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By C. RAMADINI, F. NURJAMAN, A. SHOFI, B. SUHARNO

Nickel demand is increasing along with the rising need for stainless steel and other alloy steel/iron. The small addition of nickel in such materials can improve impact strength, ductility and corrosion resistance. Nickel is generally obtained from nickel sulfide ores (nickel associated with sulfur) and nickel laterite ores (nickel associated with iron and magnesium silicate). Almost 60 percent of nickel is now produced from sulfide ores, despite its existence in sulfide ores being less than in laterite ores. However, the depletion of sulfide ore reserves makes the mastery of nickel laterite ore processing of important and immediate concern. Selective reduction followed by magnetic separation has been in development in lateritic nickel ore processing to overcome the issues of high energy consumption and pollution associated with conventional pyrometallurgy methods such as blast furnace and rotary kiln electric arc furnace (RKEF).

By R. Das Gupta

Variations in the characteristics of bentonite, magnetic taconite concentrate and system water have been examined to show their effects on pelletizing. Chemical methods have been tried to alter the clay or the system water so as to obtain pellets with desired properties. Those methods include ion exchange and the use of supplemental binders (organic and inorganic).

Jan 1, 1978

By R. Dawson Hall

R. DAWSON HALL (The Coal Age, New York City) : Mr. Chairman and gentlemen: I do not feel that I have anything in particular to say. I have not prepared anything for an occasion such as this. I just came from New York City, and as one man said to me today, "That is not any recommendation in particular." (Laughter.) In answer to your request for a few remarks of a timely character I would say: One of the possibilities in the Rocky Mountain Region coal mines is the use of steel arches, posts and straps. The timber of the region seems unusually subject to dry rot and does not last long, especially in those places as in southern Wyoming, where the mine atmosphere is likely to contain a large quantity of carbon dioxide. It is true that, in many mines, much care is taken to drive out this gas and to arrange that the timber will have the fresh air that will prolong its life, but despite such provision much timber is subjected to speedy rot. Steel has made rapid progress in England, Germany and France and is recognized as an economy, not an extravagance. Frequent replacement of rotting wood and removal of broken rock are a source of great waste, risk and inconvenience in operation that together spell great cost. The very dryness of the mines and the lack' of acid water are favorable to the use of steel where support of roof or sides is necessary.

Jan 1, 1932

By C. B. Huntress

"We have ourselves to blame in the steel industry for our condition." These words were addressed twelve days ago by James A. Farrell, President of the United States Steel Corporation, to his "comrades" at a meeting of the American Iron and Steel Institute. They carry a note of challenge to all industry, and particularly to the coal industry, where they point the way to the pressing need for operators everywhere to get their feet under one table. It is that note which I would stress to all producers. You have yourselves to blame for your condition. True, there are inter-district competition and competition of substitute fuels, but they'll always be with us, more or less, and the only sensible, sane course is to remove the evils within our respective districts, which can be done only by constructive effort along cooperative lines. It's the same story in Alabama, the same in Illinois and elsewhere. The larger number of the men gathered here are at the front, as it were, in the business of mining coal. They are the men who are doing a remarkable operating job. And naturally, the sessions of this annual meeting treat of news from the front, of technical problems. But, as in actual warfare, those at the front are often uninformed of developments in the rear. They keep on fighting without fully sensing the significance of a disaster at headquarters. You've played your eighteen holes today and evidenced the efficiency of your technique in the, production of coal. It is not amiss to take advantage of this moment, the nineteenth hole, to ponder over what it's all about. After all, what do improvements in the art of mining mean if business policies engulf you in red ink? To the extent that mechanization is a factor in increased overhead, which in turn increases the pressure to produce regardless of market demand, it only aggravates our troubles unless there is the controlling influence of coordinated effort.

Jan 1, 1931

By J. V. W. REYNDERS

NOT only is your toastmaster silver-tongued in his references 'to myself, but he is also quite in the habit of "saying it in silver." I have analyzed with some care his statistics of the world's silver production, which have been distributed here along with the menu, although frankly from the point of view of most of us, the distribution rather than the production of silver is of immediate concern. Unlike the performers by whom we have been entertained between courses, the rest of us on the program will have to do without costume or musical accompaniment, which as my friend Rains can testify puts an artist under severe strain. I am entitled by right of office and of precedent to receive your attention for ten minutes. The Governor, who appears on the program as a speaker; however, has asked me for five minutes of my time, and Senator Thomas has insinuated that he would appreciate one-half of the remainder, wherefore, I must ask your close attention to the very brief remarks that I am able to make under such restricted circumstances. To begin with, I want you to believe that I am approaching the task set by your toastmaster with misgivings. In looking over the Institute records relating to the Salt Lake City meeting of 1914 for some precedent as to what I ought to say, I found but one reference-and that of the following indefinite char¬acter-" and Friday night there was a hilarious banquet to 350 members and guests."

Jan 1, 1925

Ladies and gentlemen, it is a privilege to be able personally to welcome you to the opening of this Symposium. It is particularly pleasant to be able to extend a warm South African welcome to al our visitors from foreign shores. We trust you will enjoy your stay in our country. It is a singular honour for me to be present here today, and to have been asked to open this international Symposium. MINING IN SOUTH AFRICA Mining is the single most important contributor to this country's foreign-exchange earnings. Minerals and processed mineral products together account for about 70 per cent of South Africa's total foreign exchange earnings. The mining sector employs in excess of 670 000 people, and is one of the largest employers in the country. The construction and development of cities and towns like Johannesburg, Welkom, Orkney, Springs, Benoni, Witbank, and Klerksdorp is a direct result of the contributions of the mining industry to economic activity in these areas, as well as of the multiplier effect of secondary industries.

Jan 1, 1993

Dr H. J. van Eck (Honorary Life Member): "Mr President, I regard it as a signal honour that I was invited to address the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy on its 75th Anniversary. I also wish to add my congratulations and good wishes to the many you have already received on this memorable occasion. Seventy-five years is indeed a good age and the achievements of your Institute certainly justify this special celebration. South Africa owes her present prosperity largely to the technological ability and determination of her own people. Members of the Institute contributed in large measure to this great development of our country and through the years have upheld their high reputation for scientific integrity, dynamic enterprise and dedicated service. It was their knowledge which provided the key to unlocking the mineral wealth which lay dormant for countless ages. The history of world mining dates back many centuries. We know of the mercury mines of Spain, the tin mines of Cornwall and the zinc mines of Poland, but it was not until colonization of the western hemisphere started in about 1500 that mining of any consequence began in North America. It is true that the peoples of South America and Mexico had accumulated wealth out of gold and silver, but industrialized mining was not a feature of these agrarian cultures. The mining wealth that eventually developed in North America was based on advances in the technology of processing minerals and served as an incentive to people in other new countries. Big mines were opened elsewhere in the world. From Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, Brazil, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Rhodesia, Australia, Burma and India, to name but a few, there has been a steadily increasing production of an expanding range of minerals and metals. By the middle of the 20th century the trend was to increase the production and use of such comparatively uncommon metals as cobalt, nickel, titanium, and others, and a great mining rush started to search for, and develop, the deposits of uranium, and related radio-active minerals. It is worth pausing a few minutes to reflect that most of early mining was based on the recovery of virgin metals like gold and silver or easily treated high grade ores of copper, tin and zinc. Today, much of this type of mining would be regarded as picking the eyes out of the mine. With the development of improved ore separating, ore concentration and recovery processes, we developed into bulk mining and bulk treatment and in South Africa we have some very big mines, also outside the gold mining industry at Phalaborwa, for instance. Mining techniques are applied which compare with the best in the world. These large mines could only develop because of the perfection of new concentrating techniques and, of course, because of the development of markets. We have mentioned nickel and cobalt. These names were given to those mischievous mining sprites called nickels and kobolds to whom the suspicious miners ascribed their inability to smelt copper from copper nickel or arsenious copper ores. In South Africa, the presence of minerals was known to the modern Western world as far back as 1497 when Vasco da Gama found the native 'strandlopers' at the St. Helena Bay wearing copper rings. In 1669, after the British East India Company had formed their settlement, they employed miners and assayers in prospecting for minerals and in 1685 found traces of copper in the copper mountain of Namaqualand where some 170 years later a rich deposit of copper was to be opened up. This deposit also had a chequered

Dr T. F. Muller (Honorary President): "Mr President, gentlemen. May I congratulate the Institute on its 75th birthday, and your President on his comprehensive review of the Institute's 75 years. It is an interesting commentary on the affairs of the Institute that your President should refer to a speech made by a founder member 25 years ago on the occasion of your 50th Anniversary and then say there is no need to repeat what was given there, but that he would confine his remarks to bringing the Institute's history up to date. To me this suggests a remarkable continuity of thought and ideals-a welcome island of stability in an ever-changing world. One can somehow picture another future President, perhaps one of the younger and tougher members here today, doing the same thing in 25 years when you celebrate your centenary-and again someone doing the same in the year 2094 when your Institute is 200 years old! I hope they will recognise their debt to the early pioneers of the Institute gathered here today. In any event, this review of the fine achievements of the past 75 years is certain of an honoured place in the annals of the society. Here is a record of the onward march of technology in South Africa and a tribute to a long line of mining engineers, of chemists, metallurgists and geologists who made a greater contribution to the well-being and the prosperity of South Africans than South Africans generally are aware. Your Institute started off as a 'gold and cyanide club', peopled largely by chemists and metallurgists who made a signal contribution to the industry from the earliest times. Despite the addition to their ranks of ever-growing numbers of mining engineers, the metallurgist members have continued to make notable contributions. One recalls, for example, the manner in which they rose to the occasion to resolve the problems associated with the establishment of the uranium industry in this country. The creation of a major industry based on the existence of low grade uranium ores in the conglomerate reefs of our low grade goldfields is a classic example of the manner in which a new large industry can be rapidly created through the combined endeavours of all concerned. I noted with pleasure your remark, Mr President, that members of the Institute would like to keep up to date with recent progress in nuclear fuel matters and that members should be given the opportunity to study developments in their journal. I am sure that the National Institute of Metallurgy which conducts fuel research on behalf of the Atomic Energy Board and of the Uranium industry, and NUFCOR, which co-ordinates the uranium research programme, would be glad to co-operate if invited by the Institute to make periodical contributions to its journal. You have referred to the building up of our research organization and its dynamic approach to mining problems. I understand that the expenditure of the mineral industries on research exceeds one-third of the entire research expenditure of the private sector. South Africa is in the forefront of mining development and the focus of world attention is on the achievements of our scientists and mining engineers. We can look forward to continued advances in mining technology based on their vision and expertise. I share your disappointment, Mr President, that the Base Metals Division has ceased to exist; and that there is a resultant dearth of papers offered to the Institute on these important sections of mining and metallurgy. We are seeing some remarkable developments in the mining and beneficiation of base minerals, and it is in this area that I see the greatest potential for future expansion. If we can grasp the opportunities

My predecessor in the office of President of the Institute started a custom of visiting the various local sections, thus obtaining their points . of view and their ideas as to how the Institute can best serve the interests of its members. Exceedingly valuable- exchange of ideas was thus brought about. I am following this custom as far as the limited amount of free time at my disposal will allow me, and I trust that my successor in office will appreciate the benefit to be derived from following the custom thus initiated and will continue the swing around the circle of the local sections. The activities of the Institute are increased by the prestige gained from large numbers and I trust that every member of this local section will consider himself a member of the committee on increase of membership and will see if he is not able during the coming year to gain at least one new member for the Institute. This is a perfectly possible proposition for, although the membership of the Institute is at present approximately seven thousand, I feel sure there are at least seven thousand more men in the United States who are interested in mining, metallurgy or geology from the metal-mining point of view who would make admirable members or associate members of the Institute. The first consideration of the Institute as a body, and of each member as an individual, is to win the war and defeat the Huns. In order to accomplish this, the Institute, as a body, has cooperated with the other national engineering societies and the great bureaus of the Department of the Interior, the United States Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mines in forming committees to study and advise the Government on pressing problems of vital importance.

Jan 5, 1918

The Institute is at present in sound condition professionally and financially. During the past year 546 new members were elected, the total membership now numbering 5,221. The Treasurer's Report shows that the expenses of the Institute are met by its income. Your Directors have thought it wise to issue a referendum to the members asking for a vote upon the suggestion that the annual dues be raised from $10 to $12. This moderate increase is proposed not because the Institute needs it at present but to insure a continuation and increase in its activities and usefulness, and to provide a reserve fund for future emergencies. In well-conducted organizations, such as clubs, it is a wise and safe course to so adjust the clues of members that the total receipts from this source will about equal the annual expenditures, the initiation fees being used for reserve purposes. Our dues alone do not at present meet the expenses. This, I think, is the whole situation, so far as this question is concerned. Expenses might be reduced in some measure, but they cannot be materially reduced without affecting the integrity and usefulness of your Institute. Nothing of consequence in our internal affairs has occurred during the past year except, perhaps, the establishment of the Arizona Section and the prospect now assured of a Nevada Section. During recent months there has been a marked change in the relations of the Institute to its fellow societies and to the Government of the United States. That change is one of cooperation. The Secretary of the Navy has appointed two of your members to the Naval Consulting Board to cooperate with members of 10 other scientific organizations. This Board is now organized, and through its work your Institute is brought in close touch with the activities of the other societies and with the United States Navy. The President of the United States has requested us to recommend to the Government one of our representatives in each State in the Union to act in collaboration with a member in each State from the. American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the American Chemical Society, thus organizing a directorate of engineers for each State, that will conduct, through the members of each of the five societies referred to, living in each State, a campaign of industrial preparedness. No more important step than this, it seems to me,

Jan 3, 1916

By DR. RICHARD RATHBUN

ON behalf of the Regents and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, it gives me great pleasure to welcome you to the National Museum; but it is to your own museum, since it belongs to you in common with all the people of the country. Still young in a life which has been beset with many difficulties, it has gathered strength and attained a growth quite unprecedented. In fact, it is this very growth which has been the chief cause of trouble, always leading far and away beyond the capacity for storage ; and to-day there is nearly as much material contained in outside buildings as is displayed in this one. You will, accordingly, find the collections crowded, the cases so close together that their contents are often difficult to view, and the arrangement generally lacking symmetry. You may, therefore, be inclined to regard us as poor custodians of the collections of a great nation, but I beg you to withhold your judgment for a while. From the beginning there has been abundant zeal and activity and a proper direction of affairs, but space and money have been lacking. There is now a prospect of better times. All about you here is a beautiful park, but without. a covering it is not adapted to museum purposes. Upon it, however, a new large building is going up, so extensive in its dimensions that technology can soon be given a fitting home, thus realizing one of the earliest aspirations of the Regents. Some sixty-five years ago the extensive returns of specimens from the famous Wilkes Exploring Expedition around the world began to reach Washington, where they were deposited in the Patent Office Building, and formed practically the first of the National Collections. Six years later the Smithsonian Institution, based upon the bequest of James Smithson, was

Jul 1, 1905

First of all, I should like to thank you for theopportunity to be with you tonight and tocongratulate the Kalgoorlie and Perth branchesof the Australasian Institute of Mining andMetallurgy in initiating this most importantConference.It could not have been better timed.Gold is riding a crest of the wave, leading theresurgence in the State's mining industry.The strong and stable economic policies whichhave been pursued both by the Burke LabourGovernment in this State and by the HawkeGovernment in Canberra, whilst they have ofcourse only been part of the reason for thestrong recovery in the mining industry - a l o tof it being due t o international factors - havecertainly assisted and ensured that the miningindustry in this state has been able to takefull advantage of the changed world situation.

Jan 1, 1984

It is indeed a pleasure to be here this morning to open the 4th Mill Operators' Conference. It is no mean feat to organise such an event and I would like to congratulate the committee for the work that they have done. I am sure that the Conference will be an outstanding success. I welcome overseas visitors and hope that they gain and share in the openness of this Conference. There is personal satisfaction for me to speak to you as a mining engineer addressing a large group of metallurgists and mill operators. I would have thought that it would be impossible for a mere mining engineer to inform a metallurgist of anything. I will desist from using such derogatory terms as "xanthate munchers", "bubble makers" and "glorified mathematicians". Terms of endearment as these may not be seen with much equanimity. Such is the warm association that the two professions have enjoyed over the years. The economic climate that we at present face is a major problem to all of us. I wonder how many people here come from mining operations that are in trouble financially or that are cutting back in one form or another. This is the recession that we needed to have. When the world's greatest treasurer can tell us that then we truly have a lot to fear. The present downturn can be seen as a normal adjustment in the cycle of our business. Yet the world does not experience such severe adjustments as frequently as we experience ours. The root cause for the regular adjustments can be placed at the feet of inflation. Until the politicians of this country of ours can come to grips with inflation, we will continue to experience downturns on a 5 to 7 year cycle. This, in my opinion, is the basic reason why we appear to experience more downturns than the rest of the world. We simply price ourselves out of the market. This takes about 5 to 7 years to be highlighted and then we need to make adjustments. However, this recession is worldwide. The adjustments usually take the form of redundancies, retrenchments and early retirements. What is the solution?

Jan 1, 1991

By Lawrence Addicks

T HIS has been a most momentous year in the annals of the Institute. We have been in the midst of a situation which, were it not for the convulsions of social unrest with which life is surrounded on every side, would have attracted the attention of the world at large. I do not refer to the desperate campaign for new members. That has gone on much as usual except that, this being leap year, the annual proposal to the M. & M. Society has been omitted. Nor do I refer to the desperate situation which we found in other directions, the spread of Bolshevism, the burning of the Engineers' Club, the fact that the selling of copper appears to have become one of the lost arts. No, I speak of the great question which has to be. settled once and for all, as to whether this great Institute should adopt simplified spelling. The whole trouble started in the ranks of the California Hysterical Society. It appears, while most of the San Francisco members can read and write, several of them cannot spell. It also appears that the Secretary, in editing the Transactions, has perhaps made just a little bit too much of a point of employing the correct Stoughton idiom. At any rate, the rebels filed an amendment to the constitution, and the stage was set for civil war, with perhaps more stress on war than on civil.

Jan 1, 1920

By M. C. Bétournay, J. E. Udd

"The legacy of abandoned mines in Canada creates issues that impact on both the health and safety of Canadians and the environment. Solutions to the problems of abandoned minesites require a detailed understanding of site conditions, the engineering solutions which may be relevant, and planning for effective use of the land. In this paper, the authors outline the basic thrusts that have been developed at CANMET to address this problem. These include: multiprovincial agreements to develop a national database; methods of site rendering; a ten-year research program to develop engineering approaches; the review of a large number of case studies; and outlining the associated risks. Examples of the applications of this research are provided in the areas of: municipal, provincial, and federal co-operative projects; site-specific applications; and international linkages."

Jan 1, 1997

By J Carrillo, A King

Gravity recoverable gold (GRG) is largely distinguished from other gold by its non-mineralised, metallic form, its high degree of liberation from the ore and its appreciable particle size. The gold mining industry has so widely accepted the use of batch centrifugal concentrators (BCC) and intensive cyanidation (IC) systems for the recovery of GRG that these may well be considered requirements of any plant processing ore containing appreciable GRG. The recovery of gold by gravity is quick, easy and cheap by comparison to alternatives. However, there are cases where attributes of the ore make recovery of gold by gravity and IC unusually challenging. This paper describes three examples where such challenges have been encountered and met, including those where the ore contains cyanide soluble base metals and where fine GRG is to be recovered from flotation concentrate.CITATION:King, A and Carrillo, J, 2018. Addressing challenging applications of intensive cyanidation in gravity gold recovery, in Proceedings 14th AusIMM Mill Operators' Conference 2018, pp 283–290 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 29, 2018

By Frank Field, Elsa Olivetti, Randolph Kirchain, Elisa Alonso, Gabrielle Gaustad

"The primary technological challenge to increased use of secondary raw materials is the presence of undesirable elemental species in scrap streams. Recent literature indicates that this may become exacerbated by accumulation of impurities over time. Devising strategies to mitigate this problem depends upon understanding the mechanisms of accumulation. This paper takes a first step at characterizing the extent of this issue by presenting a simple analytical model of recycling rate for materials experiencing exponential growth. Low potential recycling rates limit accumulation due to dilution. Empirical analysis of several major materials indicates that, even for current recovery rates, theoretical recycling rates can reach above 60%, making accumulation issues a possibility.IntroductionIt is well known that recycling of secondary materials can provide significant environmental and economic benefits. Energy savings, in particular, can be quite large when substituting secondary materials for primary. Nevertheless, over the past decade, the recycling rates within the U.S. of many materials appear to not be increasing as rapidly as one would predict or even at all (Figure 1). While many barriers exist to increasing materials recycling, one that is cited consistently by the literature and producers[1-3] is compositional limitations; that is the mismatch between the characteristics of secondary materials and those desired for the finished goods into which they would be transformed..One particular aspect of compositional limitations that is receiving increasing attention is the potential for progressive deterioration of the quality of secondary raw materials streams. For some materials, for example paper or polymers, this phenomenon is inherent and relatively rapid[4, 5]. As such, it is well documented and plays a significant role in recycling decision-making even for prompt or in-house material recycling. Conceptually, this issue can manifest in other secondary materials as well, albeit through a different mechanism.As materials are mixed, used, and reprocessed during recycling, they come into contact with and often pick up other elements. The presence of these, so-called, tramp elements alters the original known composition, possibly requiring additional measurement and processing and may even preclude economic, productive reuse; ultimately, this unintentional pick up is unwanted. A growing number of studies and literature would suggest that accumulation of unwanted elements is an emerging problem, in most recycled material streams. Table I provides a brief literature review of various recycled material streams and the accumulated elements noted as problematic by various authors"

Jan 1, 2008

By K. M. Atencio, T. Pike, S. Forrest

We will introduce the Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act, which is an amendment to CERCLA and the types of sites it includes and excludes, especially as related to mine-scarred land. We will also describe the types of available funds, whether they are competitive or not, what entities are eligible to receive them, and how to access them. We will introduce the legislation’s liability provisions; for example, the recently issued interim guidance clarifying some of the conditions that contiguous property owners, bona fide prospective purchasers, or innocent landowners must meet to qualify for the liability limitations provided in the Brownfields Law.

Jan 1, 2004

By Jerry Handford

Investing in the Development of our Future Workforce ?Collaborative partnerships with educational institutions, industry associations, governments and other businesses. ?Programs: »Co-op / Discipline Student Program »Trades Development Initiatives »Operator Training Programs »General Student Program »Careers Next Generation / Community Careers Co-operative

May 1, 2006

By I. Caraconcea, M. Cousineau, S. Gariepy

"Several base metal plants operate in low grade/high tonnage conditions which impose strict cost control on all fronts for their operations to remain profitable. This leads to decisions regarding plant design, procurement, operations and maintenance that often favor cost minimization over value optimization. This may hinder the representativeness of the metal accounting systems while this should be a priority in a low margin environment. Such poor representativeness not only creates confusion in plant scheduling but can also hide suboptimal metallurgical performance. Furthermore, this situation can run undetected for a while since one dominant feature of a poor metal accounting system is its poor self-awareness. During their practice, authors have particularly identified measurement bias and reproducibility, as well as their impact on metal recoveries as areas of concern. These issues have not been extensively reviewed in the specific context of precious metals in base metal plants. Pragmatic solutions are proposed either at the design stage for a new project or to retrofit an actual operation. These solutions should be based on a business analysis that set a value of information matching the contribution of precious metals as well as the potential to use such information to act toward increasing plant profitability. Conclusions are that trade-offs are an inherent part of the design/audit/retrofit of any metal accounting system in any plant processing either base or precious metals. However, compromises must be evaluated on economic/technical ground.INTRODUCTION Every mineral processing plant must produce metal accounting reports (Morrison, 2008) where estimated saleable metal flows and inventories are published. These metal accounting reports are delivered to a variety of stakeholders who use them for internal management purposes (day-to-day plant production planning, plant operation optimization, capital spending, etc.) as well as for external management (royalty settlements, tolling agreements, etc.). Hence, there should be no doubt that state of the art metal accounting is instrumental for mining companies to reach and sustain high-quality corporate governance (Gaylard, Randolph, & Wortley, 2014). However, producing a metal accounting report involves much more than just printing it (Lachance, Leroux, & Gariépy, 2015a). The underlying metal accounting system (Figure 1) is responsible not only for the reliable production of the metal accounting reports but also for the quality of the outcome. As such, the crucial tasks of its design/audit/retrofit should neither be seen as ancillary nor be left as an afterthought."

Jan 1, 2017