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By J. H. McKibbon

This paper outlines the basic steps in the sizing of electrostatic precipitators according to the Deutsch equation. Design parameters that do not appear in the equation are also described.

Jan 1, 1971

By AIME AIME

A SIDE from the technical sessions held as noted elsewhere, the chairman of the various sub-committees of the Mining Methods Committee, together with a few other specialists, were invited to a conference with President Bradley, which was held on Wednesday afternoon, Feb. 20. The general plan of a comprehensive series of comparable papers descriptive of mining practice in various parts of the country, launched by this committee some seven years ago having been adopted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, the feeling was general that the Committee could safely 1eave.that part of its work in these capable hands and turn its attention to other matters. The plans of the Bureau were presented as below by Charles William Wright of the Bureau.

Jan 1, 1929

By John S. Crandall

Occurrence: small crystals in alluvial sands from the eroding Belt Series mica schists. Flowsheet: dragline, trommel screen, jigs, drier, crusher, screens. Value: ground, $2.50 per cu yd, garnet sand gross $60. per ton. Costs: production and sales $48. per ton. Uses: blasting sand in aircraft plants, monumental works, foundries. Efficiency comparison: superior to silica sand. Future: possibilities only touched upon, research continuing.

Jan 1, 1950

By J. A. Hutcheson

NO one questions that it is technically possible to achieve the controlled release of atomic energy in a form that can be converted into heat or electricity. However, before this is actually an accomplished fact a great amount of work must .be done. This work falls into two general classifications: research and engineering development. At present a research program is under way in this country, co-ordinated and directed by the Atomic Energy Commission, which, as time goes on, will uncover fundamental knowledge of this new science that is essential before industrial applications of atomic energy are practical. Undoubtedly therefore, as the store of available knowledge increases, a time will come when answers to the many questions relating to practicality of atomic energy in industry can be determined with reasonable certainty. That the application of atomic energy in industry will eventually be proved practical is assumed. What then are the engineering problems that must be solved before the first practical electric power generating station can be built?

Jan 1, 1948

By Alexander S. Escalante, Luis R. Ramirez, Nelson A. Arostegui

Research, analyze, discuss, design, and build an electric oven to perform one of the quality control tests the fanel or common fulminers to determine what temperatures they can detonate at. Give practical applications, conclusions, recommendations and bibliography.

Feb 1, 2020

By RUSSELL C. FLEMING

GILSONITE is a brilliant black, tarry-like bitumen, classed technically with glance pitch and graharnite as an asphaltite. As found it is brittle, breaking much like ice, and has a conchoidal fracture. Purest forms are used in the manufacture of paints, varnishes, electrical irisulatiorl, and inks for rotogravure; molded articles such as switch handles, telephone mouthpieces, and but- tons are made from the intermediate grades, and the poorer grades are used for the saturation of felt. According to the U. S. Bureau of Mines figures, production grew from about 4000 tons mined in 1904 to 55,000 tons in 1929. This asphaltic substance is found only in the Uintah basin in northeastern Utah, in veins over a wide area. Veins in the vicinity of Fort nuchesne were first discovered about 18G2, on what was then the Uintah Indian reservation, and the vein matter was originally called Uintaite because of that fact, In the early days, S. H. Gilson. of Salt Lake City, was so persistent and zealous in his efforts to develop the deposits and find a market that the name gilsonite was given to the material. Later, the wider and more renowned wins near Wayson and Dragon, in extreme eastern Utah, became the main supply.

Jan 1, 1932

By W. B. Heroy

ONLY through the mineral fuels can large amounts of energy be transported to great dlstances and stored for long periods for future use. Coal has the advantages over oil of greater safety of handling and smaller losses in storage. But oil is, in the present stage of technical advancement, the more economical source of liquid fuel for internal-combustion motors. No method for direct use of coal in such motors has been developed that can compete with petroleum products. The automoblle engine and the airplane motor are designed to make the most effective use of gasoline.

Jan 1, 1944

By U. C. Tainton

IN reviewing progress in zinc metallurgy during the last year or so one is reminded of the premise on which H. G. Wells based his "Food. of the Gods," namely that growth does not and cannot take place smoothly and steadily, but occurs in a series of bursts and intermissions: "It is as if every living thing has to accumulate force to grow, grows with vigor only for a time, and then has to wait for a space before it can go on growing again."

Jan 1, 1937

By ARTHUR THACHER

PRIMITIVE man supplied his wants as they arose; as he became more civilized he anticipated them by producing more regularly and storing the products for future use. This tended to cheapen' production and prevent ' violent fluctuations and therefore tended to increase consumption. In order to anticipate our wants, we must know what these wants will be, and this can be .determined only by statistics. 'While we have made great progress in gathering statistics, they are still far from what they should be; especially metal statistics. We determine fairly, well the amount produced, but this does not answer all inquiries because of the erratic conditions of mining, it is necessary to carry larger stocks of metals than of most other articles; moreover, as metals are more or less durable, it is difficult to determine the actual consumption. We often count under consumption what is being produced and sold, while the actual consumption is what is being worn out.

Jan 1, 1921

By H. Foster Bain

THERE has never been a great civilized nation which did not have a mining industry; civilization cannot flourish without metal mining. Without tools we can have none of the 'industries that are the foundation of civilization and without metal mining we cannot produce the material of which tools are made. Therefore, if we have no metal mining we have no metals, no tools, no civilization. An example to illustrate this may be drawn from a recent article in the Saturday Evening Post which described the run-down condition of modern Athens. Athens is nothing but a busted mining camp! In its palmy days the Greeks so applied the leasing system to the silver mines of Laurium that the royalties, paid the expenses of government and instead of a tax bill the inhabitants received a pay check. The Persians came over to capture these mines but the Greek navy was built to defend them. When the silver mines played out, Greek civilization declined.. Our mining must continue if our civilization is to continue.

Jan 1, 1921

By Zaraí Toledo, Freddy Cáceres, John Hayes, Katherine McKiernan

Facing the rapid proliferation of informal artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in the 2000s, states with commodity-dependent economies pursued different strategies to enforce regulations to the activity. This article assesses the effectiveness of these strategies in increasing compliance. We leverage a view of policy effectiveness that considers the type of state-society relations a policy foster. We look at how different state-society relations impact the relevance a policy has to the subject it attempts to regulate. We argue that cooperation helps the state overcome its limitations on the knowledge of ASM and its limited institutional powers to enforce regulations alone. By learning about the activity in question and developing ties with the informal miners, the state can produce feasible regulation that is more likely to be followed.

May 10, 2023

By Arthur Notman

IN VIEW of the wide publicity given to the charges by the Couzens Committee of the United States Senate of discrimination by the Bureau of Internal Revenue in favor of the copper companies, it becomes a matter of interest to consider the basis for these charges. The point to be determined is whether they rest on a foundation of fact or are purely and simply matters of opinion. The whole question boils down to the purpose of the Tax Law as applied to mines, which is to afford the same protection to them as provided for all other taxpayers, namely: that they were to be allowed to pay back as depletion to their owners the values of their properties as they existed or were estimated to exist on May 1, 1913, free from tax. To determine these valuations it was? necessary to select from a wide range of possibilities a set of values for a number of essential factors.

Jan 1, 1925

By A. E. WALKER

SOME eighty years have elapsed since the discovery of the Clifton magnetite deposit. For a few years about the time of the Civil War it was mined for iron ore. most of which was smelted on the property. Since risen the small exposures of ore in the old cut. test pits, and on the dumps have been examined by various prospectors. The M. A. Hanna Co. first became interested in the possibilities of the deposit when we discovered the large area of strong magnetic anomalies caused by the margnetite bed, indicating a size that would support a commercial operation. In 1940 we made a detailed magnetometer survey of the area. and the deposit was diamond-drilled. The main ore lied was found to be 1500 ft. long, to average 60 ft. thick, and to dip southeast at an angle of about 40 deg. The thickness of the bed is irregular in wavy folds both along the strike. and down the dip. Faults occur at both raids of the main deposit.

Jan 1, 1943

By R. G. Lazzell

THE British are worried about the postwar possibilities of their coal mining industry. Indeed, there are causes for this worry, with the aver- age 1943 cost of production at about $5.40 per long ton, compared to $3.20 in 1938. Average production per man day has dropped from 1.12 in 1938 to 1.03 long tons in 1943. As a comparison, production per man day in the United States is approximately 5 long tons. The average day wage in the British mines is now a little aver $4; in 1938 the average day wage was about $2.25. Great Britain produced 227 million long tons in 1938 from their deep mines, and in 1943 production was 194.5 million, with an additional 4.5 million from strip mines. To meet present wartime needs, output is being supplemented by the production of strip- mined coal, an industry that did not exist prior to the war. Strip mining is now producing at the rate of 15 million long tons per year.

Jan 1, 1944

By RAY J. CORFIELD

IN a previous paper, "Electric Shovel Operation at Utah Copper Mine," which was read before the Western Division of the American Mining Congress, the problem of electrifying a fleet of steam shovels was described. This paper deals with the electrification of the haulage system which, when completed, will make the mining operation completely electric, with the exception of drilling operations which will continue to be performed by air. The general layout of the haulage system involves the use of heavy curves in addition to heavy grades of between 4 and 5 per cent. In a mining operation of this kind no trackage can be called permanent; this complicates the overhead construction somewhat and makes it necessary to design special forms of trolley construction, some of which will be described in detail below.

Jan 1, 1929

By AIME AIME

DURING the morning session," on Feb. 17, papers were presented and discussed regarding a recent wire saw installation, cement rock quarry operations, hydration factors in gypsum deposits and the status of the phosphate industry of the West. Oliver Bolvles presided and there were about twenty-five members present. W. M. Weigel's paper (T. P. 262), "The Application of the Wire Saw in Marble Quarrying," was read by the author. He described the recent installation of the St. Clair Marble Co., near Guion, Ark. Since the use of the wire saw for quarrying is comparatively new and the fact that it has been almost entirely limited to slate quarries heretofore, ?he description and data given in this paper were of much interest.

Jan 1, 1930

By C. MeCulloch

A NOVEL practice in the bituminous coal industry is the accelerated method of burning coal to ash used in the laboratory of the Fidelity washery of the United Electric Coal Companies, Du Quoin, Ill. Development of this method has supplanted the tedious float-and-sink process for plant control at this plant. In normal operation the plant operators have available within thirty minutes the accurate ash percentage of the coal loaded in the railroad cars and can therefore make adjustments to maintain a practically uniform quality of washed coal, regardless of the variations in washery feed.

Jan 1, 1937

By AIME AIME

THE coal classification session* on Monday morning, Feb. 17, was opened by a paper by M. R. Campbell, entitled "Natural Groups of Coal and Allied Fuels," in which he pointed out, by means of graphical presentation of selected proximate analyses of coal, that coals can be classified on the basis of their moisture content. He proposes four groups of coal, brown coal, hydrobituminous, bituminous, and anthracite, each subdivided into two or three sub-groups. In a written discussion of this G. H. Cady, of the Illinois Geological Survey, showed that there is, in general, a progressive decrease in the moisture of Illinois coals from north to south, and that it would be very difficult to draw any arbitrary line dividing the coals of the State into two groups on the basis of moisture content.

Jan 1, 1930

By C. E. LAWAL

WITH the object of adapting high-school vocational courses to the industrial needs of the community, a few high-school officials in West -Virginia working with the School of Mines of the State university decided to try an innovation this year. The purpose of this experiment was to teach coal mining in two high schools situated in mining communities. We thought that if a course in coal mining would be included in the list of optional courses offered in the high school, it might interest some of the boys, and if the course were properly taught it would undoubtedly be of inestimable value to those boys who later decided to take up mining work as their vocation. This coal-mining course was started last September in the Berwind and Gary high schools in West Virginia. The high-school officials in their conferences with' us decided that we should work up the outline of this course and they would assign the science teachers of the schools as instructors, with ,the understanding that we would help 'these instructors with this work. We consented to all this and submitted -an outline to the school officials which they are following this year.

Jan 1, 1929

By H. A. Guess

AT the outset, said Mr. Guess, I may say that although I believe the present engineering courses in the various colleges and universities could be arranged to give the student within the same time limit a broader general education of un- doubted value, still I do not agree with the view held by many that engineers in comparison with those of other occupations-let us say doctors, lawyers, bankers, and so-called business men-seldom arrive at high executive positions. After all, we must remember that engineers are not very numerous as compared with the occupations just mentioned and therefore a lesser number reaching high executive positions stated numerically might be a larger number stated as a percentage. We all know there must be throughout the United States say three doctors to one engineer, but I don't think that even numerically there are as many doctors in high executive positions as engineers, and it is a fortunate thing for the country that doctors as a class are so busily engaged in alleviating sickness and suffering and in the advancement of medical science that they do not aim particularly for high executive positions.

Jan 1, 1926