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By Jim Robertson

Summary of Presentation ??What is the GARD Guide ??The Need for a GARD Guide ??Mining Industry?s Commitment to Solving ARD Problems ??The Ultimate Solution ?You ??The GARD Guide ?Scope ??The GARD Guide ?Structure ??Wiki Demonstration

May 1, 2009

The effects of corrosion upon the load bearing capacity and ultimate tensile strength of galvanised friction bolts were determined. Corrosion rates were measured by overcoring of the reinforcement elements in situ. Overcoring was achieved at several sites using a specifically designed overcoring drill rig. This rig has the capacity to drill up to 3.0m long 140- diameter core in any orientation and up to a collar height of 7.0m. The recovered core and friction bolt elements were pull tested in the rock mechanics laboratory at the WA School of Mines (WASM) in order to determine their load-displacement characteristics for various embedment lengths. The friction bolt elements were then analysed for rates of corrosion and tested for their ultimate tensile strength. Relationships were formed between these data and the environmental conditions to which the friction bolts were exposed, in order to determine the major factors affecting the corrosion process and how they affect bolt performance.

Jan 1, 2005

By David J. Puller

As part of the value engineering process on a major Design Build highway project, instrumented trial pile load tests were used to achieve savings in cost and time on the foundations for a major river crossing. Two trial piles were tested close to failure load at 25MN. Following the interpretation of the pile load test results which included the determination of the ultimate shaft and base capacity, the mobilisation of the shaft and base resistance with pile displacement, and correlations with vertical effective stress and SPT profile, a revised design methodology was proposed. A 25% enhancement on commonly assumed ultimate shaft friction in Chalk was adopted. In addition a significant reduction in the Factor of Safety on end-bearing capacity generally used was also implemented. The revised design resulted in a significant cost and time saving on the piling operation with the pile length reduced by up to 6m (approx. 20%) for the river piers.

Jan 1, 2002

By N. D. L. Burger, S. Thorley

In engineering design of operators? compartments, in underground mining equipment, ergonomics principles are often neglected or not given the full recognition they deserve. This paper defines ergonomics, applies it to machinery in an underground mining environment, and describes the ergonomics analysis undertaken during the design phase of an EJC extra low-profile mining loader. Encompassing the design of the operator?s compartment of this new loader, this paper illustrates the importance of ergonomic principles within the collective design process ensuring that it is fully integrated into the design approach. An ultimate aim of this study is to ensure that all future designs follow this route to guarantee not only the outcome of a highly efficient, cost effective and productive machine but that it is also takes the human factor into account, not only in maintenance but also in operation. Maximizing comfort will have the ultimate outcome of actually increasing productivity beyond expectations.

Jan 1, 2004

By R. A. Halatchev

Historically two basic approaches of production sequencing have been formed in the theory of open pit mine design. The first approach implements a technological discretization of the pit space within the ultimate pit outlines where the minimum working width is the limiting technological factor. The second approach uses a pseudo-economic discretization based on the implementation of analytical methods for designing intermediate/ultimate pit outlines and the concept of pit shells generation. The paper offers an elaborate analysis of both approaches used currently for discretization of the geological medium into working benches and modelling the working zone of open pit mine. The analysis is extended with a new vision for unification of the mining systems in open pit mine design under the form of a classification. A comparison of the approaches is provided to illustrate their advantages and disadvantages with regard to the implementation of the principle of waste deferment as one of the main principles of mine planning that exploits the time effect of money.

Jan 1, 2003

By Matthew Janes

Statnamic load testing is becoming widely accepted as a method to quickly and economically determine the load-deflection behaviour and ultimate static resistance of high capacity deep foundations. Strain instrumented large diameter bored shafts were tested at four locations for the federal and state Departments of Transportation in the United States. Tests were conducted vertically (to 30 MN) and laterally on the shafts and, in some cases, testing was completed over water. Instrumented shaft test results provided shaft load distribution with depth and shaft shear transfer stress throughout the soil stratum. Shaft end bearing and ultimate end bearing stress values were provided. On two projects, Osterberg load cells provided comparative static data for skin friction and end bearing. Correlations between Statnamic derived static load-displacement results and Osterberg load-deflection results are very good. Statnamic lateral load test results were correlated with static lateral results in addition to providing useful dynamic response and damping data.

Jan 1, 1996

By de Vaux. Deryck, Natalie J. Shackleton, Vratislav Malysiak Cyril T. O. Connor

"The major losses of PGM and base metals in the beneficiation of platinum group deposits occur during the separation of gangue from the value minerals by selective flotation. A number of studies have shown that this negative impact on flotation is due to surface passivation, caused by various ions that may originate from the external water supply or, as is likely in the majority of cases, from the oxidation of the mineral surfaces and the grinding media. This investigation aimed at reducing surface passivation of pentlandite and inadvertent activation of pyroxene, thereby improving ultimate valuable mineral recovery and selectivity. Both synthetic minerals and plant ores were studied in order to determine the effect surface passivation and inadvertent activation have on mineral surface alteration and floatability. Zeta potential determinations, microflotation, ToF-SIMS (Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) analyses, laboratory batch flotation tests and continuous flotation testwork were used as tools to study the surface alteration and/or floatability.Zeta potential determinations and ToF-SIMS analyses showed that copper adsorption is non-selective. Both pentlandite and pyroxene become copper (II)-activated in the presence of copper sulphate and subsequently, in the presence of xanthate, adsorption of the collector will occur onto copper activated mineral surfaces. Zeta potential determinations also showed an alteration of the surface charge in the presence of polyphosphate, thereby inhibiting surface passivation of sulphides by slime coatings due to surface repulsion.The addition of diethylenetriamine (DETA) reduces the copper concentration on both minerals, predominantly on the pyroxene surfaces and polyphosphate further enhances the selectivity at pH 6.The microflotation and batch flotation data obtained has shown a significant improvement in the ultimate flotation response of valuable mineral recovery and concentrate grade compared to the standard reagent regime, while the continuous flotation results significantly improved the selectivity, however, at a similar ultimate recovery."

Jan 1, 2003

By A. N. Mitinsky

(San Francisco Meeting, September, 1915) THE theory of elasticity, the science of the strength of materials, and all our calculations regarding engineering structures are based on Hooke's law, that in loaded bodies the deformations are, proportional to the load producing them. Without this law it would be impossible to design intelligently engineering structures such as bridges, frames, axles, etc. This being the case, the proportional limit,1 that is, the point at which deformation ceases to be proportional to load, is the most important factor in engineering design. Further, the working fiber stress should be fixed in reference to the proportional limit instead of, as is usual, in reference to the ultimate strength. The incorrect use of the ultimate strength instead of the proportional limit in setting the working fiber stress is probably clue to two reasons: (1) it is a more delicate operation to measure the proportional limit; (2) it is usually -assumed, though incorrectly, that the proportional limit is determined by the ultimate -strength. In Germany the point at which permanent set first appears is often taken instead of the proportional limit. The two points will coincide if Gerstner's law, that elastic deformations are proportional to the loads producing them both before and after permanent set, is true; and the limit of proportionality and the elastic limit or point of permanent set will both 'be represented on a stress-strain diagram, by the point at which the line ceases to be a straight line and becomes curved-or changes its inclination. It is to be further noted that the difference in definition between proportional limit and elastic limit introduces a difference in methods of determination in the testing laboratory. The German method of determining. the elastic limit by alternately loading and unloading

Jan 8, 1915

By Hallan N. Marsh, Bruce H. Robinson

It is now generally recognized that to secure the greatest ultimate recovery of petroleum from a field it is necessary to maintain at all times the lowest possible ratio of gas to oil production. The numerous ways of securing low ratios are not so generally understood or practiced. To many operators, reduction of gas-oil ratio simply means "beaning back" wells, with resultant reduced production rate. This postponement of production is often considered and spoken of as "lost" production, with the result that control of gas-oil ratio is in disfavor with some operators. Various methods are herein discussed by which gas-oil ratio may be reduced, some of which invoLve no curtailment of current production, while others are accompanied by an actual increase of daily production. It is further shown that in cases where rate of production is reduced to conserve gas, the indicated ultimate recovery is generally increased. Principles involved are discussed, and conclusions are illustrated by data from the operation of wells. General Principles The rate and ratio in which oil and gas enter a well are solely dependent, so far as the operation of that well is concerned, upon the pressures maintained in the well opposite the producing strata at various times and at various depths. The method of getting the oil out of the hole, whether by natural flow, gas-lift, or pumping, has no effect upon either rate of production or ultimate recovery except through its effect upon pressures. Oil apparently enters wells according to some such equation as the following: R = KC(Pf - Pw)n Where R = rate of production. K = well coefficient, depending upon thickness of sand, and size and number of pores in the sand. C = fluid coefficient, depending upon viscosity, surface tension, etc.

Jan 1, 1929

By C. Liu, G. Zhu, Y. Liao

"The effect of particle size on the flotation kinetics of a low-rank coal was compared using air bubbles and oily bubbles. Five kinetic models were applied to the data from the tests to derive the relationships between the flotation rate constant, the ultimate recovery, and the particle size fraction. The results show that oily bubble flotation (OBF) resulted in a lower ash content and higher combustible recovery than air bubble flotation (ABF), especially for the -125 ??m size fraction. It was found that the flotation of a low-rank coal in individual size fractions using air bubbles and oily bubbles can be best described by a first-order model with rectangular distribution of tendency to float and the classical first-order model respectively. OBF yielded higher ultimate combustible and ultimate ash recoveries. The flotation rate constants for OBF were higher in all the models except for the fully mixed reactor model. The ultimate recovery values and modified rate constants first increased and then decreased as the size fraction decreased. The trend of the flotation rate constants as a function of the size fraction was similar in all the models except for the fully mixed reactor model. IntroductionFroth flotation is a physical-chemical separation method that is widely used in coal beneficiation for the separation of fine coal particles from associated minerals in water slurries. Since the cumulative recovery of a component in the concentrate is proportional to flotation time, the flotation process can be considered as a time-rate recovery process (Emad, Mohammad, and Bahram, 2010). Therefore, the general mathematical flotation models that incorporate both a recovery and a rate function can describe flotation time recovery profiles.The kinetics of coal flotation, as a measure of coal recovery as a function of time, have been studied in detail by many researchers. Different kinetic models have been proposed and published in the literature. The order and the rate constant are strongly dependent on the flotation conditions, such as the particle size and size distribution, the bubble concentration, the reagent concentrations, and the operating parameters (Zhang et al., 2013). The particle size has been reported to affect the flotation kinetics to a great extent (Yoon, Luttrell, and Asmatulu, 2002; Ntengwe and Witika, 2011). Numerous researchers have studied the aspects of flotation kinetics while paying special attention to particle size (Meftuni and Ibrahim, 1997; Rubinstein and Samygin, 1998; Graeme, 2012). However, the effect of particle size on the flotation kinetics of a low-rank coal has been relatively little discussed."

Jan 1, 2017

By W. H. Ashby, R. W. Cassingham, C. R. Blomberg, J. B. Justins

The Brookhaven field is one of several Basal Tuscaloosa reservoirs located in south-central Mississippi. It is a standstone reservoir, of erratic deposition and with several faults, having an approximate subsea depth of 9,800 ft. A large variation in permeability exists with a weighted average being 256 md. Estimated average interstitial water saturation is 45 per cent. The undersaturated reservoir fluid exhibits marked differences in physical properties with measured saturation pressures ranging from 733 to 2,255 psi. Early rapid decline in reservoir pressure caused the operating interests to unitize the field and initiate a program of pressure maintenance by gas injection. At the time gas injection was commenced, the reservoir pressure had fallen to nearly half of the original pressure with only 4.5 Per cent of the original oil in place produced. The reservoir pressure has since been maintained at approximately 2,750 psig, and cumulative production to date is 17 per cent of original oil in place. An analysis of field performance during gas injection is presented in detail. The program of pressure maintenance by gas injection is considered to be a success, since the expected ultimate recovery has been increased and the current production rate is in excess of 2 per cent of original oil in place per year. Performance has been better, anticipated ultimate recovery is larger, and total production costs are lower than for a similar Basal Tuscaloosa reservoir nearby, even though that field appears to have a more effective natural water drive. INTRODUCTION The history of the Brookhaven Unit is a testimonial for unitization and for the application of engineering techniques in the operation of an oil field. The operating and royalty interests in this field have mutually benefited from their early recognition of the need for unitization and pressure maintenance and from the forthright manner in which these were accomplished. The tangible benefits accruing to the participants in the Unit are: (1) income from gasoline plant products, (2) reduced lifting and operating costs from those of competitive operation, (3) maintenance of high levels of current income by mitigation of the inevitable decline in production rates inherent to natural depletion, (4) an increase in ultimate recovery of about 40 per cent over natural depletion operations. This paper should properly be considered a progress report; however, the performance of the field after five years of pressure maintenance clearly indicates that the ultimate success of the project is assured. LOCATION AND GEOLOGY The Brookhaven field is located in south-central Mississippi, about six miles from the town of Brookhaven. Production at Brookhaven

Jan 1, 1955

By P. G. Meikle, C. T. Holland

The effect of the condition of friction upon the ultimate unit compressive strength as determined between the compressed faces of precisely machined coal specimens and specially prepared testing platens has been examined. Reductions of 30 to 40% in the ultimate unit compressive strength of these model coal pillars have been verified when lubricants areused between the faces as compared to non-lubricated faces. Increase in unit compressive strength due to confinement at each of three levels of friction appears to follow generally the widely accepted "1/2 power law", i.e. S - C (L/T)1/2 where S is the unit ultimate strength, C is a constant dependent on the coal being tested and the coefficient of friction acting at the compression surfaces and L and T are the least width and thickness of the specimen, respectively. Results suggest that the surface condition of both the specimen and platens should be mentioned in detail in conjunction with compression testing, for although the term (L/T)1/2 is adequate for all practical purposes, the coefficient C is directly dependent on the condition of interfacial friction, all else remaining constant. One phase of the investigation of the confining effect of friction on the ultimate unit compressive strength of small coal specimens has recently been completed at the School of Mines of West Virginia University. The efficient control of ground is of fundamental importance to successful mining operations and the design of support pillars has always presented the mining engineer with a difficult and intriguing engineering problem. Since about the turn of the century, many investigators have performed extensive laboratory tests on small coal specimens in efforts to solve some of the perplexing problems of strata control and pillar action in coal mines. A detailed review of this work would serve no purpose here, but a brief mention of the more significant contributions is in order. Muller16 was perhaps the first to illustrate the effect of confining pressure on the strength of coal specimens in compression. His work has recently been more carefully expanded by the experiments of Murrell17 in Great Britain. Rice and Enzian l9 observed that as the size of cubical test specimens increased, the unit compressive strength decreased. These observations were later supplemented by Lawall and Holland, 13 by Greenwald4,5 et a1 at the U. S. Bureau of Mines, by Gaddy3 as well as by Steart,22 Millard15 et a1 and Evans2 et al. Gaddy3 seems to have been first to quantify this relationship with his equation: S = K/vd , where S - ultimate unit compressive strength (psi), K = a constant dependent on the coal, and D =edge dimension (in inches). Holland7 concluded that the strength of coal as affected by lateral dimensions and thickness could be expressed as where K = a coefficient dependent upon the coal, L = least width of pillar (in.) and T = thickness of pillar (in.). Data supplied by this formula have been compared to the estimated stresses in pillars that had been standing for long periods in coal mines and in the cases so far studied the results indicate that the formula predictions are sufficiently accurate for engineering purposes (Holland11 ). This equation therefore is believed to be the simplest and most accurate tool available at the present time for approximating the strength of a coal pillar (over a specified range of L/T) in situ. However, Holland7,9 has indicated that friction between the coal pillars and the top and bottom rock

Jan 1, 1965

By M. Muskat, M. O. Taylor

Theoretical calculations have been made on the performance to be expected of gas-drive reservoirs for various characteristics of the oil and gas and the producing rock. Such performante has been expressed graphically as curves for the reservoir pressure and gas-oil ratios of the production as functions of the cumulative oil recovery. The latter has been expressed in terms of percentage of pore space of the reservoir rock. Such curves automatically give values for the ultimate physical recovery, if the latter is interpreted as the recovery obtained when the reservoir pressure has declined to atmospheric, or to any other pressure chosen as defining the state of practical complete depletion. Calculations of these pressure and gas-oil ratio histories have been made for conditions in which the oil viscosity, the gas solubility and shrinkage, the size of an overlying gas cap, if present, the permeability-saturation characteristics of the rock, and the amount of connate water, have been individually varied, The results serve to show the extent to which the ultimate recoveries are sensitive to the important physical parameters characterizing the oil reservoir. As is to be expected, the ultimate recoveries are found to decrease with increasing oil viscosity. Because of the predominant effect of the oil shrinkage associated with the liberation of the gas in solution, the ultimate recovery will decrease with increasing gas solubility. Increasing gas-cap volumes lead to higher recoveries, although the contribution made by the gas-cap gas is small as compared with the oil expulsion by the equivalent amount of solution gas. As a whole, the oil recovery when expressed in percentage of the pore space is not very sensitive to the details of the permeability-saturation relationship. However, if the rocks possess an equilibrium free-gas saturation, the rise in gas-oil ratio will be retarded, and the 'ultimate recovery somewhat increased' The oil shrinkage associated with the liberation of the dissolved gas also leads to the result that as long as the connate water is immobile and the permeability ratio curve for the rock is a function only of the total liquid saturation, the stock-tank oil recovery will be less for a sand containing no connate water than for One with an Original water content as high as 3' per cent. The space voidage in the former case will be somewhat greater, but the effect of oil shrinkage will lead to smaller values for the equivalent stock-tank recovery. These calculations also give data showing how the productivity indexes for the producing wells will vary during the reservoir history. Because of decreasing Permeability to the oil and increasing oil viscosity, the productivity index will fall continuously as Production proceeds, and may finally reach values as low as 10 per cent of the initial productivity index. Introduction In a previous paper1 was developed the basic theory for the prediction of the production histories of gas-drive reservoirs. The data required for the application of this theory included the characteristics of the petroleum fluids, such as the viscosity of the Oil and gas phases, the solubility of the gas in the oil, and the oil shrinkage— all expressed as functions of the reservoir pressure—and the permeability-saturation characteristics of the producing rock, as

Jan 1, 1946

By M. Muskat, M. O. Taylor

Theoretical calculations have been made on the performance to be expected of gas-drive reservoirs for various characteristics of the oil and gas and the producing rock. Such performante has been expressed graphically as curves for the reservoir pressure and gas-oil ratios of the production as functions of the cumulative oil recovery. The latter has been expressed in terms of percentage of pore space of the reservoir rock. Such curves automatically give values for the ultimate physical recovery, if the latter is interpreted as the recovery obtained when the reservoir pressure has declined to atmospheric, or to any other pressure chosen as defining the state of practical complete depletion. Calculations of these pressure and gas-oil ratio histories have been made for conditions in which the oil viscosity, the gas solubility and shrinkage, the size of an overlying gas cap, if present, the permeability-saturation characteristics of the rock, and the amount of connate water, have been individually varied, The results serve to show the extent to which the ultimate recoveries are sensitive to the important physical parameters characterizing the oil reservoir. As is to be expected, the ultimate recoveries are found to decrease with increasing oil viscosity. Because of the predominant effect of the oil shrinkage associated with the liberation of the gas in solution, the ultimate recovery will decrease with increasing gas solubility. Increasing gas-cap volumes lead to higher recoveries, although the contribution made by the gas-cap gas is small as compared with the oil expulsion by the equivalent amount of solution gas. As a whole, the oil recovery when expressed in percentage of the pore space is not very sensitive to the details of the permeability-saturation relationship. However, if the rocks possess an equilibrium free-gas saturation, the rise in gas-oil ratio will be retarded, and the 'ultimate recovery somewhat increased' The oil shrinkage associated with the liberation of the dissolved gas also leads to the result that as long as the connate water is immobile and the permeability ratio curve for the rock is a function only of the total liquid saturation, the stock-tank oil recovery will be less for a sand containing no connate water than for One with an Original water content as high as 3' per cent. The space voidage in the former case will be somewhat greater, but the effect of oil shrinkage will lead to smaller values for the equivalent stock-tank recovery. These calculations also give data showing how the productivity indexes for the producing wells will vary during the reservoir history. Because of decreasing Permeability to the oil and increasing oil viscosity, the productivity index will fall continuously as Production proceeds, and may finally reach values as low as 10 per cent of the initial productivity index. Introduction In a previous paper1 was developed the basic theory for the prediction of the production histories of gas-drive reservoirs. The data required for the application of this theory included the characteristics of the petroleum fluids, such as the viscosity of the Oil and gas phases, the solubility of the gas in the oil, and the oil shrinkage— all expressed as functions of the reservoir pressure—and the permeability-saturation characteristics of the producing rock, as

Jan 1, 1946

By B. Genc, C. Gous

Spontaneous combustion during coal mining operations is a major problem that affects the health and safety of workers and causes environmental problems. The phenomenon is associated with the presence of coal, coal shale, and pyrite. In 2020, a premature detonation incident occurred at an iron ore mine where the waste material contains black carbonaceous shale units known to be associated with pyrite. The spontaneous combustion propensity and properties of samples of the black carbonaceous shales from the mine were examined and compared with samples from the Witbank Coalfield. The spontaneous combustion liability indexes of these samples were correlated with X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and proximate and ultimate analyses using linear regression. The Wits-Ehac Index classification results show that the samples were between medium and high risk. The linear regression analysis showed very poor correlations between the Wits-Ehac Index results and the XRF and proximate and ultimate results. The most valuable relationship found is between the presence of relatively high sulphur (greater than 3%) and ground reactivity with nitrate-bearing explosive emulsion.

Jun 5, 2023

By Howard W. Earnest

The Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company completed a modified in situ oil shale retorting demonstration at its Tract C-a Lease in the Piceance Creek Basin of northwestern Colorado during the spring of 1982. This demonstration was the first MIS project with shafts rather than adits for access to the mining operation, and it involved several potential hazards which required that particular attention be paid to mine ventilation. Methane was first encountered during shaft sinking and ultimately resulted in the mine being classified gassy by MSHA. Secondly, we encountered hydrogen sulfide in association with the ground water, and this proved to be a more persistent problem than did the methane. Thirdly, in order to burn the underground retorts, it was necessary to provide for potential leakage of retort gases and to obtain a modification to the MSHA standard which forbids fires under- ground. This modification had a significant effect on the ultimate ventilation procedures at Tract C-a. An extensive under- ground air monitoring program was included in the ventilation system.

Jan 1, 1983

By A. C. Fieldner

THE Bureau of Mines has received many requests for Information concerning the methods its laboratories use for analyzing coal and coke and determining their heating value. The fuel investigations now conducted by the Bureau of Mines are an outgrowth of the work undertaken at the Government coal-testing plant erected in 1904 at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, and the methods for proximate and ultimate analysis of coal used by the Bureau of Mines are based on those originally adopted by the chemists of the coal-testing plant and followed in the subsequent chemical work of the Government fuel-testing plants at St. Louis, Mo., Norfolk, Va., and Pittsburgh, Pa. The many valuable suggestions and criticisms received from N. W. Lord, director of the School of Mines, and from E. E. Somermeier, professor of metallurgy, of Ohio State University, at that time, are greatly appreciated; development of many of the methods for the proximate and ultimate analysis of coal now used by the Bureau of Mines is chiefly clue to these men.

Jan 1, 1951

By W. A. Boyer

HOISTS for metal mines are seldom designed for H one particular depth. They are intended for an ultimate load and depth with a given speed but are first used to hoist from a shallower depth, gradually working to the ultimate as development progresses. Sometimes the mine is not worked on the upper levels because of the kind and grade of ore, the mining of which depends on market conditions. In this case the hoist may be used in the same working shift to lift ore, for example, from the 1200 and the 4400-ft level. This means that the safety factor of the rope should be considered not only when it hoists from the greatest depth, but also when it hoists from the upper levels. According to present safety factor standards, a hoisting rope can have ample safety margin when hoisting from the lower or lowest level and still be shy of sufficient safety margin when hoisting from the upper levels. This will be shown by curves presented in this paper.

Jan 10, 1954

The Ross Goldfield is a unique gold resource. From its discovery in 1865 there was a growing understanding of the geology of the deposit as mining moved from the surface at Jones Flat in the south to underground extraction at Ross Flat further north. Multiple layers of gold-bearing gravels were penetrated in deep shafts and six rich gold-bearing bottoms were worked. The ultimate bottom on the Old Man Group gravel surface has never been reached either at Jones Flat or at Ross Flat. Mining at Ross Flat was ultimately halted by uncontrollable flooding, by escalating costs and by a shortage of labour during the First World War. Mining at Jones Flat recommenced in the late 1980s and attention has once again been drawn to the potential magnitude of the resource at Ross Flat. Research of historic literature shows that there is potential for a bulk gold grade of 400 mg/m3 in a volume of 82 million cubic metres of gravels which lie in a basin between Jones Flat and north Ross.

Jan 1, 1993

By James B. Fletcher

Leaching of the block caved mine from 1941 through 1970 is described, and the improvements made are listed. Detailed is the increased knowledge of leaching gained through this operation, including methods used in forecasting production, prediction of the economical end point, rate of recovery, and ultimate recovery.

Jan 1, 1972