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By Anderson Carvalho Nogueira

Este artigo descreve a utilização da proteção cerâmica do composto SiO2(62-68)-MgO+CaO(29-39) na região frontal das máquinas que injetam massa refratária para interromper corridas de ferro gusa e escória em estado líquido nos altos fornos. O novo modelo de proteção (protótipo) apresentou uma economia de aproximadamente R$ 32 mil reais comparado com o composto anteriormente utilizado CaO-Al2O3-SiO2. Apresentou também menor toxidade, já que possui em sua morfologia menor quantidade de fibras. Estas fibras quando inaladas provocam danos aos tecidos internos dos pulmões sendo prejudicial à saúde. Houve manutenção dos índices de produção, pois em todas as amostras da nova proteção cerâmica testada, a parte frontal foi preservada possibilitando a injeção de massa refratária na quantidade e pressão necessárias para reconstituição do comprimento do furo que retira o ferro e escória do interior do alto forno, possibilitando um volume interno maior para se produzir mais. Os modelos de proteção usados nos testes foram da empresa Morganite. A verificação da morfologia e posterior caracterização do material foram executadas por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e Difração de Raios-X.

Oct 30, 2017

By Henry C. Meeve

This report describes work done in the Creede Mining district, Mineral County, Colo., in 1965-66 as a part of a Bureau of Mines study of the silver production potential of the United States. The ruining history of the district is briefly covered, and representative former and current mining operations are described. Mining and milling costs of the Emperius Mining Company's operation are given in some detail as being representative of the cost of mining typical Creede ore bodies under current technology. An estimate of the silver reserves and resources of the district is presented, subject to many uncertainties stemming from inaccessibility of old workings, lack of mining records, and low level exploration activity, all of which limit the opportunity to accurately evaluate ore potential. The report concludes with an analysis of future silver production trends in the Creede district. An increase of silver production to as much as I million ounces yearly is projected, possibly starting in 1969. As long as ore bodies in the zone of enrichment, in which silver is a major constituent, contribute a substantial part of Creede production, silver price will affect overall production rates appreciably. As the richer are bodies become depleted, an increasing portion of production again will be coming from primary sulfide ores in which silver is a byproduct of lead and zinc. When this occurs, the level of silver production will be governed chiefly by lead and zinc production and prices and can be expected to decline to the 1960-66 level, which amounts to an average of 240,000 ounces per year.

Jan 1, 1968

By Michelle Cardinale Souza Silva Macedo

Neste trabalho, o comportamento eletroquímico das ligas Ti-35Nb-xTa (x = 0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5)Ta (% em peso), solubilizadas e resfriadas em água, foi investigado em meio de NaCl a 0,9% mol/L através de testes de polarização anódica e medidas de impedância, micrografias e DRX. Os ensaios eletroquímicos mostraram que as ligas contendo tântalo apresentam uma maior resistência à corrosão que a liga sem tântalo. Além disso, os ensaios eletroquímicos em conjunto com as micrografias e DRX indicam que a composição Ti-35Nb-5Ta é a que apresenta maior resistência à corrosão no meio estudado, pois além de ocorrer uma estabilização da fase ?, o refino do grão foi menos pronunciado e por esse motivo minimizou o surgimento de microcélulas eletroquímicas.

Aug 16, 2017

The character of alluvial gold deposits presents severe difficulties, and sometimes limitations, on the extent to which metallurgical efficiency can be measured. Very little monitoring of metallurgical performance is practised. An indication of performance is often extracted from the comparison of production to the estimate. This is a dubious practice. The recovery efficiency of conventional practices, viz sluices, tables and jigs, falls off sharply below 0.2 mm. Field evaluation procedures tend to simulate these conventional practices. Thus the presence of fine gold may not be detected, particularly if obscured by clay. There is increasing evidence that fine gold could, in places, be present in sufficient concentrations to be economic. Most gold in paleoplacers is finer than 0.1 mm. There are established practices elsewhere in the mineral industry that may physically recover gold down to 5 microns in size and which could find application for fine alluvial gold.

Jan 1, 1984

A production drill rig at a site in Sweden was equipped with a monitoring system to estimate production statistics. Drill running times, drill hole depths, penetration rate, rotation speed, thrust, air percussive pressure and torque pressure were recorded for every 10 mm of hole length for a period of 5 months. Operational activities (rock penetration, tube handling, moving and set-up time) accounted for almost 62% of the time consumed, the remaining 38% being different types of stoppage. Drilling itself, as opposed to handling, took less than 24% of the total time. The results give an indication of how the overall drilling capacity can be increased and which activity should be emphasised. The impacts of automation, new developments and reorganisation on production can also be predicted. Average production was found to be around 100 m/day, but varied between 50 and 160 m/d. The company's specification for the drill rig, before purchase, was that an average production rate of 130 m/d be attained over two consecutive months of drilling - a rate which monitoring shows will not be achieved

Jun 19, 1905

By D. Farrish, W. A. Grell

"IntroductionMost base metal mines sell their concentrate to a custom smelter. The two parties concerned therefore draw up a contract which would detail the conditions under which concentrate sales will take place. The contract will identify treatment and marketing charges (including escalations), deductions for metal losses in the smelter, pricing formula, timing of payments, penalties for deleterious elements, etc.An understanding of the smelter contract is important to the mineral processor, for it will determine how he operates the plant to maximize economic return.Description of Contract ClausesUsing copper concentrate as an example, the smelter contract generally contains the following three basic charges:I. Metal Deductions- as the smelting process does not recover all the metal contained;2. A Smelting Charge- expressed per ton of material to cover costs on the bulk material such as receiving, unloading, thawing in winter, sampling, roasting to drive off sulphur, smelting through the matte and blister stages to recover mostof the copper and precious metals;3. A Refining Charge- expressed per pound of copper.The following is a review in some detail of a number of clauses which could be considered typical of a treatment and marketing type of copper concentrate sales contract. Most normal considerations in an agreement could be covered by the following types of clauses.Terminology- covers definitions, units of measurement to be used (e.g. short tons, troy ounces, etc.), currency (Canadian dollars). The term ""unit"" may be defined - l OJo of a ton of concentrate, e.g. one unit of copper means 20 pounds of copper per short ton of concentrate."

Jan 1, 1989

Albin. B . R Billings. Mont . '28 Amnter . Nathan L 26 Broad St.. New York . N . Y . '28 Bache . Jules S 42 Broadway. New York. N . Y . '28 Borrett . C . P . 5338 Harper Ave .. Chicago. I11 '28 Baum . Frank G. . Cons . Hydro-Electric Engr Camel'. Shasta Co. . Cal. '23 Baylean, William S Russ Bldg .. San Francisco. Cal . '28 Bean, Louis H .. V.P.. Dwight P . Robinson & Co.. lnc 126 E . 46th St New York. N . Y . '28 Beatty . Roes J . 1106 First National Bank' Bldg .. Chicago . Ill . '28 Benwell . Oswald F . 110 Gilpin St .. Denver. 1310 . '28 Beymer. Albert 9.. V.P .. Keystone. National Bank Pittsburgh. Pa . '28

Jan 1, 1929

[Andrew Allen Glenwood Springs, Colorado C. S. Allen 211 Utah Oil Building, 10 West Broadway, Salt Lake City 1, Utah Earl W. Allen 257 Rio Grande Street, Salt Lake City, Utah Louis B. Allen 411 Walker Bank Building, Salt Lake City, Utah Thomas Allen State Coal Mine Inspector of Colorado, Argonaut Hotel, Denver, Colorado J. B. Ambler P. O. Box 591, Denver, Colorado Nephi W. Anderson Dragerton, Utah F. F. Argust 270 High Street, Pueblo, Colorado E. K. Arnston : 4601 West 26th Avenue, Denver 12, Colorado Abel Audin Somerset, Colorado Clement Audin, Jr Paonia, Colorado Ralph Andin P. 0. Box 285, Somerset, Colorado ]

Jan 1, 1955

By J. B. Lizak

This paper is not available for inclusion in the Proceedings at the time of printing, but it will be included as an insert.

Jan 1, 1984

By Márcio Nascimento Cunha

Titânio é adicionado aos aços inoxidáveis ferríticos para melhorar a resistência à corrosão e estabilizar a estrutura ferrítica. Devido à afinidade com oxigênio no aço líquido, perdas de titânio por oxidação são comuns, sendo as adições realizadas após etapas de desoxidação. Inclusões de titânio podem causar obstruções na válvula submersa durante o Lingotamento e também defeitos superficiais no produto final. Técnicas para obter inclusões menos prejudiciais às propriedades dos aços têm sido empregadas e a obtenção de inclusões com ponto de fusão mais baixo após tratamento com cálcio tem se mostrado efetivo. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a composição química das inclusões no aço inoxidável 409 após adições de titânio no Forno Panela e o efeito da adição de cálcio no comportamento das inclusões. Amostras do aço líquido foram retiradas no Forno Panela em corridas com e sem adição de Ca-Si. A composição química das inclusões foi analisada no MEV-EDS.

Aug 17, 2017

[Module 10. Internally Cued Operating Contingencies Prerequisite: Modules 1-7 - Estimated Instructional Time: 2.42 hrs. Module Abstract Trainees, using programmed instruction, describe the cues, consequences, operational sequences, and possible causes resulting from loss of air pressure from power fluctuations, and from a failure of the automatic lubrication system. Although some of the contingencies may be initially signaled by an alarm or from the oiler, each trainee will demonstrate proficiency in the appropriate operating techniques and procedures. This module also includes a review component for those trainees identified in the assessment exam as requiring less detailed instruction.]

Jan 1, 1976

By F I. Cox, D Peeler, T Bodisco

"Diesel particulate matter (DPM), in particular, has been likened in a somewhat inflammatory manner to be the ‘next asbestos’.From the business change perspective, there are three areas holding the industry back from fully engaging with the issue:There is no real feedback loop in any operational sense to assess the impact of investment or application of controls to manage diesel emissions.DPM are getting ever smaller and more numerous, but there is no practical way of measuring them to regulate them in the field. Mass, the current basis of regulation, is becoming less and less relevant.Diesel emissions management is generally wholly viewed as a cost, yet there are significant areas of benefit available from good management.This paper discusses a feedback approach to address these three areas to move the industry forward. The six main areas of benefit from providing a feedback loop by continuously monitoring diesel emissions have been identified: Condition-based maintenance. Emissions change instantaneously if engine condition changes. Operator performance. An operator can use a lot more fuel for little incremental work output through poor technique or discipline. Vehicle utilisation. Operating hours achieved and ratios of idling to under power affect the proportion of emissions produced with no economic value. Fuel efficiency. This allows visibility into other contributing configuration and environmental factors for the vehicle. Emission rates. This allows scope to directly address the required ratio of ventilation to diesel emissions. Total carbon emissions. For National Greenhouse Emissions Reporting (NGER)-type reporting requirements, calculating the emissions individually from each vehicle rather than just reporting on fuel delivered to a site.CITATION:Cox, F I, Bodisco, T and Peeler, D, 2014. Continuous remote emissions monitoring – the lynchpin for air quality management, in Proceedings 12th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2014, pp 137–142 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 24, 2014

By Gérson T. Ferreira, Márcia Maria da Silva Monteiro Pereira, Rodrigo Seara Martins, Rodrigo Madrona Dias, Sebastião Garcia Mendes

No processo de lingotamento contínuo, o contato do aço líquido com o molde refrigerado a água, forma uma pele solidificada. O rompimento desta pele, conhecido como breakout, deve ser evitado uma vez que traz sérios prejuízos ao processo. Utiliza-se um sistema de detecção de breakouts, responsável por gerar alarmes em situações propícias ao rompimento de pele, a velocidade de lingotamento é então reduzida na busca de evitá-lo. A ocorrência de breakouts está ligado principalmente a falta de lubrificação, obrigação essa que é atribuída ao pó fluxante. Portanto, as propriedades do pó fluxante que possuem relação com essa função podem ser alteradas, na busca de diminuir a tendência à ocorrência de breakouts e alarmes de colamento. Neste trabalho, foi alterada a temperatura de break point do pó fluxante de aços peritéticos buscando a redução do número de alarmes. A diminuição dessa temperatura reduziu o número de alarmes, sem afetar os índices de trincas longitudinais em placas, o que gerou redução nas perdas por sucateamento e aumento da produtividade do processo.

Oct 1, 2019

By Robert L. Lagace

The objective of this task was to perform theoretical analyses related to identifying and increasing the understanding of wireless propagation mechanisms in mines, and for predicting the performance ranges and limitations of proposed systems. This was to be achieved by building on and extending previous ADL work* and utilizing experimental data as they became available in the radio frequency bands of interest. B. TASKS Theoretical radio wave propagation investigations undertaken on this task centered on three areas. The first area dealt with extending previous UHF wireless propagation results*: to estimate the losses caused by the presence of haulage vehicles such as trains in coal mine tunnels; to estimate the propagation losses and wireless communication ranges expected along a longwall coal face tunnel; and to assess the applicability of previous analytical approximations to tunnels having reduced crossectional dimensions, such as those found in low coal and in the presence of haulage vehicles. The second area dealt with the development of a suitable propagation model to adequately explain the unexpected, highly favorable LF to MF band wireless radio wave propagation behavior experimentally observed in Consolidation Coal Co.'s Ireland mine. The third area dealt with the formulation of a model for evaluating the overall system transfer function and transmitter requirements for a hoist shaft LF communications system, taking into account the hoist rope/shaft transmission line characteristics, the cage and sheave wheel line terminations, the signal inductive couplers, and hoist shaft signal and noise data.

Jan 1, 1975

By MOHAMMAD R. H. GORAKHKI, Christopher A. Bareither, MANUEL APARICIO, Joseph Scalia IV

The focus of this study was on the evaluation of hydrologic and environmental behavior observed in GeoWaste and waste rock test piles. GeoWaste is a mixture of fast-filtered tailings and waste rock prepared as a tailings-dominated mixture. The two test piles included potentially acid-generating (PAG) waste rock and were operated for 26 months to evaluate whether GeoWaste can suppresses sulfide oxidation and production of metal-rich acid mine drainage relative to PAG waste rock. The test piles were constructed in the shape of truncated 5-m-tall pyramids with 25-m base sides and flat 5-m × 5-m top surfaces. Water content, temperature, electrical conductivity, and oxygen concentration were monitored in four layers and at five locations within each layer in both test piles. In addition, 5-m × 5-m lysimeters were installed at the base of each pile to collect leachate. Approximately 2660 mm of water was added to the surfaces of the test piles via precipitation and irrigation (irrigation ≈ 1050 mm applied at an approximately constant rate for 70 days). The measured saturation, oxygen concentration, electrical conductivity, and temperature in the GeoWaste and waste rock piles suggest more sulfide oxidation occurred in the waste rock pile compared to the GeoWaste pile. Observations from the pile experiments suggest that co-managing mine waste in the form of GeoWaste reduced acid generation compared to waste rock alone due to the lower permeability and unsaturated state of the GeoWaste pile that reduced downward migration of moisture and inhibited drainage.

Mar 31, 2021

By César Yuji Narita

Um dos problemas de aglomerados autorredutores utilizando cimento como aglomerante é a sua baixa resistência mecânica a temperaturas acima de 900°C levando-os à degradação durante a redução. Uma nova tecnologia propôs utilizar as propriedades de plasticidade térmica do carvão fóssil coqueificáveis como aglomerante, o que deu origem ao produto conhecido como CCB (Carbon Composite Iron Ore Hot Briquette). Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor uma rota alternativa para a fabricação dos briquetes autorredutores e estudar o efeito de variáveis de processo na resistência à compressão dos mesmos. O método utilizado na obtenção dos briquetes foi de compactação em matriz cilíndrica de misturas de finos de carvão fóssil coqueificável (log(máxima fluidez) = 2,48) e minério de ferro (pellet feed) seguida de tratamento térmico. Foram realizados testes variando granulometria do carvão, pressão de compactação, taxa de aquecimento e proporção entre carvão e minério e investigados os efeitos dessas variáveis em relação à resistência à compressão e à densidade dos briquetes produzidos. Foi observado que a resistência à compressão obtida nos briquetes produzidos via briquetagem a frio seguida de tratamento térmico são comparáveis com os CCBs.

Aug 1, 2018

By Phillip E. Butler

Since early 1973, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) has been actively engaged in the utilization of coal mine refuse in the design and construction of highway embankments. The Soils and Geological Engineering Division of the Bureau of Materials, Testing and Research has the task of managing the program which includes field investigations, laboratory testing, engineering evaluation, planning, coordination, implementation, construction control, and review of construction performance. The objectives of the utilization program, in removing colliery refuse banks and utilizing the material in construction, are the environmental and aesthetic rehabilitation of those areas in the Anthracite and Bituminous coal fields which have been plagued for such a long time by air and water pollution, and unsightly landscapes; and the economic rehabilitation of those areas occupied by refuse banks by providing usable land which can now be developed as residential, business, or industrial sites.

Jan 1, 1975

By João Lucas Ribeiro e Fernandes, Geraldo Lúcio de Faria, Altair Lúcio de Souza

A ovalização de bobinas é um problema recorrente no processo de fabricação de tiras de aços médio carbono por laminação a quente. Mesmo com o sucesso da etapa de laminação, a ovalização posterior de bobinas pode ocorrer, gerando transtornos à operação e aumento de custos de fabricação. Alguns autores apontam que o fenômeno de ovalização de bobinas pode ocorrer devido a aspectos metalúrgicos, mecânicos e geométricos. Estudos disponíveis na literatura técnica já exploraram as possíveis causas mecânicas e geométricas. Entretanto, existem poucos dados disponíveis que abordem o aspecto metalúrgico, ou seja, o efeito da decomposição tardia da austenita durante, ou mesmo após a etapa de bobinamento. Nesse contexto, este trabalho se propôs a avaliar, por meio da aplicação da técnica de dilatometria, a possível influência das transformações de fases tardias como uma das causas de ovalização em bobinas de um aço do tipo SAE 1050. Ciclos térmicos que simulam, com boa aproximação, algumas possíveis condições de resfriamento acelerado e bobinamento da tira foram aplicados em corpos de prova padronizados em um dilatômetro de têmpera. Diferentes combinações de velocidade de resfriamento e temperaturas de bobinamento foram avaliadas, sendo possível sugerir que uma diminuição na velocidade de resfriamento da tira após a laminação e um pequeno abaixamento na temperatura de bobinamento, em relação aos valores atualmente utilizados na indústria, pode diminuir significativamente a influência da componente metalúrgica na ocorrência da ovalização nesse tipo de aço.

Oct 18, 2019

By Richard G. Stearns

Extensive thick lignite apparently lies within 250 feet of the land surface in Dyer, Lake, Lauderdale, Obion and Tipton counties. Information on geology, land use, soils, groundwater and instability is compiled, along with a bibliography. A test and monitoring site was investigated at Fort Pillow Prison in Lauderdale County. Analyses were made of lignite, overburden, associated water and leachate. Lignite has high BTU (about 7800) and low sulfur (1.1% avg.). A year or more of data are presented on rainfall, water levels, and chemistry of surface water, groundwater, leachate and water from test pits. Main potential environmental problems are quality of surface water, and possibly shallow groundwater. The main aquifer of the region will likely be un-affected by mining. Low transmissibility of shallow aquifers will minimize lowering water levels of wells. Soil reclamation and conservation should be readily accomplished, Dangerous earthquakes have a low probability and mines are not significantly more hazardous than steep bluffs.

Jan 1, 1981

By Foluke Salgado de Assis

Este trabalho visa apresentar os resultados obtidos através de ensaios balísticos realizados em sistemas de blindagem multicamada. Seguindo as especificações da norma americana NIJ 0101.06, foram realizados ensaios utilizando munição de calibre 7,62x 51 mm, que possui velocidade acima de 800 m/s. A blindagem multicamada utilizada possui como camada frontal uma pastilha hexagonal cerâmica (alumina dopada com 4% de nióbia), segunda camada de compósito de matriz poliéster reforçada com tecido de juta e como terceira camada uma placa de alumino 5052 H34. A utilização de compósitos poliméricos reforçados com fibras naturais em substituição às fibras de aramida é de grande interesse, pois além de desempenharem a mesma função no sistema de blindagem, possuem um valor de mercado bem menor. Os resultados de profundidade de indentação na plastilina foram satisfatórios visto que atenderam a norma NIJ 0101.06 e utilizando a técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura, verificou-se que o compósito poliéster-juta capturou os fragmentos através do mecanismo de incrustação mecânica.

Aug 17, 2017