-10.

Jan 1, 1989

By G. M. Bernard

The Andacollo gold mine is located near the small town of Andacollo, Chile (population 14,000) in the fourth region. It is approximately 35 miles by paved road from the coastal city of La Serena, and Santiago lies about 300 miles to the south (see map.) Site elevation varies between 3300 feet and 4200 feet. The climate at the site is moderate but arid, with an average annual rainfall of only five inches. Because there is little rain, and the temperature varies only a few degrees (57"F to 75°F); there are no freezing, solution dilution, or pad saturation problems. The climatic conditions are ideal for heap leaching.

Jan 1, 1996

By P. Mills

The four top barite-producing countries in the world are China, India, Morocco and the United States. China is currently the largest exporter of barite followed by India. More than 95 percent of the barite mined today is used by the petroleum industry as driller’s mud. The rest is used in the industrial market and the medical field. Most of the barite mined in the United States is in Nevada. This year, mining activity has increased due to an increase in oil exploration/development. This was caused by an increase in the crude oil prices.

Jan 1, 2005

By A. L. Anderson, J. T. Rybock

Lime, soda ash and similar precipitants have been the industry standard for treatment of acid rock drainage (ARD) because of their proven ability and low per-gallon operational cost. However, these methods carry serious environmental drawbacks and high life-cycle costs. KEECO’s Silica Micro Encapsulation (SME) technology has all the positive characteristics of conventional ARD-treatment systems but none of the drawbacks. SME achieves highly effective treatment in a single step, provides options for ARD prevention and recovery of metals, requires lower capital expenditures, generates smaller volumes of higher-density sludge, consistently passes leach tests, and eliminates long-term liabilities associated with potential metal remobilization and hazardous waste landfilling.

Jan 1, 2000