Search Documents

By Paul C. Merritt

The story now unfolding on the Mesabi Range is more than just another chapter in the continuing history of iron mining. It is an epic of foresight, research and pioneering instinct just now culminating in the rapid growth of a new industry hardly more than ten years old. And that growth has been impressive. In the decade that has passed since Reserve Mining Co. blazed a trail as the first successful large- scale commercial taconite operation, the number of plants now existing or soon to be operating has grown to six. From Reserve's initial capacity of 3 million tons of pellets per year, total production capacity on the Range has surged to 31.5 million tons while capital investment has leaped from $300 million in 1955 to almost $1 billion today. During the past year alone, more than $500 million has been committed to these projects, an amount probably greater than that going into any other single mining area in the world. There is more yet to come.

Jan 10, 1965

By B. W. Cavender

Capital investments are made for a variety of purposes, from providing incremental capacity at existing operations to developing and implementing new technologies intended to radically improve a company's capabilities. These projects generate very different business opportunities and create value in distinctive ways. For incremental improvements, the capital budgeting process assures at least a loose fit between short-term goals and readily available resources. However, the criteria used to evaluate capital projects often prevent a company from committing to more aggressive goals that lie beyond the firm's current abilities or resources. Such projects may not have clearly identifiable future cash flows, and the degree of interaction with other projects and the nature of the risk incurred may be difficult to estimate. Additionally, by focusing only on quantifiable benefits, the budgeting process often fails to recognize "soft" improvements such as increased operating flexibility or new knowledge generated by such projects. By rejecting these projects, the capital budgeting process may actually harm the company's future competitive position.

Jan 1, 1998

By Bosco Poon, Kim Chan, Luis Raúl Castañeda, Geoff McKay

"Driven steel tubular piles of up to 2 m diameter have been used to support abutments and piers of a bridge over Nambucca River and floodplain. The bridge was designed by Arup-Aurecon Design Joint Venture (Lead Designers) with GHD leading the geotechnical design assessment in conjunction with Acciona Ferrovial Joint Venture (AFJV – Principal Contractor). Piles were to be driven through alluvium and founded on foliated Phyllite bedrock. The large diameter piles posed significant challenges on bearing capacity assessment and pile acceptance criteria, especially for anisotropic rock strength. Prior to pile driving, boreholes were drilled at each pile location, accompanied with a suite of rock index and UCS testing. AFJV and GHD oversaw geotechnical construction verification. All production piles were monitored with a Pile-Driving-Analyser to manage driving stresses and pile termination. Wave matching CAPWAP analyses were performed on 40% of the piles at the end-ofdrive, or restrike, to satisfy specification requirements and limit over-driving. This paper presents discussions on the design and construction of the driven piles with findings from the extensive dynamic pile data obtained. Based on the shaft resistance distribution and toe resistance obtained from CAPWAP analysis, the mobilised pile shaft frictions fs of the soil / rock materials, as well as the end bearing fb of the founding Phyllite bedrock, are examined. The impact of the rock fabric foliation angle on the m obilised fb, and the relationship between rock strength and the mobilised fs are outlined.INTRODUCTIONThe Bridge over Nambucca River consists of a single bridge structure, comprising single substructures and separate superstructures. The 850 m long bridge facilitates the crossing of the Northbound and Southbound carriageways of the Pacific Highway Upgrade over Nambucca River, with central median barriers, separated by a horizontal clearance of 50 mm. The bridge is required to span over the Nambucca River, which is a navigational channel, and over the adjacent floodplains, including two local access roads and the existing Pacific Highway. The bridge superstructure consists of 21 simply supported spans, each comprises four 2.25 m deep precast post-tensioned U-Girders, with two girders across the width of each carriageway. The spans of girders vary from eleven spans of 39.5m and ten spans of 41.5 m. The floodplain section of the bridge was founded on up to 2m diameter steel tubular piles, designed to be driven through alluvial sediments and weak rock to nominal refusal on sound rock. Dynamic load testing using wave matching CAPWAP (CAse Pile Wave Analysis Program) analyses in conjunction with PDA (Pile Driving Analyser) were used to verify the pile integrity and mobilised capacity. This paper discusses geotechnical aspects associated with design and construction of driven piles. The methodology developed for construction to verify pile capacity and to meet acceptance criteria is outlined. Based on the shaft resistance distribution and toe resistance obtained from CAPWAP analysis, the mobilised pile shaft friction, fs of the soil / rock materials, as well as the end bearing, fb of the founding Phyllite bedrock, are examined. The impact of the rock fabric foliation angle on the mobilised fb, and the relationship between rock strength and the mobilised fs are outlined."

Jan 1, 1900

By Adeyemi Adesina, Subhabrata Mishra, Syed Mohammed Mustakim, Malaya Kumar Jena, Shaswat Kumar Das

Utilization of low-grade manganese ore adopting the carbothermic reduction roasting process is a proven method to produce high-grade manganese ore. To minimize industrial waste and protect the environment, gas cleaning plant sludge (GCPS), which is a solid waste from steel industries, was employed as a reductant to perform the reduction roasting process. The optimum conditions to carry out reduction roasting of the low-grade manganese ore were found to be: a roasting temperature of 950 °C, a residence time of 2 h, 40% GCPS as reductant, and magnetic separation at 5000 G for a manganese ore size of –10 mm. A lowgrade manganese ore comprising Mn grade 31.27% and Fe grade 19.78% having a Mn/Fe ratio of 1.58 containing a high silica content of 26.48% was used for the carbothermic reduction roasting having mineral phases of pyrolusite (MnO2) and hematite (Fe2O3) as found from XRD. The gangue minerals were separated during the magnetic separation, and the upgraded product was obtained, which reached a maximum value of TMn 49.5% with RMn 76.55% and TFe 62.19% with RFe 42.51%. In the study, activated charcoal (AC) was also taken as a reductant for comparative analysis; the experimental results revealed that GPCS performed better than that of the AC, showing potential to be used as a reductant in metallurgical industries. However, the resultedMn/Fe ratio was very low for the reduced sample; therefore, it can be used for smelting along with high-grade manganese ores as a feed.

Mar 5, 2021

By S Azam

Coal is a vital energy source and source of carbon for metallurgical applications, contributing significantly to the world economy. Coal mining and processing involve multiple processes that generate Respirable Coal Mine Dust (RCMD), one of the primary sources of health hazards for coal workers. Since 2000, the rate of Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis (CWP) has continually increased in the U.S, with severity of the cases also worsening. Increasing evidence shows that exposure to RCMD in coal workers is a high-risk factor for lung cancer, which causes more deaths than the following three major cancers combined in the US Recent observations show an increased incidenceof CWP or other lung diseases, particularly among young miners in the Appalachian basin. The CWP prevalence in Appalachia is four times higher than the national average. Although various regulations are in place, the resurgence of such disease among coalminers demands additional efforts to better understand all the possible facets of coal dust toxicity, taking insights from current interdisciplinaryresearch efforts. One such important field is the interaction of coal dust with moisture in underground mines. Although moisture is prevalent and dynamic in an underground mining environment, it has never been evaluated for its impact on modifying the toxicity of coal dust and transport or flow behaviour. However, research conducted in atmospheric sciences in the past decade makes it clear that moisture in the atmosphere can significantly alter the behaviour of mineral dust. This paper is a part of research aimed at understanding how moisture interacts and alters the characteristics of coal dust. Such insight is crucial in understanding the potential toxicity of coal dust and developing mitigation technologies.

Oct 12, 2022

By R. A. Meyr, K. A. Perry

Following three major mining accidents in 2006, the MINER Act of 2006 was enacted by the U.S.Congress. The U.S. Mining Safety and Health Administration subsequently released the Final Rule on Refuge Alternatives for Underground Coal Mines, which required every underground coal mine to install refuge alternatives to help prevent future fatalities of trapped miners in the event of a disaster. The following paper documents the research that was performed on a structural wall to be used in conjunction with a breathable air system to create a refuge alternative. A 103.4-kPa (15-psi) safe haven polycarbonate wall for use in underground coal mines was designed and modeled using finite element modeling in ANSYS Explicit Dynamics. The successful safe haven wall design was modeled for an actual underground coal mine environment using the explicit finite difference formulation program FLAC3D to determine the responses of the wall and surrounding strata within a mine. A full-scale design was fabricated and installed in an underground coal mine to determine any construction constraints and as a final step in proof of concept for the safe haven wall design. This paper is meant to introduce the reader to a new wall concept to be used in conjunction with current technology.

Jan 1, 2013

By J. R. Bell, W. J. Childs, J. H. Bucher, G. A. Wilber

A technique for determining recrystallization times as short as 0.10 sec was developed utilizing the "Gleeble", a commercially available testing system designed for the study of short-time, high-temperaLure themal and mechanical processes. The procedure consisted of heating a small tensile specimen to a given temperature of hot deformation, loading to a given reduction in area, unloading, delaying various intervals at temperature, and then reloading- to failure. The magnitude of the ultimate load obtained upon reloading decreased with delay lime as recrys-lallization proceeded. The technique was applied to austenite recrystallization in AISI 1010 and AISI 1010 uith 0.02 pct Cb steels. For each steel the reduction in area given the specimen on the first pull was mainlairred at 30 ± 5 pct and recrystallization times deterntined at various temperatures. The results indicaled a significantly slower rate of recrystallization for the columbium-modified composition, suggested the presence of- a recovery stage in the softening process , and indicated a greatly increased softening rate at a temperatuve where significant allotropic transformation to a partially ferritic Structure could occur. In recent years increasing attention has been paid to the fact that the process of recrystallization of austenite deformed at elevated temperatures is far from instantaneous at many practical hot-working temperatures.1-3 This realization has given rise to such terms as hot cold-working1 or warm-working,2 These terms generally describe processes where the recrystallization rate at the temperature of deformation is slow enough to have an appreciable effect on mechanical properties despite a relatively high deformation ternperature. The mechanical properties of interest can be either the properties at the deformation temperature as in hot-workability studies4 or the room-temperature properties after cooling as in the many recent studies of various thermomechanical processes172 where heat treatment and deformation are intentionally combined to give a unique set of room-temperature properties. Because of this interest in processes where the austenite recrystallization kinetics can be an important variable, the development of quantitative methods of following the course of short-time, high-temperature recrystallization has received increasing attention.l,3,5 The experimental methods to date have, in general, relied upon rapidly deforming the austenite, holding at temperature for various brief intervals, quenching as G.A.WILBER and W. J. CHILDS, Members AIME,are Research-Fellow and Professor, respectively, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y. J. R. BELL and J. H. BUCHER, Member AIME, are Research Engineer and Research Supervisor, respectively, Graham Research Laboratory, Jones & Laughlin Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Manuscript submitted March 13, 1968. IMD. rapidly as possible, and then using room-temperature measurements to follow the recrystallization process. Although such methods can be successfully applied to certain alloy steels, the existence of the allotropic transformation during cooling of plain-carbon or low-alloy steels tends to obscure the results. Thus, such room-temperature measurements as hardness and X-ray line widths do not correlate well with the extent of austenite recrystallization before quenching,5 and results based on room-temperature microstruc-tural observations are dependent upon the success in correlating the observed structure with the prior aus-tenitic grain structure.1,3,5 The purpose of the present work was to develop a quantitative method for the determination of short-time, high-temperature recrystallization rates, based on measurements made at the temperature of deformation. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE The basic technique consisted of heating a small tensile specimen to a given temperature of hot deformation, loading to a given reduction in area, unloading, delaying various intervals at temperature, and then reloading to failure. The data were obtained in the form of traces of load and elongation as a function of time. Due to the high deformation temperature, the strain hardening introduced during initial loading was progressively annealed out with holding time after unloading and the loads obtained upon reloading decreased as this softening proceeded. Although the value of the second load at any Consistent point On the load-elongation curve could have been used as a measure of the degree of softening, the most convenient to use was the ultimate load. The softening indicated by the decrease in the second ultimate load with time is essentially a process of annealing of cold-worked material at a high deformation temperature. Although some recovery grain growth may contribute to such a softening process, it is generally considered that the major softening which must take place to achieve complete removal of substantial Strain hardening will occur by the formation of new, stress-free grains. As the results of this work indicate that essentially complete removal of strain hardening did in fact occur. the primary softening process will be attributed to recrystallization, and specific reference made where it appears that other mechanisms may be contributing to the total observed softening. It would, of course, be of interest to attempt to correlate the results of this work with the actual austenite fraction recrystallized as determined by other techniques. This was not attempted in the present work because it would have required running a large number of additional specimens and, as discussed previously, there is limited assurance that the results would accurately reflect the prior austenite fraction recrys-

Jan 1, 1969

By S D. Fox, P B. Swart

Statistics showing that mine rehabilitation is falling behind rates of disturbance continue to be reported in the media. Unfortunately, most reported statistics do not account for the large growth-cycle that mining in Australia experiences, where there are typically significant new disturbances with large portions of these areas not being available for rehabilitation for a number of years. Many commentators assert that better planning is required to ensure that rehabilitation will be able to achieve a safe, stable, non-polluting landform that meets the agreed post-mining landuse.This paper focusses on the revegetation aspects of mine rehabilitation and in particular the matters that need to be addressed in the planning stage so that revegetation success is ultimately able to be demonstrated to regulators and other stakeholders.CITATION:Fox, S D and Swart, P B, 2018. Planning revegetation for relinquishment, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2018, pp 113–115 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 25, 2018

By C. Kuehmann, B. Tufts

QuesTek Innovations has applied its Materials by Design® methodology to computationally design a new ultra high-strength corrosion resistant steel. Ferriurn® S53 eliminates the need for toxic cadmium coatings currently used on conventional steels in landing gear systems. S53 has the strength of 300M steel, and corrosion resistance similar to 15-5PH stainless steel. S53's corrosion resistance improves stress corrosion cracking resistance and reduces susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement, improving component reliability and providing an opportunity for extended overhaul and repair intervals. Ultimate tensile stress is 1965 to 2000MPa. S53 was designed to be mechanically equivalent to 300M, with the key addition of intrinsic corrosion resistance. Alloy design, microstructural characterization, and mechanical properties are discussed herein.

Jan 1, 2006

By Gregg Davidson, Lonnie Jacobs, Brett Zernich, Alan Howard, Robert Pintabona

All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Information contained in this work has been obtained by SME, Inc. from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither SME nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither SME nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that SME and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any statement or views presented here are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of SME. The mention of trade names for commercial products does not imply the approval or endorsement of SME.

Dec 1, 2014

By Roy J. Helfinstine

One of the most urgent needs in the field of coal combustion is the ability to predict the performance of a coal from knowledge gained from small-scale tests. Numerous types of analyses and tests are conducted on coal, including the proximate and ultimate analyses, heating value, varieties of sulphur, ash analysis, ash fusion temperatures, free swelling index, petrographic analysis, and Gieseler plasticity. The Illinois Geological Survey has made an intensive study of the value of these tests for judging the performance characteristics of the coal as actually utilized. To date, three reports 1 2 3 have been is- sued, and another is being prepared. The present paper briefly summarizes some of the results found in the studies.

Jan 1, 1949

By S. F. Radtke

The properties and characteristics of lead and zinc have made these metals useful to man in many ways since the days of antiquity. Despite their long history of use, however, these metals have proved to be extremely resilient and responsive to modern needs. New alloys and compounds continue to be developed, adding to the growth of these metals. Consumption data is given for 1969 and compared with one and two decades ago. Trends in major markets also are cited and explained. Uses for lead and zinc which have come into prominence within the past few years are described and explained, with emphasis on the role played by the industry's cooperative research program. Current efforts in the research phase are discussed, with details given on major efforts for both metals, including new alloys, process developments, applications research, finishes, coating, paints and pigments, batteries and fundamental research. A forecast is given of promising new areas and a projection made on a longer term of new applications that may emerge from current research.

Jan 1, 1970

By Robert F. Chaiken

The U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted an experimental and theoretical study of coupled chemical kinetic and mass transport processes during leaching of pyrite from coal in a counterflow, "trickle-bed" column reactor. Spatial and temporal data on reactant and product concentrations were used as solutions to appropriate continuity equations, which in turn define chemical kinetic reaction rates. Data from four 180-by 30-cm column leaching experiments using coal, coal waste, and air-water and air-FeC13 lixiviants have been analyzed. The rate of leaching was found to be diffusion limited (probably by Fe3+) and not controlled by bacterial action. Rates of pyrite oxidation were found to vary with elapsed time (80 to 225 days) and followed a bell-shaped curve, sometimes with a delay before start of reaction. Maximum rates of reaction ranged from 3 to 10 (mmol/d)/L (column) for coal waste and 0.4 (mmol/d)/L (column) for coal. Reaction was 30 to SO pct complete, probably due to precipitation of product salts (e.g., jarosites), which impede transport of oxidant through the coal. An absorption-desorption model of solids leaching, which considers the role of heterogeneous porosity in solids leaching, was used to describe time-dependent leaching rates.

Jan 1, 2010

By Alvear G. R. F. Flores

It is now 35 years since the organization of the first sulfide smelting conference in 1983. Since then, the smelting base metals industry has experienced several changes driven by the necessity to improve economic, operational and environmental performances and resource efficiency and meet the increasing market demand for metals. In this continuously challenging environment, it is relevant to recognize which are the main challenges that the industry will face in the coming years and critically address our preparedness to respond to them. This analysis have to consider not only the effort required from the fundamental research and technology aspects but also how these pillars interact with the drivers behind the base metals industry. This paper discusses some relevant aspects required to continue developing the base metal industry focusing on copper. Aspects such as the need to supporting the generation of fundamental metallurgical knowledge, acquisition and proper use of data with advanced analytics methods, technological innovation to develop sustainable process flowsheet are discussed with emphasis on efforts conducted by Aurubis.

By R. L. Grayson

Evidence has accumulated indicating that cultural change toward safer workplace behaviors is beginning to occur systematically in the coal industry. Through a range of programmatic mining company successes, enforcement and litigative actions, economic responses to competition, and integrated efforts by federal and state agencies, a broader participation of safety and training professionals is being achieved to address prioritized workplace problems at mines. Small steps in workplace-related improvements have been realized already, but the trends in industry safety statistics, coupled with focused programmatic initiatives, indicate that more definitive and systematic steps are occurring to improve safe behavior in the workplace routinely.

Jan 1, 1996

By M. Kumral, Y. A. Sari

Underground mining operations tend to have higher operating costs than surface mines. When metal prices decrease, profitability is jeopardized due to the high costs. Therefore, mining management harnesses new practices that increase operational efficiency. One way to manage this challenge is to invest in new mine planning practices. Stope layout optimization as a part of underground mine planning aims to identify a portion of the orebody in the form of production volumes (stopes) to maximize profit under roadway and stope dimension constraints. In this paper we propose a novel approach based on identifying ore-rich areas of the deposit and prioritizing their extraction through an iterative heuristic clustering approach. The proposed approach is compared with and validated by an exact method through a small mining example. The heuristics produced nearly identical results in a very short time. Finally, a case study was carried out using a larger data-set. The cluster-based iterative approach generated nearoptimal stope layouts in a computationally effective manner.

Mar 1, 2021

By A. Navarra, A. Quelopana

The mine production scheduling problem (MPSP) has been studied since the 1960s, and remains an active area of computational research. In extending the concepts of the MPSP, the automated mine may now be regarded as a hierarchical intelligent agent in which the bottom layer consists of distributed robotic equipment, while strategic functionality occupies the higher layers. Here we present a disambiguation of artificial intelligence, machine learning, computational optimization, and automation within the mining context. Specifically, the Q-learning algorithm has been adapted to generate the initial solutions for a high-performing strategic mine planning algorithm, originally developed by Lamghari, Dimitrakopoulos and Ferland, based on the variable neighbourhood descent (VND) metaheuristic. The hierarchical intelligent agent is presented as an integrative conceptual platform, defining the interaction between our new Q-learning adaptation and Lamghari’s VND, and potentially other hierarchically controlled components of an artificially intelligent mine, having various degrees of automation. Sample computations involving Q-learning and VND are presented.

Dec 1, 2021

By Matthew J. Sheridan

The Bureau of Mines study described in this report was conducted in the Denver, Colo., area (1) to summarize existing conservation practices as related to the most beneficial utilization of deposits of sand and gravel; (2) to identify the conflicting positions of the aggregate producer, the mineral owner, nearby residents, and local government officials responsible for determining land status and for issuing operating permits; and (3) to show the need for planning in Denver and in other expanding communities toward obtaining the benefits of conservation of our rapidly dwindling mineral resources. In order to determine the effects of urbanization on the Denver aggregate industry, interviews were held with owners of sand and gravel operations, with producers of concrete and bituminous pavement, with city and county planning and zoning personnel, and with representatives of various interested organizations. The conservation and ultimate utilization of deposits of construction raw materials near expanding urban areas can best be accomplished by long-range land-use projection and the requesite cooperation of technically advised planning and zoning administrators, government officials, mineral producers, and land developers.

Jan 1, 1967

By Z. T. Bieniawski

Geomechanics signifies the science and engineering of soil and rock materials and of rock masses. It is a field of professional practice and research that draws heavily on the elements of soil and rock mechanics. Geomechanics contributes to a number of disciplines: mining engineering, civil engineering, geological engineering, petroleum and natural gas engineering, and engineering geology (including the elements of geohydrology and geophysics). These disciplines are involved in the design and construction of such projects as mines, tunnels, foundations for structures, excavated rock slopes, dams, shafts, boreholes, oil reservoir wells, underground storage facilities for oil and gas, and hazardous waste repositories. Geomechanics allows us to improve both our environment and our quality of life. In the context of this Handbook, the scope of geomechanics is discussed mainly from the point of view of applications to mining engineering. However, the coverage of the subject mate¬rial is so comprehensive that it is relevant to other disciplines as well. Section 10 covers the field of geomechanics in a structured fashion, beginning with the fundamental principles and leading into practical applications in mining engineering. Throughout the treatment of the subject, knowledge of geologic conditions is assumed since this is discussed in other sections of the Handbook. An important feature of this section is a series of practical examples illustrating the various aspects of geomechanics. Since geomechanics is concerned with both soil and rock mechanics, Chapter 10.1 introduces the fundamentals of soil

Jan 1, 2008

By T Blenkinsop, A Jenkins, H Moore, L Fisher, N Oliver, J Cleverley, M Nugus, J McLellan, J Hill, N Brunacci

The 2 Moz Vogue mineral resource is a recent discovery at the Sunrise Dam gold mine (SDGM), lying approximately 600 m vertically below the Sunrise Dam open pit. Unlike most other lodes, which are dominated either by steep vein sets or shallow high-strain (shear) zones, it lies broadly in the hinge of a folded felsic porphyry body, where it cuts intermediate volcanic lavas and volcaniclastic rocks and is not specifically concentrated at a lithofacies contact. The mineralisation is controlled by a complex interplay of moderate to shallow, west-dipping high-strain zones that are transected by irregular and discontinuous high-grade, north-west-, north–south- and east–west-trending breccia sheets that initially caused problems with attempts to model broad domains. However, by combining the structural controls and styles with the distribution of gold, arsenic, sulfur and antimony, we have improved opportunities for scheduling, extracting and processing the most appropriate material considering the current mining and processing constraints.The early delineation process for the Vogue lode revealed a significant mineral resource for the SDGM, coupled with the recognition of some potentially difficult downstream implications for mining and processing. The ultimate success of mining at Vogue will be a consequence of combining standardised data collection and geological modelling techniques with the results of the novel innovative techniques applied at an early stage of the project.Innovation (in the truest sense) drives change and application to deliver efficient and effective outcomes. Initial data generation and interpretation in lodes above Vogue provided a sound geological model based on strong structural foundations, leading to ideas that could be tested and validated by stress inversion analysis and modelling simulations. Geomechanical modelling simulations, based on the structural analysis, then provided an insight into both the structural and fluid evolution of the system and highlighted target areas. This promoted support for deeper drilling and sampling, which lead to the discovery of Vogue.With additional data, the structural model for Vogue was re-engineered through combination with geochemical and hyperspectral analysis and detailed geological and geostatistical domaining. Initial poor results from metallurgical tests from a small batch sample refocused efforts to undertake mineral and chemical characterisation and profiling (geometallurgy) and combine this data with the composite geological-structural-geochemical model. The result is a conditional probability model for differentiating mineralised or waste domains, with direct outcomes for planning, drilling and mining.CITATION:Nugus, M, Oliver, N, Blenkinsop, T, Hill, J, McLellan, J, Cleverley, J, Fisher, L, Brunacci, N, Moore, H and Jenkins, A, 2014. Exploration and innovation – the discovery and evolution of the 2 Moz Vogue Gold Resource, Sunrise Dam Gold Mine, Western Australia, in Proceedings Ninth International Mining Geology Conference 2014 , pp 323–340 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 18, 2014