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By Whitman E. Brown, Louis J. Erck

L. A. ROE*—This paper is one of great value to the iron ore industry. The Humphreys spiral is a relatively new tool and gives promise of being quite useful in solving certain problems of iron ore beneficiation. Spirals have been tested on a martite ore at the Benson mine of Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp. in northern New York State. Our New York ore is considerably different, physically and mineralogically, than the one mentioned in this paper, and contains only 25 pct iron. This ore can be processed on spirals to give a concentrate containing 62 pct iron with an 85 pct recovery. On our particular ore we found operating difficulties when the spiral feed was coarser than 14 mesh. These were chiefly due to excessive "build-up" of locked middlings in the spiral circuit. In extreme cases these middling particles would accumulate to such an extent that the plant had to be shut down and the spiral surge tanks cleaned out. It is interesting to note that there exists a close relationship between the results of tabling a given iron ore and concentration of this same ore on Humphreys spirals. The size range of the ore must, of course, be within those limits acceptable to spiral concentration. Comparative tests on several of our mar-tite ores showed tabling results to be the same as spiral results. The authors make no mention of the use of a tailing stream splitter (now available from the spiral manufacturer) which is a useful tool in studying iron losses in the tailings stream. 011 our particular martite ore we found a considerable accumulation of fine-sized iron ore particles in the outside portion of the tailings stream. This fraction may be amenable to further treatment. E. H. ROSE*—The authors have concluded an interesting piece of work and this paper is an excellent factual account of a rapid and somewhat unusual transi-;ion in practice in the plant described. Perhaps it was modesty on their part which caused them so casually to limit to one sentence the fact that "several other methods of concentration on the fine ores representative of the Hill Trumbull group . . . failed to produce consistently an acceptable grade and recovery of finished product." The fact is that they were confronted by a difficult mineral-dressing problem and they are to be congratulated on their courage and persistence in staying with it until a satisfactory solution was evolved. A visitor to the plant might have been mildly astonished, as I was, to see one type of concentrator handling that part of the load early in the 1947 season, its experimental replacement by another a little later, and then in 1948 to see that both types had simply disappeared and their place taken by the spirals which were operating as placidly as though they had been there all the time. In working out economic methods of beneficiating Alabama red ore, most of which development is still ahead of us, it is likely that we also will pass through a period of successive disappointments, for we too have a problem where it is next to impossible either to "guess 'end right in the first place," or, because full-scale operating cost is such an important factor, to lay the ultimate answer on the line in advance by means of laboratory experimentation. Iron ore being what it is instead of what it used to be, it is encouraging to have the example the authors have given us today that a tough nut that will not crack on the first blow or the second is apt to do so on the third or fourth.

Jan 1, 1950

By D. A. Thomas, M. F. Comerford

Poly crystalline wires of Fe-3.2 wt pct Si were cold-drawn to 31, 66, and 87 pct reductions of area. Mechanical properties and tnicrostructures were studied after recovery and re crystallization. An initial increase in strength during recovery was ascribed to strain aging, and subsequent softening was largely due to polygonization rather than re-crystallization. No unique actioation energies could be determined for the recovery process. Rather, activation energies ranged from 60,600 cal per mole at 10 pct recovery to 83,200 cal per mole when recovery was 50 pct complete. Sites for the nucleation of recrystallization were found to depend on time and temperature. In the early stages of re-crystallization, nucleation occurred in deformation hands. Later, or at high temperatures, recrystal-lized grains were nucleated primarily al grain boundaries. Polygonized structures did not seem to be preferred sites for nucleation. MUCH of the research on deformation, recovery, and recrystallization processes in bcc materials has been performed on single crystals or lightly worked polycrystals. Little study has been devoted to the relation of mechanical properties to micro-structure in polycrystals after severe deformation and subsequent annealing. This paper presents the results of a study of the tensile properties and microstructures of Fe-Si wires drawn varying amounts and annealed at a series of temperatures. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The experiments were carried out on an alloy of the following composition: 3.2 wt pct Si, 0.08 Mn, 0.016 C, 0.005 0, 0.0002 N, 0.0001 H, 0.008 P, 0.034 S. The material was received as l-in.-sq bars cut longitudinally from a hot-rolled slab provided by the Armco Steel Corp. The bars were forged to 3/8-in. rounds, centerless-ground to 0.250 in., and swaged to '0.108 in. All subsequent reductions were performed by room-temperature wire drawing at the rate of 2 in. per min. Each preliminary draft gave approximately 30 pct reduction of area and was followed by a l-hr anneal at 1010°C in dry hydrogen. Three lots of wire were made with ultimate cold reductions of 31, 66, and 87 pct reduc-

Jan 1, 1965

By William P. Lohden

INTRODUCTION It is recognized that, for a variety of reasons, some companies in the mineral industry today are by no means cash-rich and, in fact, are reporting a growing proportion of long-term debt in their capital structures. A review of recent balance sheets of small, medium-size, and some larger companies, indicates that a fair number still have substantial positions in cash equivalents such as U.S. government issues and other short-term money market instruments. In part, this paper concerns itself with companies which have sufficient cash and equivalents and/or cash generation to internally finance mining projects or expansions but which, for some reason, choose to borrow funds. Misconceptions which appear to frequently underlie so-called "leveraging" decisions are explored in this paper. Also considered arc' those circumstances under which any company, including one that is cash rich, should consider borrowing for a project in an amount beyond what would otherwise be necessary based upon its internal financing ability. I do not attempt to cover the raising of equity capital in public markets in this paper. OVERALL RETURN ON INVESTABLE CASH If you approach an individual with an investment which can be financed from savings, or by borrowing at a rate higher than one is earning on savings, that individual will quickly tell you that to pay interest at a rate higher than is being earned on savings would reduce overall income. Assuming that additional investment opportunities are not currently being considered, the individual concludes that a draw-down on savings, leaving a cushion for contingencies suited to individual circumstances, is the correct financial decision. For reasons discussed later, the simple mathematical logic leading to this conclusion tends to become obscured at the corporate level. When Leveraged Studies Are Inappropriate or Premature Surprisingly, I have heard of a number of companies that could afford to finance an investment solely with internal funds, which have made DCFROR (i.e. discounted-cash-flow rate-of-return) studies not only on a 100% equity basis but also on a leveraged basis. Certainly, a leveraged study would be appropriate if additional projects were competing for more capital than was available internally. Often, however, other projects are not far enough along to warrant a leveraged study and there is some danger that a project may be undertaken because it has an estimated acceptable rate of return, on a leveraged basis, that is not ultimately earned because some of the other projects are postponed or abandoned and borrowing is less than expected. For the above reasons, until it has been determined that (1) borrowing is a reasonable certainty for a particular project and (2) the timing and amount to be borrowed has been determined within a reasonable range of accuracy, I believe it is inappropriate and misleading to calculate DCFROR for a project other than on a 100% equity basis. Even when there are several projects currently competing for funds and borrowing will be required to finance one or more of them, using the common yardstick of calculating DCFROR on a 100% equity basis is a safer method to initially evaluate and compare the attractiveness of the projects. Many companies, whether they would have to borrow or not, will reject projects that on a 100% equity basis do not meet their minimum rate of return standards. Some companies which have to borrow will undertake a project provided the project's DCFROR on a leveraged basis meets its minimum return standards. The danger of this approach is that even moderate shrinkages of estimated cash flows could plunge return below

Jan 1, 1985

By J. L. Thompson

There are two basic forms of the LPG-slug process: the gas driven and the water driven. The pressure required for miscibility between gas and LPG prohibits the use of the gas-driven LPG process in shallow reservoirs. The water-driven LPG slug process normally exhibits good sweep efficiency. However, displacement of the LPG by water is poor. An improvement in this process appears possible by injecting a slug of carbon dioxide between the LPG slug and the water drive. Laboratory experiments were conducted in homogeneous linear systems to determine the effect of pressure on the various displacement zones. In the carbon dioxide-LPG displacement zone, the effect of pressure on the displacement efficiency is negligible above the miscibility pressure. However, the displacement efficiency decreases linearly with decreasing pressure below the miscibility pressure. With water displacing carbon dioxide, it was found that the recovery of carbon dioxide after water breakthrough can be predicted from its solubility in water. A displacement test was conducted with LPG and carbon dioxide slugs large enough to avoid interference between the oil-LPG, LPG - carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide - water displacement zones. Under these conditions, essentially complete oil and LPG recovery was obtained. However, a substantial amount of carbon dioxide was left in the core at water breakthrough. INTRODUCTION It has been shown in homogeneous linear systems that essentially complete oil recovery can be obtained by displacement with a miscible fluid such as LPG. Economic considerations dictate that the valuable LPG also be recovered. Methods proposed for recovering the LPG include (1) displacement with natural gas at a pressure high enough to make the two fluids miscible1 (the disadvantage of this method is that the required pressure of about 1,500 psi is too high for shallow reservoirs) and (2) displacement of the LPG with water2 (principal disadvantage is that a large amount of LPG remains in the formation because of poor displacement efficiency). This paper treats an improvement in the water-driven LPG slug process3,4 where carbon dioxide is injected between the LPG and water. Carbon dioxide is completely or at least partially miscible with propane and soluble in water; thus, displacement efficiency is improved at both ends of the carbon dioxide slug. To minimize effects of other variables, all experiments were conducted in linear core systems. GENERAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION The displacements of propane by carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide by water are considered separately, assuming enough of each is injected to prevent mutual interference. Displacement descriptions are confined only to the part of the pore volume containing mobile fluids unless otherwise specified. The schematic representation is given in Fig. 1. Starting at the producing well, a zone containing only oil is followed by a zone containing a single-phase mixture of propane and oil. The concentration of propane increases in the direction of the injection well and ultimately grades to pure propane. Then follows a zone containing a mixture of propane and carbon dioxide in continuously varying proportions until 100 percent carbon dioxide is reached. In this zone, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the immobile water phase also varies from zero to full saturation. Whether the displacement of propane by carbon dioxide is of complete or partial miscibility depends on pressure and temperature (Fig. 2). If the horizontal line representing the prevailing pressure intercepts the boundary curves of the phase envelopes for the prevailing temperature (i.e., if the pressure is lower than the critical

By Robert L. Bates

Definition An industrial mineral, says the Glossary of Geology, is "any rock, mineral, or other naturally occurring substance of economic value, exclusive of metallic ores, mineral fuels, and gemstones; one of the nonmetallics." Probably most geologists and engineers would accept this simple and straightforward definition, at least as a general statement. On analysis, however, certain anomalies crop up. For example, it may be considered arbitrary to include industrial diamond and corundum and to exclude their precious varieties, gem diamond and sapphire. So the present volume has a section on gems and gem materials, in spite of the definition. Another problem arises when we try to define precisely what is metallic and what is nonmetallic. Bauxite and ilmenite certainly qualify as metallic ores, but both are also raw materials of important nonmetallic substances; hence they are included in the book, A third anomaly is that, by common consent of geologists, engineers, mineral economists, and others concerned, the term industrial minerals may include not only rocks and minerals but also certain manufactured products like cement and lime, and even mixed groups of natural and artificial products, such as abrasives and refractories. Thus the central realm of the industrial minerals is clear enough, but its boundaries tend to be indefinable. Since a definition that allowed for every irregularity in the outer fringes would be excessively unwieldy, the one quoted above may be considered satisfactory. The expression industrial minerals is commonly equated with nonmetallics, and with the somewhat more precise phrase industrial minerals and rocks as in the title of this book. Characteristics of the Field The industrial minerals as broadly interpreted are a highly diverse group of materials; indeed, we may say paradoxically that diversity is about all they have in common. At one end of the spectrum are ordinary earth materials such as gravel and crushed stone, with a value of perhaps $3 per st; at the opposite end are industrial diamonds, which sell (by the carat) at the rate of roughly $18,000,000 per st. Neither the metals nor the fuels, and few if any categories of manufactured products, include items that differ in value by more than six orders of magnitude. Most gravel and stone are of no value unless close to a market; diamonds and other exotic substances possess such unique and desirable properties that their occurrence in remote corners of the earth is no deterrent to their use. The broad range of industrial minerals falls between these extremes of unit value and place value. The industrial minerals penetrate the entire fabric of modern industrialized society, from such fundamental operations as drilling for oil and smelting iron ore to the manufacture of virtually the whole array of consumer products. There is no industrial-minerals industry; there are many industries. The simple term field is convenient as an all-inclusive expression. An industry is considered to belong in the industrial-minerals field if its operations consist of extraction and processing, but not manufacturing. Thus the mining and beneficiation of feldspar is a mineral industry, but the manufacture of ceramic products is not. In the cement and lime industries, processing merges into manufacture, and the line is less distinct. It disappears altogether in a plant that extracts salt as artificial brines, and makes sodium and chlorine chemicals, all under the same roof. An aspect of some industrial minerals that differentiates them from the metals is that their physical properties carry over into ultimate use of the product. Such minerals as mica, asbes-

Jan 1, 1983

By Charles C. Templeton

Any explanation of the nature of multiphase fluid flow through porous media must ultimately involve a knowledge of the mechanism of such flow through the individual pores of the medium. To provide quantitative information of the latter type, a study was made of gas-liquid and liquid-liquid displacements in single uniform Pyrex capillaries with diameters as small as 4 microns. Quantitative observation of air-liquid displacements with zero contact. angle indicates the adequacy of a model based on Poiseuille's Law and the independence of capillary pressure and interfacial velocity. Consequently, this work discounts previous claims that flow is abnormally retarded in very small capillaries. For the displacement of a very viscous oil by water in a capillary initially filled with water, flow is faster than predicted by the above model. This behavior is probably due to the existence of a thin annular film of water between the oil column and the capi1lary wall as postulated by Yuster. INTRODUCTION The need for experimental observation of the microscopic nature of multiphase fluid flow, to further the understanding of the results of macroscopic flow investigations, has been previously recognized. Chatenever and Calhoun1 in connection with the API Project 47B have extensively studied the flow of fluids through layers of glass or lucite spheres between glass or lucite plates. Lowman2 prepared an interesting film concerning flow in a single capillary, using an apparatus which made a moving interface appear stationary in the field of a microscope. The purpose of the present investigation was to deter- mine what contribution might be made to this field by comprehensive quantitative observation of gas-liquid and liquid-liquid displacements in single capillaries of uniform, very small diameter. The techniques used are similar to those of Lowman but incorporate improvements necessary for quantitative work. Quantitative observations must begin with fluids of simple chemical composition to provide a basis for analyzing the more complex behavior that may be expected with natural reservoir fluids. However, some qualitative observations on systems involving crude oils are presented. Experiments of this sort involve the observation of the velocity of the interface separating two fluids, and have been performed in horizontal or vertical capillaries by several investigators.3,4,5,6,7,8 The most general treatment of their mechanics, by Brittin,9 involves forces due to capillarity, viscous resistance, gravity, an "end-drag" effect, and the rate of change of momentum of the capillary contents. Since the range of pore diameters of interest in petroleum reservoirs is about 0.1 to 100 microns, it was desired to perform these experiments in the smallest capillaries possible, to ascertain whether capillary diameter had any effect on the existing theory based on data from larger capillaries.* It was also important to be able more systematically to vary the direction and rate of displacement than was done by previous investigators. Finally, to concentrate attention on viscous and capillary forces by eliminating gravity as a parameter, this study involves only horizontal capillaries. The work of Eley and Pepper' with a "large" (0.766-mm diameter) horizontal capillary is the previous investigation which is most similar to the present method of quantitative observation. Here capillaries with diameters as small as 4 microns will be studied.

Jan 1, 1955

By K. K. Kershner, W. A. Calhoun, C. W. Funk

Future resources of aluminum may require the utilization of low grade ores to provide a more permanent protection for the nation. Aluminum minerals such as cloy, shale, and high iron laterites may become important sources. An evaluation of reserves is given. New laboratory results are reported on the Vereinigte desilication process. THIS report on future resources of aluminum metal emphasizes the necessity for investigating utilization of low grade potential ores to provide more permanent protection for the nation. Partial or complete interruption of the importation of high grade aluminum ores must be given consideration. Ultimately, aluminum minerals such as clay, shale, and high iron laterites may become the principal sources of aluminum. The development of extractive processes for treating these low grade materials is a step in long-range national preparedness that should receive more attention. In formulating such processes, the application of beneficiation methods for the purpose of classifying the several types of minerals before subjecting each type to the more expensive extractive procedures should be considered, and a careful survey of the basic factors of power sources, transportation facilities, and sources of raw material should be made. Domestic Bauxite Resources Of the domestic supply of current, treatable-grade bauxite, 95 pct comes from Arkansas. The present reserve of Arkansas bauxite suitable for metal production, including abrasive-grade, Bayer-grade, and modified Bayer-grade ores, is 34,000,000 tons. The total reserve of bauxite of all grades is approximately 75,000,000 tons. Reserves are estimated on a mined and dried basis. Data available to the Bureau of Mines in 1948 to 1949 were used in preparing Table I, which shows a breakdown by grades of bauxite for about a half of the reserves of the state. The modified Bayer ore, 10,555,500 long dry tons, is based on a cutoff of 8 to 15 pct silica. The sub- marginal 10,074,700 long dry tons is assumed to contain more than 40 pct gibbsite, more than 15 pct silica, and less than 32 pct available alumina. A considerable amount of this low grade material was consumed in 1949 and 1950. Additional tonnages of bauxitic and kaolinitic clays are indicated by the Bureau of Mines drilling project.' Applying a 50 pct factor to arrive at long tons mined and dried, the results of this project are approximately 31,500,000 tons kaolinitic clay at +35 pct Al²O3 and 11,800,000 tons kaolinitic clay at 20 to 35 pct A1,0,. Total reserves of kaolinitic clays are probably quite extensive—several times the reserves shown in the Bureau's work. Total reserves of bauxitic and high iron clays from the drilling program and previously established figures are 63,980,000 tons. The mineral dressing methods,' the lime-sinter process, he lime-sinter modification of the Pederson process," the lime-soda sinter process,"-' and the Alcoa combination processa. have been described in the literature and will not be elaborated upon here. The less familiar Vereinigte Aluminium-Werke process used by the Germans during World War 11 may require some amplification. It was used to bene-ficiate boehmite ores containing 12 to 18 pct silica for a feed to the European Bayer process. Ore was

Jan 1, 1952

By A. P. Young, F. C. Holden

IN many of the early investigations of the aging of titanium alloys, it was observed that the retained beta phase could be aged to a high hardness without an apparent change in microstructure; moreover, in some alloys it was found that even a very rapid quench produced beta having an anomalously high hardness. What appeared to be hard beta phase was designated as "beta prime," to distinguish it from the softer normal retained beta phase. Frost and co-workers'.' demonstrated that the increased hardness is caused by the formation of a metastable phase, omega, which can be identified from its X-ray diffraction pattern. This reaction also has been studied by Brotzen, et a1.,3 and the structure of the omega phase has been published by Silcock, et al.," and by Austin and Doig.3 The X-ray diffraction analysis by Austin and Doig indicated that omega is low in alloy content, approaching the composition of the stable alpha. The aging process proceeds by the path Thus, overaging results in the formation of alpha and the ultimate disappearance of omega. This is accompanied by a decrease in hardness and a recovery of ductility. The present work represents a study of the aging process in a high-purity Ti-6.4 Mn alloy, in which optical and electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and hardness data were correlated. The specimens, 1/8-in. sections cut from 1/4-in.-diam rod, were heated in argon to a temperature just into the beta field (810°C), held for 1 hr, and water-quenched. The aging samples were heated in air for 1 hr at 300 to 500°C. The specimens were ground and mechanically polished, finishing with alternate etching and polishing on a slow-speed wheel to remove disturbed metal from the surface. The surface finally was swab-etched, rinsed with tap water, and air-dried. The etchant used was an aqueous solution containing 1 1/2 pct HF and 3 1/2 pct HNO3. This procedure is identical with that used for preparing metallographic specimens, except that the optimum degree of final etching required for electron microscopy may vary from that used for light microscopy. Metal replicas, backed with silica, were prepared from plastic strip-pings for examination with the electron microscope. Complete details of the procedures used for preparing these replicas are available elsewhere." Fig. 1 shows a comparison between the structures revealed by the electron microscope and those obtained by conventional light microscopy. Hardness and X-ray diffraction data are listed in Table I. No evidence of a second phase is apparent in the optical micrographs for the as-quenched sample, or for the specimens aged at 300 or 400°C; fine alpha particles can be seen in the specimen aged at 500°C. In the electron micrographs, visible equiaxed pocks appear in the as-quenched specimen, and, with increasing density, in the samples aged at 300 and 400°C. After aging at 500°C, the structure becomes markedly coarser and develops an oriented appearance of a second phase, coincident with the appearance of visible alpha particles in the light micrographs. These observations are confirmed by X-ray diffraction and hardness data. In these specimens, aged for 1 hr, the intensity of the omega pattern increases to a maximum at the 400°C aging temperature, corresponding to maximum hardness and the maximum density of pocks in the electron micrographs. At this point the beta phase shows a definite enrichment in Mn. At 500°C, little or no omega re-

Jan 1, 1959

By A. D. Rich

The term "bleaching clay" or "bleaching earth," as used in the oil industries, refers to clays that in their natural state, or after chemical or physical activation, have the capacity for adsorbing coloring matter from oil. There are three common types of bleaching clays: fuller's earth, activated clays, and activated bauxite. Fuller's earth, or naturally active clay, is prepared from bentonites (see Chap. 5) that possess natural activity. It is not activated commercially; in fact, earths of this type ordinarily do not respond satisfactorily to acid activation. Fuller's earth is prepared in pulverized as well as granular form for use in the contacting and percolation processes, respectively. Acid-activated clays also are of bentonitic origin. The basic raw clay, however, is of a type that has a very low natural activity but is highly activable by treatment with mineral acid. Commercial acid-activated clays generally possess several times the decolorizing power (bleaching efficiency) of the best quality of fuller's earth. The former are prepared commercially only in the pulverized grade because of the difficulties in obtaining a satisfactory granular product, and hence are used only in the contact process. Activated bauxite is made by heat-treating bauxite ore, which in its natural state has very little natural activity. The commercial product is prepared in granular form for use in the percolation process on petroleum oils. For the most part, bleaching clay is used commercially in the decolorization of animal, vegetable and petroleum oils, fats and waxes. It is applied in two ways: (1) by the percolation method and (2) by the contacting method. Percolation refers to the passage of oil through a bed of granular clay whereas contacting refers to direct agitation of oil and pulverized clay followed by removal of the clay from the oil by filtration. In either case, the decolorizing effect is obtained by intimate contact between the liquid oil and the solid adsorbent. Petroleum oils are treated commercially by either the percolation or the contact process. Animal and vegetable oils are treated by the contact process only. Composition The raw clays from which both fuller's earth and acid-activated clays are prepared are composed of hydrous aluminum silicates containing varying quantities of magnesium, iron, calcium and other elements. These raw materials are usually nonswelling bentonites derived from volcanic ash or lava by weathering and hydrothermal chemical reactions. The bentonites have as their chief mineral constituent montmorillonite, which has the formula [(OH)4Si6A14O20•nH2O], according to Grim. (See Chap. 5, ref. 6, p. 91.) The underlying reasons are not fully known for the natural activity of the fuller's earth type of clay and its usual failure to further activate with mineral acid in contrast to the natural inactivity of the activatable type of clay. However, it may be said that the bentonites that are responsive to the acid-activation treatment generally have not undergone any drastic metamorphism. The chemical composition is not a reliable means of discrimination between a nonactive, a naturally active, and a nonactive but activable clay, therefore it is not possible to forecast the ultimate quality of a clay on the basis of the raw-clay analysis alone. Table 1 gives typical analyses of representative clays of the foregoing classifications.

Jan 1, 1960

By C. H. Gorski

A method for preparing titanium tetrachloride is described which consists of reducing rutile with coke and chlorinating the reduced product at 200° to 500°C. The crude distillate is purified by treatment with copper powder and distillation. Recoveries, exceeding 90 pct of the titanium in the rutile, were obtained. IN recent years considerable interest in metallic titanium has been aroused because of its outstanding physical and chemical properties. The present commercial processes for preparing titanium are modifications of the Kroll1 process and consist essentially of the reduction of titanium tetrachloride with magnesium in an inert atmosphere to produce metallic titanium with magnesium chloride as a byproduct. At present,' commercial titanium tetrachloride costs $0.32 a pound, which makes the price of the included titanium $1.28 a pound. As the titanium tetrachloride must be purified further before processing into metal, its ultimate cost obviously will be higher. Consequently, one of the prime requisites for the production of lower cost titanium metal is a source of low-cost titanium tetrachloride. Recently, Knickerbocker, Gorski, Kenworthy, and Starliper3 escribed a method for preparing titanium tetrachloride from low-grade Arkansas rutile by smelting the rutile with pyrite and coke to form a titanium matte and then chlorinating the titanium matte to prepare a crude titanium tetrachloride. This process had several inherent advantages. Low-grade rutile concentrates were utilized, the chlorination temperature was relatively low (approximately 200°C), and the reaction was strongly exothermic. However, this process had several disadvantages, chief of them being the rather low recoveries of titanium tetrachloride (65 to 81 pct) and the difficulty in purifying the crude titanium tetrachloride obtained. Because of the high-titanium and low-iron con- tents of rutile as compared to ilmenite, rutile should be of greater potential value as a source of titanium tetrachloride than ilmenite. Rutile, however, is not chlorinated directly in commercial practice, because reaction temperatures above 700 °C are required, at which point chlorine attacks most of the common materials of construction. The process now in use consists of converting the titanium in rutile to the cyanonitride by high-temperature reduction in an electric furnace, and then chlorinating this compound. The disadvantages of this process are the difficulty of producing the cyanonitride, the use of high-grade rutile concentrates in the charge, and the presence of several percent of silicon tetrachloride in the finished product. It would be of considerable interest to develop a new process for the preparation of titanium tetrachloride from rutile by chlorination at 200" to 500°C. Process Development Several investigators'-' have studied the reduction of titanium dioxide with carbon in an effort to prepare titanium monoxide. Invariably, the titanium monoxide formed in this manner was not pure, as it contained titanium carbide and one or more of the lower oxides of titanium. As these lower oxides of titanium are more reactive chemically than rutile, and as it is known that titanium carbide may be chlorinated readily, a study was made of the chlorination of carbon-reduced rutile. A sample of rutile concentrates from Hot Spring County, Ark., containing 76.19 pct TiO,, 5.65 pct Fe2O3, 4.18 pct SiO2, and 2.88 pct Al2O3, was used for this investigation. The experimental procedure consisted of making an intimate mixture of —100-mesh rutile and petroleum coke, adding water and molasses as a binder to foi-m a paste, charging into a graphite crucible that was covered, except for a vent to allow the

Jan 1, 1952

By Pedro L. Lizaur

INTRODUCTION The degree of success of an association between parties in establishing a new venture ultimately depends on three factors: a. the venture's underlying economic strength, which is based on the complementarity of the comparative advantages brought by each party to the negotiating table; b. the ability to reach an agreement which satisfies each party's objectives and constraints; and, c. the capacity to design and implement a funding structure which is consistent with the project economics. A thorough assessment of the venture's profitability and associated risks under alternative technical and economic scenarios is the basis for a sound "go" or "no go" decision. In-depth evaluation of the risks and rewards to each of the parties involved under alternative legal and financial structure must be the foundation for a long lasting "how to go" decision. The allocation of risks and rewards should be consistent with the objectives and constraints of all parties and the sharing mechanisms, established in the contract, should be flexible to assure the long-term stability of the agreement. Rapidly changing economic conditions during the last decade have had a dramatic impact on the envisaged allocation of risks and rewards between host countries and private investors. The effects of these changes, and the fact that the relative strengths of the parties involved may shift during the life of a project (e.g. before and after major capital investments have been made), have forced the renegotiation of a multitude of contracts. Therefore, the present and future stability of an economic agreement would depend not only on the originally designed provisions, but also on provisions which allow for the automatic adjustment of rewards to project sponsors under a variety of future economic situations. A pre-condition for the allocation and quantification of risks and rewards is the definition of standards of measurement used by each of the parties. This is critical in international negotiations when one of the parties represents the national interests of a country. The understanding and use of different standards for the measurement of rewards for risk taken between a government and private enterprise facilitate the negotiation of a satisfactory agreement. This is possible because certain trade-offs between the negotiating parties may have different relative values. STANDARDS OF MEASUREMENT OF REWARDS FOR RISK TAKEN The negotiating process takes a step forward when the parties are able to focus on their interests, explore different alternative solutions and then base results on a set of objective standards. Unfortunately, the parties frequently put more effort into "staking out" and defending positions, than into understanding their intrinsic interests. Moreover, when one party, such as a governemnt owned corporation, represents a country's national interests, the negotiation process increases in complexity. Private firms focus on commercial profitability, using discounted cash flow techniques such as NPV, IRR, or ROE. In contrast, the government is also concerned with the project's impact on the local socio-economic environment. Without entering into a discussion of alternative economic development theories and approaches, there exist several possible measures that could be pragmatically utilized by each party in evaluating the socio-economic impact of a project. The more complete measure is the National Profitability (NP). The NP is a discounted cash flow procedure similar in structure to IRR or NPV but in which the project's financial cash inflows and outflows and discount rates are adjusted to take into consideration the local conditions. The NP is calculated on an unlevered basis and all taxes and duties are removed from the project

Jan 1, 1985

By R. E. Maringer, B. A. Wilcox, A. H. Clauer, J. H. Sovik

Internal friction measurements from 25° to 1100°C have been made on specimens machined from TD nickel bar. The use of miniature torsional pendulum specimens alloived damping measurements to be made on specimens whose axes were parallel to the original bar axis, at 45 deg to the bar axis, and at 90 deg to the bar axis. There was a marked difference in damping with varying specimen orientation, and this was related to the pronounced micro structural anisotropy of this material. Varying the microstructure by cold working plus re crystallization annealing also greatly affected the damping behavior. Recrystallization essentially removed the broad peak found at 400° to 650°C in as-received TD nickel, and in addition greatly lowered the background damping. DlSPERSION hardened metals such as SAP-type alloys (Al + AI2O3) and TD nickel (Ni + 2 pet ThO2) have been developed primarily to improve high temperature strength properties. There have been numerous damping studies on SAP-type alloys,1"9 and one of these6 showed that the damping capacity was greater than that of 99.5 pet pure Al from 25° to 600°C. Several preliminary observations on TD nickel10 and an experimental Ni-ThO2 alloy11 indicated that here, too, the damping capacity was quite high. A high damping capacity in TD nickel, combined with its relatively good high temperature creep strength, could provide an additional benefit for some high temperature structural applications. This work was undertaken to study the internal friction behavior of TD nickel bar over the temperature range 25° to 1100°C. In Ni-ThO2 and Ni-Cr-ThOz alloys, other properties such as steady-state creep rate,12 creep rupture life,12'13 modulus of elasticity,14 and ultimate tensile strength,14 are sensitive to orientation with respect to the primary working direction. Thus, in order to examine anisotropy effects in damping, studies were made on specimens machined with their axes parallel, at 45 deg, and transverse to the original bar axis. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES The material used in this investigation was from the same £ in. diam TD nickel bar that has been studied previously.13'15 The structure typical of the as-received TD nickel is shown in Fig. 1, and additional details of the structure can be found in Refs. 13 and 15. Elongated grains are parallel to the bar axis and are about 10 to 15 u long and about 1 u in diam. This structure is very stable, since no recrys-tallization or grain growth occurred after annealing for 3 hr at 1300°C.13 The total ThO2 content was 2.3 vol pct and the particles ranged in diameter from 100 to 1000. The average particle diameter was 370Å and the mean planar center-to-center particle spacing was 2340Å. To examine the influence of grain and subgrain structure on damping, a section of TD nickel bar was swaged and drawn at room temperature from 1/2 in. diam bar to 0.040 in. diam wire (99.3 pct re-duction in area). The structure in Fig. 2 resulted after the wire was annealed for 3 hr at 1250°C. The recrystallized grains were much larger than the grains in as-received bar, but still showed considerable elongation in the direction of working. A high

Jan 1, 1970

By P. E. Schauer

During the initial nine-year deple-tion of the McKamie-Patton pool gas-condensate reservoir, the pressure behavior and fluid analyses indicated pressure maintenance by gas injection would be attractive relative to continued pressure depletion. As a result, a gas cycling program was inaugurated in Aug., 1949, which has since maintained reservoir pressure. In order to evaluate the benefits of this program, the recoveries for natural depletion and for cycling followed by blowdown were determined by calculating the fractional balance of the molar quantities of vapor and liquid remaining in the reservoir and produced at the surface for various stages of depletion. The results of the investigation show theoretical ultimate recovery due to the cycling program will be 42 per cent greater than would be realized under pressure depletion type operation. INTRODUCTION The benefits of gas injection pressure maintenance programs in condensate reservoirs have been recognized and qualitatively described in several papers1-8 during the past 15 years. Some of these papers also describe methods for calculating the increased recovery realized from cycling; however, as a rule, hypothetical reservoirs were used as examples".'.. This paper presents an evaluation of the pressure maintenance program for the McKamie-Patton condensate reservoir and includes a description of the fractional balance method employed to determine the benefits. Reservoir Development and Characteristics The McKamie-Patton pool, Lafayette County, Ark., was opened in June, 1940, with production obtained from the oolitic Smackover lime at a depth of approximately 9,300 ft. The structure is an anticline 8 miles long by 1 to 2 miles wide, and is one of many productive Smackover structures in Southern Arkansas. Of predominant importance is the condensate-bearing gas cap portion of the reservoir, which covers approximately 4,000 acres, attains a maximum thickness of some 200 ft, and has an average thickness of 90 ft. Development of the cap was accomplished with 21 wells drilled on 160 acre spacing. An isopach map of the cap is shown in Fig. 1. In addition, an oil rim is present along most of the periphery of the pool. Production practice includes field separation of black oil, and a high pressure gathering system which carries total well stream from gas cap wells to a plant where condensate is separated and the gas is processed for recovery of natural gasoline, butane, and propane. Since the gas contains appreciable hydrogen sulfide, it is removed by amine contact, after which free sulfur is produced by the Claus process. Core analyses from 1,767 gas cap formation samples averaged 14.2 per cent porosity and 379 md dry air permeability. Connate water was restored on seven samples of gas cap rock by air-brine capillary techniques, from which the interpreted water saturation averaged 28.17 per cent. During the early life of the field, it was believed the recovery mechanism, based on several of the other regional Smackover reservoirs, might be a natural water drive. However, subsequent production and pressure history revealed that the gas cap would not be produced by water drive, but would behave as a closed reservoir. In this respect, during the nine-year period of natural depletion from initial production to Aug., 1949, the cap production of 84.3 billion

Jan 1, 1958

By H. K. Work

The Bessemer process is one of the most interesting methods of making steel. At one time it was by far the most important. In recent years, however, it has steadily lost ground to the open-hearth process. The forces working against this method of stccl-making are partly economic and partly metallurgical.1 In this paper, dealing as it does with the control of the process, the metallurgical factors alone will be considered, although it is obvious that economic factors must play a part in determining the ultimate status of the Bessemer process. This discussion has been limited in another respect—it deals primarily with the acid Bessemer process in bottom-blown converters, although much of the information is applicable to basic and side-blown converters. The fact that open-hearth steel has superseded Ressemer steel to a large extent has tended to create an impression that Bessemer steel is inferior. As a matter of fact, Bessemer steel is actually superior to open-hearth for many applications.2 There are, however, definite metallurgical limitations to the use of Bessemer steel, resulting largely from two factors: (1) the physical properties conferred by nitrogen and phosphorus, and (2) the variability from blow to blow. These, of course, are not entirely independent, since some of the variability covered in the second item is undoubtedly due to nitrogen. But the variability is also caused by other factors. One of these is the relatively small size of the Bessemer heats. Because of this, a given shipment of Bessemer steel is more likely than a shipment of open-hearth steel to contain the product of several heats, each with its own distinctive and slightly different characteristics. Added to this is the fact that the refining of Bessemer steel proceeds so rapidly that the timing of the end point is limited to a matter of seconds, whereas the finishing period in the open hearth extends over a period of one or two hours and the timing of the end point may vary by several minutes without seriously affecting the product. There is no doubt that this has contributed to the variability of Bessemer steel and has led to the use of open-hearth steel in many optional applications. That Bessemer steel may vary is not necessarily objectionable, and it may even prove an advantage, providing a precise control is available to secure the desired qualities for any specific application. With this in mind, a comprehensive research program was undertaken, one phase of which was directed toward securing more accurate control of the blow. The results have been encouraging, and it is the purpose of this paper to describe a method in which modern scientific instruments, based on photocells, are currently being employed to assist the blower. The Control Problem In this day of scientific control of technical processes, where the operating

Jan 1, 1941

By H. F. Winham

The history, development, subsurface geology, production, economics and estimated reserves are discussed in this paper. The Magnolia structure is an anticline with a known maximum structural relief at 372 ft., and the areal extent of the producing acreage is 4494 acres. Production is obtained from the Smack-over oölitic lime and 116 successful wells have been drilled. The field, which was developed on 40-acre spacing, has been under strict control. It is believed to be producing with a strong water drive, To date it has produced more than eighteen million barrels and the estimate of ultimate recovery is 220 million barrels. Early History The Magnolia field is in colurnbia County, Arkansas, T. 17 s., R. 19 and 20 W. Various geologists had long been interested in this general area, and as early as 1921, John F. Magale was able to define a surface structure. The first wildcat, one of the first in Columbia County, was drilled in 1923 by Mid-States Oil Co., in sec. 10, T. 17 S., R. 20 W. This well was about 11/2 miles northwest of the Kerlyn oil Company's discovery well and was based on surface geological work done by Jewel and Dobie. Subsequently, several shallow wells that were not carried below the Upper Cretaceous beds were drilled in the immediate area of the discovery well, but none of them contained any commercial showings of oil Or gas. In the latter part of 1935, Elam and Magale (or Southwood) Garrett NO. I was located in sec. 13, T. 17 S., R. 20 W., 3/4 mile east of the discovery well. It was drilled to a total depth of 4018 ft. in the lowermost Glen Rose beds but failed to obtain any showings of oil or gas. Interest had been stimulated in this general area, however, by the discovery of several oil fields, mainly Glen Rose oil production in the Rodessa field in Louisiana in 1935, Smackover lime productioil in Snow Hill in May 1936, production from the Cotton Valley formation in Schuler in 1937, and Smackover lime production from the Buckner field in November 1937. With this background and subsequent seismic work, which was carried on partly because the old shallow wells drilled in the township had shown evidence of closure in the Upper Cretaceous beds, the discovery well, Kerlyn Oil Company's Barnett No. I, Sec. 14, T. 17 S., R. 20 W., was originally projected to a total depth of 6300 ft., to test the equivalents of the Morgan sands of the Cotton Valley series, then producing at Schuler. The well was carried to a depth of 6325 It. and tested the objective beds without finding commercial production. In the meantime, however, one well had found production in the Jones sand and another in the Smaclrover lime at Schuler. Kerlyn immediately made arrangements to deepen the Barnett well to the Smackover lime. The top of the Smackover lime was encountered at 7618 ft. and the well

Jan 1, 1943

By Michael Perch, Charles C. Russell

The fact that coal is a complex organic material and heterogeneous in composition has made its study extremely difficult, particularly in regard to obtaining a fundamental concept of the processes involved in the formation of coke. It has been stated1 recently that coals are natural polymers and that in a complex reaction such as occurs during carbonization the differences between coals are quantitative and not qualitative. Such being the case, it would be expected, therefore, that a series of coals subjected to exactly the same conditions of coking would produce results that should be related quantitatively to the chemical analyses of the individual coals. In the past, however, this fact was not generally recognized and consequently many empirical test methods were devised for testing coals. The interpretation of the results obtained depended upon comparing a set of data with other data on coals of known characteristics. The testing procedure had to be conducted in precisely the same manner each time and not the least requirement in making the interpretation was experience. The test methods varied from those utilizing a gram of coal to the plant-scale tests in which one or more ovens were charged with the test coal. The aim had been principally to find some simple, inexpensive means by which the coke-making and other properties of coal could be predicted. It is not necessary to emphasize the importance of these endeavors, for anyone acquainted with the problems involved in the selection of coals for making coke is well aware of the time and expense involved in making a series of definitive tests. Several attempts have been made to derive formulas for such predictions. The relations of both ultimate and proximate analyses to coke physical properties and byproduct yields have been studied. Lowry and co-workers1 correlated statistically the U. S. Bureau of Mines-American Gas Association assay test results with coal analyses, using 90 coals and coal blends. Parry,² Spooner,3 and Gabinskii and Krym4 made similar correlations. Lowry concluded that there were definite relationships between the proximate analyses of the coals and the yields and properties of the products. Although this statistical study was made on test results from carbonizing coal in a cylindrical steel retort, the conclusions are important and provided one of the first steps in the simplification of this complex subject. Studies should be made of other references on this subject just cited. Studies of the coking process reported in the literature frequently were confined to a small number of coals, and very few have included coals from various ranks. It would seem logical, however, that a program for studying factors involved in the formation of coke should be based on a number of coals selected from each of the various classes or types of coking coal. The possible use of the scheme of classifi-

Jan 1, 1950

By H. K. Work

THE Bessemer process is one of the most interesting methods of making steel. At one time it was by far the most important. In recent years, however, it has steadily lost ground to the open-hearth process. The forces working against this method of steelmaking are partly economic and partly metallurgical.' In this paper, dealing as it does with the control of the process, the metallurgical factors alone will be considered, although it is obvious that economic factors must play a part in determining the ultimate status of the Bessemer process. This discussion has been limited in another respect-it deals primarily with the acid Bessemer process in bottom-blown converters, although much of the information is applicable to basic and side-blown converters. The fact that open-hearth steel has superseded Bessemer steel to a large extent has tended to create an impression that Bessemer steel is inferior. As a matter of fact, Bessemer steel is actually superior to open-hearth for many applications.2 There are, however, definite metallurgical limitations to the use of Bessemer steel, resulting largely from two factors: (I) the physical properties conferred by nitrogen and phosphorus, and (2) the variability from blow to blow. These, of course, are not entirely independent, since some of the variability covered in the second item is undoubtedly due to nitrogen. But the variability is also caused by other factors. One of these is the relatively small size of the Bessemer heats. Because of this, a given shipment of Bessemer steel is more likely than a shipment of open-hearth steel to contain the product of several heats, each with its own distinctive and slightly different characteristics. Added to this is the fact that the refining of Bessemer steel proceeds so rapidly that the timing of the end point is limited to a matter of seconds, whereas the finishing period in the open hearth extends over a period of one or two hours and the timing of the end point may vary by several minutes without seriously affecting the product. There is no doubt that this has contributed to the variability of Bessemer steel and has led to the use of open-hearth steel in many optional applications. That Bessemer steel may vary is not necessarily objectionable, and it may even prove an advantage, providing a precise control is available to secure the desired qualities for any specific application. With this in mind, a comprehensive research program was undertaken, one phase of which was directed toward securing more accurate control of the blow. The results have been encouraging, and it is the purpose of this paper to describe a method in which modern scientific instruments, based on photocells, are currently being employed to assist the blower. THE CONTROL PROBLEM In this day of scientific control of technical processes, where the operating

Jan 1, 1941

By H. K. Work

The Bessemer process is one of the most interesting methods of making steel. At one time it was by far the most important. In recent years, however, it has steadily lost ground to the open-hearth process. The forces working against this method of stccl-making are partly economic and partly metallurgical.1 In this paper, dealing as it does with the control of the process, the metallurgical factors alone will be considered, although it is obvious that economic factors must play a part in determining the ultimate status of the Bessemer process. This discussion has been limited in another respect—it deals primarily with the acid Bessemer process in bottom-blown converters, although much of the information is applicable to basic and side-blown converters. The fact that open-hearth steel has superseded Ressemer steel to a large extent has tended to create an impression that Bessemer steel is inferior. As a matter of fact, Bessemer steel is actually superior to open-hearth for many applications.2 There are, however, definite metallurgical limitations to the use of Bessemer steel, resulting largely from two factors: (1) the physical properties conferred by nitrogen and phosphorus, and (2) the variability from blow to blow. These, of course, are not entirely independent, since some of the variability covered in the second item is undoubtedly due to nitrogen. But the variability is also caused by other factors. One of these is the relatively small size of the Bessemer heats. Because of this, a given shipment of Bessemer steel is more likely than a shipment of open-hearth steel to contain the product of several heats, each with its own distinctive and slightly different characteristics. Added to this is the fact that the refining of Bessemer steel proceeds so rapidly that the timing of the end point is limited to a matter of seconds, whereas the finishing period in the open hearth extends over a period of one or two hours and the timing of the end point may vary by several minutes without seriously affecting the product. There is no doubt that this has contributed to the variability of Bessemer steel and has led to the use of open-hearth steel in many optional applications. That Bessemer steel may vary is not necessarily objectionable, and it may even prove an advantage, providing a precise control is available to secure the desired qualities for any specific application. With this in mind, a comprehensive research program was undertaken, one phase of which was directed toward securing more accurate control of the blow. The results have been encouraging, and it is the purpose of this paper to describe a method in which modern scientific instruments, based on photocells, are currently being employed to assist the blower. The Control Problem In this day of scientific control of technical processes, where the operating

Jan 1, 1941

By Howard A. Meyerhoff

IN western Argentina, in the Province of Mendoza and the Territory of Neuquén, there is a series of solid bitumen deposits which are claimed to be the most extensive in the world. In a linear belt 500 km (311 miles) long, roughly paralleling the axis of the Andes but occupying a variety of positions with respect to the orogenic structures, more than 100 outcrops have been reported. Approximately 70 of these have been prospected, and some mining has been planned or attempted for about half this number. Limited tonnage, high sulphur content, inaccessibility, labor shortages, and disastrous fires have taken a heavy toll among these operations, and in 1947, only 4 deposits were being actively mined, but 8 more were being explored and developed with a view to placing them in production. Inasmuch as these deposits are currently yielding a substantial fraction of Argentina's limited domestic supply of solid fuels, a brief account of the deposits and of the small industry based upon them will provide a commentary on Argentina's fuel problem. CHARACTER OF SOLID BITUMENS The solid bitumens of Mendoza and Neuquén are petroleum derivatives, as is indicated by the following ultimate analysis: [CONSTITUENTS PER CENT Hydrogen6.8 Carbon82.4 Nit.rogenI.6 Oxygen2.7 Sulphur2.2 Ash4.3 100.0] In physical appearance they bear a close resemblance to coal and are commonly called carbón. Their specific gravity has an extreme range of 1.10 to 1.777 in 36 samples weighed, but the average is between 1.14 and 1.24. The material is black, lustrous to dull, with blocky to sub-conchoidal fracture. Though brittle, the purest material is softer than anthracite and exhibits slightly more cohesion. This bituminous material is generally known as asfaltita or asphaltite, but definitive chemical studies indicate that the term asphaltite or grahamite can be applied correctly only to the exceptionally pure material of the Auca Mahuida district in Neuquén. Some other name should be used for the chemically variable bitumens found in all other districts, and the designation "asphaltitic pyrobitumen" has been proposed by Carlos A. S. Piscione.1 At the present time these bitumens, are finding favor as solid fuel and as a gas-producing medium. They yield heat values of 8650 to 9750 cal,2 or 14,500 to 16,750 Btu per pound, and in consequence of their excellent heating qualities and the scarcity of imported coal, they are marketed as far away as Buenos Aires at a price of go to 95 pesos, or approximately $22 to 23, per metric ton. In burning, the material swells and decomposes into solid, fluid, and gaseous fractions which burn violently though nonexplosively. Its combustibility has been responsible for disasters and virtually complete destruction at Mina La Esperanza and Mina Santa Marta, and for minor mishaps elsewhere, as at Mina Escondida in August 1947.

Jan 1, 1947

By H. F. Winham

The history, development, subsurface geology, production, economics and estimated reserves are discussed in this paper. The Magnolia structure is an anticline with a known maximum structural relief at 372 ft., and the areal extent of the producing acreage is 4494 acres. Production is obtained from the Smack-over oölitic lime and 116 successful wells have been drilled. The field, which was developed on 40-acre spacing, has been under strict control. It is believed to be producing with a strong water drive, To date it has produced more than eighteen million barrels and the estimate of ultimate recovery is 220 million barrels. Early History The Magnolia field is in colurnbia County, Arkansas, T. 17 s., R. 19 and 20 W. Various geologists had long been interested in this general area, and as early as 1921, John F. Magale was able to define a surface structure. The first wildcat, one of the first in Columbia County, was drilled in 1923 by Mid-States Oil Co., in sec. 10, T. 17 S., R. 20 W. This well was about 11/2 miles northwest of the Kerlyn oil Company's discovery well and was based on surface geological work done by Jewel and Dobie. Subsequently, several shallow wells that were not carried below the Upper Cretaceous beds were drilled in the immediate area of the discovery well, but none of them contained any commercial showings of oil Or gas. In the latter part of 1935, Elam and Magale (or Southwood) Garrett NO. I was located in sec. 13, T. 17 S., R. 20 W., 3/4 mile east of the discovery well. It was drilled to a total depth of 4018 ft. in the lowermost Glen Rose beds but failed to obtain any showings of oil or gas. Interest had been stimulated in this general area, however, by the discovery of several oil fields, mainly Glen Rose oil production in the Rodessa field in Louisiana in 1935, Smackover lime productioil in Snow Hill in May 1936, production from the Cotton Valley formation in Schuler in 1937, and Smackover lime production from the Buckner field in November 1937. With this background and subsequent seismic work, which was carried on partly because the old shallow wells drilled in the township had shown evidence of closure in the Upper Cretaceous beds, the discovery well, Kerlyn Oil Company's Barnett No. I, Sec. 14, T. 17 S., R. 20 W., was originally projected to a total depth of 6300 ft., to test the equivalents of the Morgan sands of the Cotton Valley series, then producing at Schuler. The well was carried to a depth of 6325 It. and tested the objective beds without finding commercial production. In the meantime, however, one well had found production in the Jones sand and another in the Smaclrover lime at Schuler. Kerlyn immediately made arrangements to deepen the Barnett well to the Smackover lime. The top of the Smackover lime was encountered at 7618 ft. and the well

Jan 1, 1943