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By E. McCullough

"Fostering positive community relations is a principal tenet of sustainable development, but conflict can test even the strongest of relationships. While conflict surrounding resource development projects has the potential to be destructive, it may actually pose opportunities for partnership and collaboration when managed effectively. It is therefore not only important for mineral resource professionals to recognize the financial and social costs associated with legal disputes among project stakeholders, but also for them to prioritize resolving social conflict using alternative channels that allow for win-win outcomes. A variety of dispute prevention and resolution techniques do exist, but successful practice is not yet the norm. Here we review the sources and consequences of social conflict in the context of mining projects, and discuss typical and alternative approaches to conflict management in light of their respective benefits and drawbacks. We also suggest implementation of conflict resolution lessons into resource-related university curricula as a critical step in the continued shift of the mining industry towards sustainable development. INTRODUCTION Social conflict is a recurring phenomenon in the human experience and serves as a critical mechanism for change [1-5]. It occurs when two or more parties perceive that their needs and interests are in direct competition with each other and believe they cannot be reasonably accommodated. Conflict over mineral resource activities, particularly the distribution of benefit and risk, has become an omnipresent issue throughout the world [6-7]. Contrary to common perception, however, conflict can be a positive, transformative encounter in some instances [2, 8-11]. For this to be possible, society and its acting agents must reconsider how to address conflict. What if conflict were only a challenge to try something different? It is well-understood that the mineral industries must manage an increasingly significant volume of social conflict [12-13], which can be a costly externality impacting all of whom are involved. Conflict is commonly considered in a two-party sense, but this can deeply over-simplify the true number of stakeholders. Besides mining companies and community members, government policymakers and regulators, public interest groups, and judicial systems, to name a few, bear the social expenses of poorly-managed conflict [4, 6, 12, 14-22]. It is desirable for interested parties to participate actively in a constructive way to pursue their needs rather than contributing to adversarial relationships, operational problems, and legal costs [1, 4, 12]. Some mining companies are of course already working to develop more productive relationships with their stakeholders, but there is undoubtedly still a gap between ideal and common practices. This gap can inhibit collaboration and threaten the potential for mutually-beneficial resolutions to complex social issues [12]."

Jan 1, 2016

By E. McCullough

"Fostering positive community relations is a principal tenet of sustainable development, but conflict can test even the strongest of relationships. While conflict surrounding resource development projects has the potential to be destructive, it may actually pose opportunities for partnership and collaboration when managed effectively. It is therefore not only important for mineral resource professionals to recognize the financial and social costs associated with legal disputes among project stakeholders, but also for them to prioritize resolving social conflict using alternative channels that allow for win-win outcomes. A variety of dispute prevention and resolution techniques do exist, but successful practice is not yet the norm. Here we review the sources and consequences of social conflict in the context of mining projects, and discuss typical and alternative approaches to conflict management in light of their respective benefits and drawbacks. We also suggest implementation of conflict resolution lessons into resource-related university curricula as a critical step in the continued shift of the mining industry towards sustainable development. INTRODUCTION Social conflict is a recurring phenomenon in the human experience and serves as a critical mechanism for change [1-5]. It occurs when two or more parties perceive that their needs and interests are in direct competition with each other and believe they cannot be reasonably accommodated. Conflict over mineral resource activities, particularly the distribution of benefit and risk, has become an omnipresent issue throughout the world [6-7]. Contrary to common perception, however, conflict can be a positive, transformative encounter in some instances [2, 8-11]. For this to be possible, society and its acting agents must reconsider how to address conflict. What if conflict were only a challenge to try something different? It is well-understood that the mineral industries must manage an increasingly significant volume of social conflict [12-13], which can be a costly externality impacting all of whom are involved. We commonly consider conflict in a two-party sense, but this deeply over-simplifies the true number of stakeholders. Besides mining companies and community members, government policymakers and regulators, public interest groups, and judicial systems, to name a few, bear the social expenses of poorly-managed conflict [4, 6, 12, 14-22]. It is desirable for interested parties to participate actively in a constructive way to pursue their needs rather than contributing to adversarial relationships, operational problems, and legal costs [1, 4, 12]. Some mining companies are of course already working to develop more productive relationships with their stakeholders, but there is undoubtedly still a gap between ideal and common practices. This gap can inhibit collaboration and threaten the potential for mutually-beneficial resolutions to complex social issues [12]."

Jan 1, 2016

By Qingwen Shi, Brijes Mishra

The abstract discusses the use of numerical simulations to investigate roof fall in underground mines. It highlights the advantages of the discrete element method (DEM) in simulating large strain problems and fracturing processes, while acknowledging its computational limitations for large-scale problems. The study presents a 3D numerical model coupling the finite difference method (FDM) and DEM to simulate laminated roof failure in a coal mine. The model represents the laminated roof with bonded particles and discontinuities, while the surrounding rock is represented by continuum zones. The research analyzes the fracturing of the laminated roof as the entry advances, demonstrating the coupled method's ability to reproduce laminated roof failure.

Mar 17, 2022

By A. Bhattacherjee

Industries in general and the mining industry in particular have become more safe than ever before. However, there is a need to increase the search for the causes of mining work-related injuries and to contribute to their reduction through job design, work procedures, and worker training. Mine accident and hazard control has to be practiced in a manner which is consistent with the overall objectives of the mine management, among which are the optimum allocation and effective utilization of the resources. The purposes of this paper are to (i) review the role risk analysis in safety management with references from mining and other industries; (ii) discuss the risk measures appropriate for injury analysis; (iii) present a set of analytical tools to injury experience data in under-ground coal mines; (i v) apply these tools on case study example; (v) discuss the results of the case study; and (vi) amplify the application limitations and the future research needs.

Jan 1, 1991

By Matthew S. Sanchez, Richard J. Lee, Matthew D. Zock, Drew R. Van Orden, Yumi Kamiya, Edward B. Ilgren

In many developing countries, asbestos is still used for friction products, insulation, and asbestoscement products. However, there is very limited modern data evaluating the airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers in operating asbestos plants. We have conducted an Industrial Hygiene survey, using state of the art PCM and TEM analysis, of a Bolivian asbestos cement plant that uses crocidolite during the production of roofing shingles and water tanks. The study is the first to use modern analytical measurements in an uncontrolled asbestos environment. Thus, this study offers insight into the historical airborne exposures at asbestos plants operating before modern dust control measures were introduced or airborne fiber levels regulated. The results suggest that fiber concentrations are far in excess of those for which current models would predict the onset of asbestos disease and mesothelioma. Significantly, the plant and community do not have an elevated incidence of asbestos disease or mesothelioma. Airborne fiber levels during comminution and fiber sizing ranged from 100 to as much as 1,000 f/cc. Fiber levels in the mixing, forming and finishing areas ranged from 0.5 to 9 f/cc. Based on the number of overloaded samples and estimates of their concentration, historical estimates of exposure may be underestimated by an order of magnitude. Also, an excellent correlation (1:1) between the PCM and TEM fiber concentrations (for fibers _0.25 um diameter) were obtained, raising questions about the conventional wisdom that the PCM systematically undercounts fibers. The results of this study further indicate that current models may overestimate the risk of asbestos disease and mesothelioma.

Jan 1, 2012

By Mark Van Dyke, Mark Mazzella, Gamal Rashed, Nicole Evanek, Brent Slaker

In the past decade, there have been several incidents of massive ground collapses in underground stone mines in the eastern United States. Fortunately, these events have not resulted in any fatalities. However, three mine workers were injured and many others were at risk due to the hazard from the fall of ground and/or the airblast associated with these massive collapses. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) initiated a project to better understand the causes of these massive ground collapses to help prevent their future occurrence. The main objective of this study is to investigate the main factor(s)that initiated one of these massive ground collapses. The authors relied on several tools including three-dimensional (3-D) LiDAR scans for the surface subsidence feature and the underground mine workings around the collapsed area, borescope data at multiple locations around the collapse, S-Pillar analysis for average and unfavorable conditions, and numerical models. The emphasis has been placed on the impact of the following limestone pillar stability parameters: pillar width-to-height (W/H) ratio, benching, the existence of karst features, weak roof, and geological discontinuities. 3-D LiDAR scans were utilized to show the shape and the extent of karst cavities observed within stable pillars around the perimeter of the collapsed area. Together, this coupling of field measurements and observations and modeled systems suggests the potential causes of the collapse.

Jul 1, 2023

By Piyush Rai, Suresh Kumar Sharma, Punit Paurush

The present study has been conducted in surface limestone mine to select the controllable blasting design parameters affecting the peak particle velocity (PPV) for assessment of ground vibration. The study aims at using two prominent statistical tools, namely, principal component analysis (PCA) and stepwise selection and elimination (SSE) techniques for identifying the key controllable parameters affecting the PPV. For determining the correlation coefficient between blasting design parameters and PPV from 44 field scale trial blasts, multi-variate linear regression (MLR) technique was done. It was found that the PCA and SSE eliminated a huge number of controllable parameters to identify the most important parameters, affecting the PPV. The PCA eliminated 6 number of parameters while SSE eliminated 5 number of parameters, and the coefficients of determination (R2) obtained were 0.616 and 0.584 for PCA and SSE respectively. The predictor equations were evolved, and these equations were used to validate the PPV results for another set of 21 field scale trial blasts. The predictor equations have been found to be fairly accurate in predicting the PPV values. Further, the PCA technique provides very near prediction of PPV with high degree of correlation in comparison to SSE technique. The paper highlights the role of state-of-art statistical tools in selecting the blasting design parameters affecting the PPV in field-scale blasting.

Mar 1, 2021

By Renfeng Song, Shaoyan Wang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Ke Guo

Leaching titaniferous magnetite concentrate with alkali solution of high concentration under high temperature and high pressure was utilized to improve the grade of iron in iron concentrate and the grade of TiO2 in titanium tailings. The titaniferous magnetite concentrate in use contained 12.67% TiO2 and 54.01% Fe. The thermodynamics of the possible reactions and the kinetics of leaching process were analyzed. It was found that decomposing FeTiO3 with NaOH aqueous solution could be carried out spontaneously and the reaction rate was mainly controlled by internal diffusion. The effects of water usage, alkali concentration, reaction time, and temperature on the leaching procedure were inspected, and the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive spectroscopy, respectively. After NaOH leaching and magnetic separation, the concentrate, with Fe purity of 65.98% and Fe recovery of 82.46%, and the tailings, with TiO2 purity of 32.09% and TiO2 recovery of 80.79%, were obtained, respectively.

Jun 16, 2021

By Richard B. Berg

Chlorite veins in the Silver Star district (40 km southeast of Butte) were of little interest to those who were mining gold and silver in the late 19th century. It wasn't until 1975 that unusually pure magnesian chlorite of the variety clinochlore was identified from a ?talc? claim in this district. In 1977 tests by Cyprus Industrial Minerals showed that this chlorite was suitable for use in ceramics. Mining begun in that year continues. These replacement veins of chlorite in Precambrian quartzofeldspathic gneiss differ from the metalliferous veins to the northwest in both attitude and mineralogy.

Jan 1, 1982

By R. Brown, A. J. S. Spearing, M. Treinen, M. Theisinger

The mining and use of coal creates a significant amount of waste material that needs to be safely disposed of. It is likely that in the medium term, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the U.S. will categorize all such products as a new category – special waste. This would make the materials subject to many of the requirements for handling toxic waste, which will complicate the disposal of such products and significantly increase the disposal costs. Underground disposal would, therefore, seem to be the obvious solution, especially if the placed material can have low or no permeability, so that water table pollution does not present a serious long-term issue after placement. Significant additional advantages could be derived from this backfilling, including the reduction or elimination of surface subsidence, increased extraction, reduced surface waste disposal footprint and the elimination of explosion-proof seals in worked out areas. The research using a specific coal waste product as a typical example proved that the method of placing the backfill at a high density with low permeability is technically viable, but it must be made more cost effective and the other potential benefits quantified and costed in order to present a true comparison.

Jan 1, 2010

By Irving Hauser

The determination of new ways to cut costs in then times of economic uncertainty is essential in running a successful business. Arco Petroleum Products Company a Division of Atlantic Richfield Company recognized an opportunity for a substantial cast savings in transporting calcined petroleum coke to market by simply building an economical port facility at a location that would enable them to drastically cut their normal rail haulage distance.

Jan 1, 1982

By Staff

Minerals contribute to U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) at several levels ? from mining and processing to the manufacturing of Anished products. In 2009, the estimated real GDP of the United States decreased by 2.4 percent compared with, and the estimated nominal GDP was about $14.2 trillion (Table 1). Trends in various sectors of the domestic economy are often reflected in mineral production and consumption rates. In 2009, the continued decline of the housing market was reflected in reductions in the production and consumption of cement, clays, construction sand and gravel, and crushed stone (those mineral commodities that are used almost exclusively in construction). Production of mineral commodities associated with the manufacture of goods for the housing market, such as ceramic tile, heating and air conditioning equipment, paint, plumbing and sanitaryware, roofing, wiring and wallboard also decreased. Declines in auto-mobile manufacturing resulted in reduced production

May 1, 2010

By James Donald Forrester

JAMES DONALD FORRESTER 32.1-EXAMINATIONS The field examination of a mineral deposit or mining enterprise requires a comprehensive effort to determine all natural and man-made factors bearing upon the problem to be resolved by the investigation. Therefore, the purpose to be served by an examination must be fully understood before the engineer assumes responsibility, and before actual field work starts. A clear understanding facilitates planning the approach to the project for maximum efficiency and thorough acquisition of information. It follows, of course, that the engineer has the necessary knowledge and experience to discharge satisfactorily the professional obligations attending the project. Some studies are in herently more complex than others, and the requirements of the problem are not always the same. Some examinations require the detailed investigation of large operating or nonoperating mines or, possibly, of mining districts; others involve more or less reconnaissance studies; and still others rela¬tively small undeveloped mineral occurrences. Likewise, the primary objective of some analyses may be the evaluation of a mineral deposit or a mining property, whereas in other projects the major objective may be guiding mining or drilling work in the discovery of new or hidden ore bodies and mineral-bearing structures. Thus, the possible range of any given examination may extend in varying degree through one, or more, of the following types of procedures: 32.1.1--GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT Studies of geographic environment should be made to ascertain the general physical situation in the area under consideration and to identify those correlative factors hearing on the, findings resulting from the field examination. This commonly will include determinations of: A. Location of the field area with respect to the state and county in which it occurs and, if feasible, a record of the township, range and section with reference to the principal meridian, and base line (or lines) that apply. For examinations in foreign countries, or in regions outside the continental United States, it is desirable that the field locality, in each instance, be identified with reference to the boundaries of some form of political entity essentially comparable in character to the divisions used in the United States. B. Distances from existing communities and related service centers, via: 1. Roads, both improved and unimproved. 2. Railroads. 3. Navigable waterways. 4. Airports. C. Topographic relief as it will influence the selection of 1. Pit site or positions of underground mine portals or shaft sites, including dump areas. 2. Mill site, including tailings disposal area.

Jan 1, 1973

By John Keefner, Charles Kocsis, Kyle A. Scalise

Geotechnical modeling of mines is crucial for understanding the many factors that can pose potential hazards or limit production opportunities. The process of back analyses for modeling is often used, but in many instances, the back analyses can be cumbersome and time inefficient.While thesemodels and back analyses may be accurate, these types of back analyses may not be ideal to be used at mines and by engineers because the process is so time-consuming. This paper introduces event-based back analyses that utilize prior events to create more accurate models while eliminating large modeling time because the models are back analyzed from previous events. The completed analyses supply a more detailed insight into the potential hazards at Round Mountain, an open pit operation, as well as provide a better understanding of how improper risk analysis results in missed opportunities. The more we understand about mining activities and processes through modeling, the safer and more productive mines will be.

May 24, 2021

By R. Washnock, P. James

"INTRODUCTION Abstract Tankhouse iron control through application of new treatment technology to mitigate conventional bleeding losses is considered. Implementation is discussed and the treatment economics explored. A representative case is assessed. Treatment benefits and application drivers for specific scenarios are noted. Background Hydrometallurgical ore processing has become a significant metal extraction/production avenue in recent decades. In copper mining; the focus for this examination, around 25% of global primary copper production and nearly 50% of US production result from various hydrothermal leaching extraction approaches coupled to Solvent Extraction/Electrowinning (SX/EW) metal production. Generally such processing is favored over pyrometallurgical processes for lower ore grades and as such is finding growing use and is expected to remain a key processing route looking forward with average world-wide ore grades falling as known ore reserves become exhausted. Target Problem And Motivation In hydrometallurgical processing the production circuit may be thought of as a chain of interlocked recirculation loops (Figure 1). Leaching dissolves the target metal from the ore along with other ore components which contaminate the Pregnant Leach Solution (PLS). Iron is a common component in copper ores and, as a result, occurs fairly ubiquitously in copper Pregnant Leach Solutions (PLS) generated by leaching. Leached components migrate through the production circuit from left to right (Figure 1) through a net combination of chemical and mechanical transport mechanisms. Selectivity at the recirculation loop interfaces tends to retard rejected component migration through the production process. As a result, overall relative contaminant migration fluxes are slower than the target metal (copper) and the contaminants tend to build up relative to copper in the more upstream portions of the processing circuit over time with iron often being a significant contaminant. Further, while copper is continuously removed from the system in appreciable amounts, little contaminant exit occurs and the absolute contaminant amounts and concentrations also increase throughout the EW circuit over time."

Jan 1, 2018

By Osvaldo Bascur, Barun Gorain, Jaco Steyn

"The last few decades have seen some remarkable advancement in information technology, but recently various digital technologies have resulted in several synergies to deliver innovation in diverse applications. The mining industry has been relatively slow in adopting these technologies compared to the other industries, but this scenario is changing fast.Challenges. Mining companies globally are going through a series of challenges such as declining ore grades with complex metallurgy, increasing depth of ore bodies, high capital and operating costs, lower productivity, shortage of technical resources, significant pressure from stake-holders to deliver, along with growing environmental and corporate social responsibility issues. Improvement in profitability would need significant improvements in operational performance.Consequently, over the last few years, there has been a major focus among some mining companies to imbibe operational excellence. This has been only possible because of the replacement of a silos-based approach by an integrated view of the organization. Such an integrated view is now possible via the evolving digital technologies. Even so, such a transformation calls for a change in culture, which, for most organizations is not trivial. Attempts in the past to integrate functions, such as through mine-to-mill initiatives in the mining industry, have demonstrated significant benefits to many operations (McKee, 2013). Still, sustaining these benefits has clearly been a challenge due to manpower turnover and lack of proper systems and structures that integrate information between business functions within an operation and between operations and the corporate level.Opportunities. The advent of digital technology has opened up opportunities to integrate interdepartmental information for a unified understanding across an entire organization. The advances in instrumentation, equipment control systems, supervisory control systems (SCADA/ Historian) and industrial networks have helped in the direction of enterprise- wide integration. The availability of real time information across an enterprise has given rise to numerous possibilities to improve organization performance. As suggested by Seshan and Gorain (2016), some of the potential opportunities are as follows:"

Jan 9, 2018

By C. Frenzel

Tunnel boring machines (TBM) utilize disc cutters as the primary means for excavating hard rock. Depending on rock excavatability and rock abrasivity disc cutters can exhibit significant wear. A detailed analysis has been carried out to characterize failure modes and wear patterns of disc cutters. The relationship between rock properties, op-eration of the TBM, and failure modes of cutting tools is clearly high-lighted. On that basis a prediction tool for disc cutter consumption has been developed that allows to estimate not only gross cutter life, but accounts for cutterhead design, premature cutter changes, and disc cutter repair costs.

Jan 1, 2011

By E. A. Gyawu, L. L. Eng, M. Fikru, K. Awuah-Offei

Investors and other stakeholders are increasingly concerned about the quality and quantity of sustainability disclosures as well as the extent to which such disclosures correlate with sustainability practices of mining firms. This is because disclosure policies vary widely across firms in terms of extensiveness, materiality, and disclosed topic. In this paper, we conduct a preliminary examination of the relationship between sustainability performance and disclosure. We use sustainability performance indicators such as water and energy use and the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board’s (SASB’s) standards to evaluate disclosures. Our preliminary results show that some measures of sustainability performance (energy use) are negatively correlated to the amount and quality of disclosures while others (water use) are not. Thus, investors should not judge sustainability performance based solely on the amount and quality of sustainability disclosures. In addition, our results suggest that firm size and ownership as well as institutional membership could impact the strength of correlations between disclosure policy and sustainability performance

Mar 2, 2022

By VIVEK KASHYAP, EVODY TSHIJIK KARUMB, PATRICK TAYLOR

Zinc ferrite is considered an integral phase of zinc residues as their presence can render the processing of zinc and critical metals difficult. It is a refractory phase, formed at high temperature in the presence of zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) during oxidative roasting in zinc processing plants. Because it is refractory to efficient leaching, unreacted zinc ferrite gets concentrated in the final zinc residue, making it a viable source of zinc and indium extraction. The refractory nature of zinc ferrite makes the extraction of associated critical metals difficult. In order to explore a potential economic and carbon-neutral zinc ferrite processing technique, our previous study proposed the partial reduction of zinc ferrite followed by sulfuric acid leaching of the roasting product [1-3]. As demonstrated in our previous studies, partial reduction of zinc ferrite results in a mixture of ZnO, Fe3O4 and FeO, which can be further subjected to leaching for efficient extraction of zinc and critical metals such as gallium and indium.

Dec 1, 2022

By T. L. Carstensen

The Miami In-situ mine of BHP Copper is located in Globe-Miami, Arizona. The mine leaches mineralized leach capping over a supergene enriched sulfide deposit, and has produced over 500 million lbs of copper during the last 50 years. The Miami unit has identified several opportunities to enhance and expand in-situ production. A computer block model consisting of strict geologic controls, mineralogy, and metallurgical data was developed to assist in the determination of the leachable copper resource. An understanding of the accessibility and solubility of the resource to leaching solutions and the integration of hydrogeologic and hydrometallurgical information was necessary for completion of this project.

Jan 1, 1997