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By Fred Chappell

Pyrophyllite, a hydrous aluminum silicate, physically similar to talc, receives its name from the Greek word Pyr, for fire and phyllite, a rock or stone. Firestone refers to its first recorded use as firestones or hearthstones. Composition and Properties Pyrophyllite is an aluminum silicate A12O34SiO2H2O (alumina 28.3 pct, silica 66.7 [ ] pct, water 5.0 pct) (Table 1). Vanderbilt1 gives pH value of pyrophyllite as 5.6 to 8.4. Pyrophyllite is usually white or cream, though it may be found in shades of pale green, pale yellow, buff or light gray, and in darker shades and other colors principally due to oxidation of contained iron minerals. It is opaque to translucent in thin sections. Its hardness is 1 to 2 in the Mohs scale. Its specific gravity is 2.8 to 2.9. Its luster is pearly to dull; it is recognized chiefly by its micaceous structure and cleavage, and its soft greasy feel. Two other varieties occur, one in which there are radiated needles in the crystalline form, and there is also a massive homogeneous structure found. Fine grinding reduces pyrophyllite to fiat plates or scales but aggregates of minute foliated plates may be formed.1 Distribution of Deposits Pyrophyllite is found in metamorphic rocks throughout the world but it is only in comparatively recent years that it has assumed much commercial importance. The principal

Jan 1, 1960

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

I. Anhydrous Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides; Fluorides. II. OxycMorides ; Oxyfluorides. III. Hydrous Chlorides; Hydrous Fluorides. The Fourth Class includes the haloids, that is, the compounds with the halogen elements, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and also the less closely related fluorine.

Jan 1, 1922

By S. P. Burke

THE presence of gas in coal mines necessitates the use of costly ventila-tion arrangements and the use of expensive mining methods. On the other hand, the gas itself in many instances is of considerable intrinsic value, and its separate recovery might conceivably be a profitable under-taking. This paper is concerned with a study of the movement of gas in coal strata with the object of determining the laws governing gas move-ment and thus making at least a preliminary step toward the solution of the more practical problem of its control or recovery. Naturally, so important a subject has received much attention from scientists and engineers. In most cases, however, the studies have been concerned with the origin1?, the amount2, the composition3 and the method of retention4 of the gas in coal; or, from the more practical side, have been concerned with the phenomena and conditions associated with outbursts5 or explosions and their control. Numerous studies also have been made of the permeability of coal to gas6, of gas pressures measured in coal seams, etc. The authors are unaware, however, of any attempt to present a consistent or complete picture of the laws governing the movement of gas through the coal.

Jan 1, 1935

By Mason K. Banks

A process has been developed which produces spodumene concentrates assaying 6.0 pct Li2O and 0.45 pct Fe2O3, with 70 to 75 pct recovery of spodumene. Two flotation separations are required: the simultaneous removal of mica, feldspar, and quartz as a froth product using a cationic collector, and the subsequent removal of iron-bearing minerals as a froth product while spodumene is depressed as a tailing. SINCE the close of World War II there have been numerous developments resulting in the increased use of lithium by industry. Notable among these has been the development of an industrial lubricant, based on lithium stearate, which is fluid at low temperatures, stable at high temperature, and insoluble in water. A new bleaching agent, lithium hypo-chlorite, has also been developed recently.' Other well-known uses are listed below: 1—Lithium oxide in ceramics reduces firing time, lowers melting temperatures, lowers thermal expansion, raises refractive index, and improves chemical resistivity. 2—Lithium carbonate and lithium strontium nitrate are used in pyrotechnics for their brilliant red color.' 3—Lithium chlorides and fluorides are used as fluxes for welding aluminum and magnesium.' 4—The affinity of lithium for nitrogen is the basis for a process used in purifying helium." 5— Lithium chlorides and bromides are used in air conditioning for their powers to absorb organic amines, ammonia, and smoke.6-—Lithium hydride has been used as a source of hydrogen to inflate life rafts and balloons used by the Air Forces and Navy.' 7— Lithium metal and lithium hydride are useful in the atomic energy program in connection with the production of the isotopes of hydrogen." During the 1942-45 period of World War 11, Solvay Process Co. operated a flotation plant with a daily capacity of 300 tons of ore for the production of spodumene concentrate near Kings Mountain, North Carolina. The operation was shut down upon reduction of wartime demand for lithium chemicals, and until recently there has been no production from the Carolinas. In April 1950 an investigation of the problem of spodumene flotation from North Carolina ores was begun at North Carolina State College Minerals Research Laboratory at Asheville, N. C. This laboratory, operating under the combined auspices of North Carolina State College, North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development, and the Tennessee Valley Authority, undertook the spodumene project at the request of Foote Mineral Co. of Philadelphia. The work, involving a period of 15 months of intensive batch and pilot plant investigation, was completed in June 1951 and resulted in development of a process for concentration of spodumene by flotation which has been hereto unrecorded in the literature. A similar approach has been used before on iron, ilmenite, and other minerals, but the literature shows no record of its having been applied to spodumene. Parts of the process are now being used on a commercial scale at the Foote Mineral Co. plant near Kings Mountain, N. C., which has been in production since July 1951. It is the purpose of this paper to describe some of the results of the investigation. The Orebodies Spodumene-bearing pegmatites occur in a narrow belt 24.5 miles long and 1.8 miles wide extending southwestward from Lincolnton to Grover, N. C. According to statements judged to be conservative, the tin-spodumene belt of the Carolinas contains an estimated 4,300,000 tons of pegmatite ore averaging 15 pct spodumene. This amounts to "a reserve of at least 650,000 tons of spodumene (more than 20,000 tons of metallic lithium) to a depth of 100 ft."' This figure includes only bodies having an average thickness of 35 ft and length of 550 ft. There are hundreds of pegmatites in the belt, many of which are less than 10 ft wide. The largest pegmatite in the area has a maximum thickness of 395 ft and maximum length of 3250 ft.' These larger pegmatites are composed principally

Jan 1, 1954

By J. L. Smith, A. L. Albee

This article presents a series of guidelines by which the geologist can evaluate the likelihood of surface faulting and its probable extent at any given site in Southern California and Nevada. The information is intended primarily for geologists concerned with establishing design criteria for proposed nuclear plants. The geologic problems involved in the location of a nuclear power plant are fundamentally no different from those for other types of installations. They fall into four main categories: foundation stability, landslides and slope stability, shaking due to earthquakes, and surface faulting. For problems in the first three categories the foundation engineer, the geologist, and the seismologist can provide criteria for plant location and design, and these problems can generally be economically handled by appropriate design measures for a project of the magnitude of a nuclear plant. However, problems in the last category — surface faulting — are more difficult to handle and require a unique evaluation. Accordingly, this paper will deal primarily with the problem of establishing design criteria for surface faulting, particularly as it affects nuclear facilities. A nuclear reactor is a power source that for greater safety is contained in a heavy, air-tight structure, just as gas, oil, water, and other power sources must be contained. Surface faulting is significant in that it may reduce the integrity of the containment by affecting critical exterior piping or by breaching of the containment. A similar significance exists relative to dams or tanks for the storage of water, gas, or oil, except that in these latter examples the breaching of the container automatically releases the fluids to do their damage. This is not necessarily the case with the rupture of a reactor containment structure because the function of the containment is totally protective, i.e., it is necessary only in the event that radioactive products are released from the reactor, and there are many other safeguards to pre- vent this release even if the containment is ruptured. At the present time, nuclear power plants must be located near large sources of water for cooling the steam generated. The construction of an industrial facility of any kind on the coast line is esthetically distasteful to most people since, unfortunately, there is not enough coast to fulfill all the needs and all the desires of all the people. In most cases where industrial facilities encroach on the lives of citizens, there is no mechanism other than zoning laws by which a person can effectively protest. But in the case of a nuclear facility, the public hearing required by the Atomic Energy Commission provides a forum for dissent, as in recent case histories, and the question of safety provides objectors with a weapon for fighting the construction of the plant. The nature of a public hearing for a nuclear plant is such that the prospective owner and operator must prove that there is no undue hazard, whereas the objectors need only demonstrate that there is a reasonable doubt. It is in this situation that geology becomes the Achilles Heel of nuclear power plant location. For his investigation, the geologist has natural exposures of rock at the ground surface and a limited number of trenches and drill holes to give him a fairly complete picture of the distribution of the various rock types. From the surficial data, he must infer three more dimensions — depth below the surface, past time, and future time. Unlike many problems faced by engineers, the geologist has only this one set of data from which to reach a conclusion — he is unable to reproduce the natural sequence of events in order to obtain another set of data for comparison. Hence, by the very deductive nature of a geologic conclusion, it is difficult to prove a geologic conclusion beyond a reasonable doubt even to other geologists — and perhaps one should say especially to other geologists because the experience and background of a geologist will strongly influence his conclusion, and no two geologists have exactly the same experience and training. The engineer and the public official would like the geologist to conclude that faulting cannot occur at a given site or to assign a numerical value to the probability of its occurrence — but no responsible geologist can do either of these things. Since government officials and others must make decisions that affect the public safety, it would seem that the geologic profession must attempt to establish criteria and

Jan 1, 1968

By H. J. Wasson

Published literature regarding the nation's oil reserve has been largely concerned with the estimated quantities in sight in known producing fields. This proved reserve has never been large in relation to demand. It has been the practice to consider the total future reserve (beyond that in sight within known fields) in the light of the broad potentialities of vast areas of partially explored sedimentary rocks, which are regarded as possible oil territory. Until recently, but little attention has been given to the rate at which the unexplored potentialities may be. converted into the proved reserve classification. To a certain extent, therefore, our contemporary viewpoint on the subject of national oil reserves is characterized by a pronounced contradiction. On the one hand, we measure known reserves as sufficient for only a few years of consumption—i.e., relative scarcity; on the other hand, we are confident that millions of unexplored acres will yield many new oil fields and that countless deeper productive formations underlie many of our known productive fields—i.e., infinite abundance. Of greater significance than the quantitative measure of either of these reserve classifications is the rate at which reserve replenishment must be accomplished in order to maintain an adequate time supply of proved oil reserves. The accumulation of geological data covering broad areas supports the belief that the remaining undiscovered oil reserve is exceedingly large. The distribution of oil in sedimentary formations of practically all ages, from Cambrian to Recent, is suggestive of almost unlimited possibilities; and the relatively small proportion of these possible areas that has been intensively explored in this country is a further index of the probable magnitude of the undiscovered future reserve. The implication that may reasonably be drawn from these observations is that oil, though distributed with less regularity and concentration than its related hydrocarbon, coal, nevertheless is a relatively abundant natural commodity of which the exhaustion appears remote. Final exhaustion of our oil reserve, if not infinitely remote, is a future contin-

Jan 1, 1937

By F. S. Sinnatt

This paper is the outcome of an extended investigation carried out in association with Dr. L. Slater. The inquiry had been continued in various directions and a number of results are quoted from an investigation recently completed by S. H. Jenkins. In projecting the work some five years ago, the author had in view a general attack on the problem of the spontaneous combustion of coal from an angle that had received little attention. The basic idea was to obtain a "slow motion study" of the active combustion of coal. This included an examination of the conditions prevailing in a mass of coal at the moment when active combustion ceases. It was thought that, if the factors governing the extinction of combustion in coal could be definitely established, it might offer an explanation of the manner in which the spontaneous combustion of coal originates. The inquiry arose from a detailed study of the properties of fusain that the author began in 1918. Fusain seemed to possess characteristics quite distinct from the coal with which it was associated, for if it were collected into a heap and one portion were heated by a small flame the combustion would traverse the whole mass. This combustion was not accompanied by smoke and passed slowly through the heap of material. Later, it was found that coals, including anthracites, would behave in a similar manner provided they were in the form of powder and that the particles were smaller than a certain size. The limiting size of particles is a definite characteristic of the coals investigated. In view of the fact that fusain exists with coal in a state that enables it to undergo this particular form of combustion, it must be assumed, sometimes, to play a definite part in the spontaneous combustion of coal in the goaf (waste). Tables 1 and 2 contain the analyses of samples of dust collected from a mine and from a dust collector. Some idea of the degree of fineness of the particles of fusain may be obtained from a study of the analyses of the dust from the dust collector; 80 per cent. of the dust would pass through a 200-mesh screen while the fusain was concentrated in the finest dust. The material that passed through a 90-mesh screen contained 54 per cent. of fusain while that between a 30- and a 90-mesh only con-

Jan 1, 1925

In the last decade the railroads have been making tremendous strides in the development of services for the handling of bulk materials, the equipment for handling them, and the efficiency of handling, which resulted in lower costs to shippers. Pressure differential cars, giant tank cars and covered hopper cars, high capacity transloaders, and unit trains have led to substantial advances in expeditious, efficient, and economic handling of bulk materials.

Jan 1, 1973

Jan 1, 1902

Article IX of the Bylaws constitutes the basic instructions to the Nominating Committee The first duty of the Nominating Committee is to select a candidate for Director and President-elect It is desirable that the successive Presidents from year to year be men of differing professional interests so selected that over a period of years each major group in the Institute will be represented in the Presidency a number of times bearing some reasonable relationship to the numerical strength of that group in the Institute In Section 2 of Article IX it is stated that "a sufficient number of Directors be selected on the basis of geographical districts so that each district will have at least one representative" These districts, as now established, are shown in the accompanying map There are ten districts including the New York metropolitan district Each of these districts is entitled to one Director, except the metropolitan district which is entitled to six Each year each district, the term of whose officially recommended Director expires, shall suggest a candidate and if desired an alternate candidate to the Nominating Committee to fill the vacancy If a candidate and an alternate are suggested they should preferably have different Divisional or Branch affiliations The Chairmen of the Sections In the district shall constitute a committee to select the candidate or candidates The Sections shall rotate the chairmanship, as shown in the Appendix to this instruction It is desirable that in filling a quota vacancy in any district, the selection be made from the name or names suggested by the district

Jan 1, 1952

By R. Floyd Farris

Al thorough knowledge of the behavior of cement slurries under elevated temperatures and pressures is necessary in order to solve properly the many problems presented in deep-well cementing operations. In the earlier days of the petroleum industry the depths of wells were shallow as compared to those of today, and the subsurface temperatures and pressures were not of sufficient magnitude to affect seriously the problem of proper control of cement-slurry properties. Today, however, the search for new reserves has extended drilling to such depths that bottom-hole temperatures of more than 200°F. and bottom-hole pressures of 3000 to 5000 lb. are not uncommon. Moreover, there is every indication that within the next few years wells will be drilled to even greater depths and bottom-hole temperatures and pressures will be correspondingly higher than those with which we are concerned today. It has been realized for some time that the behavior of cement slurries at high temperatures and pressures might be very different from that at atmospheric tempera-ture-pressure conditions, but while the temperature effects have been investigated with a reasonable degree of thoroughness, the pressure effects have received little public attention. While the trend toward deeper drilling may make changes in cementing technique and the choice of cements imperative, it was the purpose of this investigation to consider factors having a bearing on the latter, only secondary consideration being ,given, for the present, to details of tech-nique and equipment for oil-field use. More specfically, the purpose of this work was to consider the effect of temperature and pressure upon the behavior of cement slurries. Although it has long been recognized that cements thicken and set rapidly with increasing temperatures, practical methods for the quantitative determination of these effects are comparatively recent developments. In 1935 Silcox and Rule1 presented such a method, describing apparatus designed to measure the consistency-time relationship of cement slurries at relatively high temperatures. The practical importance of this apparatus in furnishing useful data for the evaluation of cement slurries for cementing operations has been emphasized in various technical publications by such writers as E. L. Davis,~ I. F. Bing-ham,3 and J. E. Weiler.4 A paper describing the numerous tests now used to evaluate cements for oil wells was presented in 1939 by W. W. Robinson.= Robinson describes the Consistometer and the Thickening-Time Tester, showing similarity of data from the two devices, and points out that the purpose of each apparatus is to determine the allowable time that a cement may be pumped at a given temperature. At the present time, however, it is believed that results from the Thickening-Time Tester and the Consistometer have not given a

Jan 1, 1941

By Walter A. English

CONTENTS PAGE Introduction. By WALTER A. ENGLISH 1 Theory of Seismic Reflection Prospecting. By WILLARD H. TRACY 2 Instruments for Reflection Seismograph Prospecting. By ARTHUR NOMANN 9 Seismograph Field Operations. By FRANK ITTNER 15 Determining Geologic Structure from Seismograph Records. By P. C. KELLY 22 INTRODUCTION BY WALTER A. ENGLISH,* MEMBER A.I.M.E. THE four papers making up this symposum have been prepared espe-cially for those who have no knowledge of seismograph prospecting. To many people mathematics is a formidable subject, and many are discouraged from studying seismograph prospecting under the mistaken assumption that the mathematical requirements are severe. In the papers presented here there is not a single mathematical equation. We believe that considerable competence in dealing with some of the most important problems of this work can be attained without any mathe-matical training whatever. At the present time, there is a real need for interpretation of results by persons thoroughly competent to bring geologic experience and imagination to bear on data that are subject to multiple interpretation from a strictly physical viewpoint. Likewise, those charged with the responsibility of planning seismo-graph exploration campaigns would do well to become familiar with as . much as possible of the technical aspects of the work. They would then be in better position to judge of its success in individual cases. It has often been said that the seismograph is a new structure-finding tool for the geologists to use. Using a tool and using its product are two different things. One does not use an automatic screw-threading machine when he buys a box of screws at the hardware store. Neither does the geologist

Jan 1, 1939

By William B. Phillips

This paper was prepared at the request of Capt. A. F. Lucas, Chair man of the Institute's Committee on Petroleum and Gas; as a pre1iminary.discussion of the fuel oils which are used in the Southwest, giving their composition, uses, prices, etc. Should it afterward be found desirable, these observations may be extended over a larger area. In this connection, I suggest that samples of all kinds of fuel oils, including various tars, from all over the country, be collected and sent to some testing laboratory for examination. We would be glad to extend the facilities of the laboratory of the Bureau of Economic Geology and Technology, at the University of Texas, for this purpose, and to do the work free of all expenses. After such examinations are made and the results classified and studied, it would be possible to suggest specifications under which fuel oils should be purchased, and to arrive at some conclusions respecting the uniformity of such specifications, with due allowance for climatic and other more or less local conditions. While such specifications do not now depart from a common standard anything like as much as specifications for illuminating oils do, yet there are discrepancies which should not exist. Some of these discrepancies are of lessening importance, due to the pronounced tendency to distill every crude oil that can be distilled with profit, and to send residues into the market for fuel oil. Residues from the refineries are of a more uniform chemical composition and physical nature than many of the crude oils that go direct into the fuel market. The lower flash-point oils are disappearing from the fuel trade and in place of them we are getting oils that do not flash below 220" F., nor burn under 320" F. In the Southwest, it has not been long since we had fuel oils that flashed as low as 110" F., and the average flash point over a considerable period was 151" F. Now we are using oil that flashes at about 30" lower than the former burning point, which was 258" F. In other words, the flash point has risen, on the average, 100"; and the burning point about 75".

Jan 1, 1915

By R. H. Heinen

Introduction Drilling is the initial operating step In open pit mining. It goes hand-in-hand with the blasting operations to ensure adequately broken material for the excavation equipment employed. The drilling effectiveness is highly dependent on the quality of the drill evaluation. This discussion will center on the parameters that are needed to evaluate drill requirements for a new mine The procedure that is generated can, however, be used to evaluate whether to expand existing operations and replace existing equipment. Methods of breaking ground, other than blasthole drilling and blasting, such as ripping, will not be discussed. The importance of correct drill evaluation extends to the other facets of open pit mining. Inadequate fragmentation, the direct result of poor drilling and blasting techniques, results in oversized, hard digging for the excavating equipment. The result is higher secondary blasting costs, reduced excavation efficiencies, higher excavation costs, higher road repair costs, and higher haulage equipment costs. The main objective of evaluating drill fleet requirements, therefore, is to determine the equipment needed to minimize the operational constraints, caused by blasthole drilling, on other facets of open pit mining at the lowest cash flow costs.

Jan 1, 1979

By J. M. Hodge, M. A. Orehoski

The relationship between hardenability based on a 50 per cent martensite criterion, and that based on higher percentages of martensite in a number of low-alloy steels was discussed in a previous paper by the authors.' It was found that the differences between the hardenability values based on the 50 per cent martensite and full martensite criterions increased as the hardenability increased and that, in the steels of higher hardenability, these differ-

Jan 1, 1947

By Murray Kaufman

Using en; 41 for a base alloy, 15 modifications were made in sheet form. The elements Al, Ti, C, Mo, Co, and Cb were varied. The effects on the phases formed and their temperature dependence, the aging characteristics, tensile and stress-rup- ture properties, and weld cracking were determined. The A1-Ti content and balance is the most important factor influencing the major sCrengthening phases [Ni,Ti and Ni,(Al, Ti)] and, consequently, mechanical properties. THE mechanical properties, fabricating and joining characteristics, dimensional stability, and so forth, of alloys containing secondary phases are largely determined by the phases present, their distribution, and their temperature dependence. The phases in the basic ternary and quaternary Ni-Cr-Al-Ti combina- tions have been investigated thoroughly.'* The phase behavior of many commercial nickel-base alloys has been determined also. In some cases, for example U500, 5 the effect on mechanical properties has been found. However, little systematic work has been done to clarify the action of each of the important alloying elements in controlling the phases formed in complex commercial alloys and their behavior. The effect of molybdenum on the carbides formed in M252 was investigated by Beattie and verSnyder.6 Application of the results provided by that work

Jan 1, 1963

By W. G. Frailing, W. P. Sims

The Lakeview Pool of Kern County, California, was discovered in 1910 with the drilling of Lakeview No. 1 which blew out and produced an estimated 8,250,000 bbl of oil in 544 days of uncontrolled flow. The well has since been known as the Lakeview Gusher. Full exploitation of the pool did not take place until about 25 years later. A total of 112 producing wells were completed in the Lakeview sand through April 30, 1949. As of that date, about 30 per cent of the total wells drilled were still producing, with an average pool production rate of approximately 2000 bbl per day. The cumulative oil production was about 41 million bbl of oil, or 55.3 per cent of the tank oil originally in place. The pool is bordered on its down-structure side by a body of inactive edgewater and water production where present has been principally the result of coning. Since the depletion of the greater portion of the gas energy by the Lake-view Gusher, the pool has operated under gravity drive. Relatively high angle dips, good permeabilities and favorable fluid characteristics have made gravity drainage particularly effective. Since January, 1942, the oil recovery -has been relatively constant at about 53,000 bbl per ft drop in fluid level. Correlations between the volume of reservoir space drained and the cumulative oil produced indicate that an ultimate recovery of 63.3 per cent of the tank oil originally in place is attainable. INTRODUCTION The Lakeview Pool is an outstanding example of gravity drainage. It is one of many productive reservoirs of the Midway-Sunset Field, and is located in Kern County, approximately five miles southeast of Taft and two miles north of Maricopa, California. Its position rel- ative to surrounding pools and to the Thirty-Five anticline is shown on Fig. 1. The northern portion of the pool lies in sections 32 and 33, Township 32 South, Range 24 East, Mt. Diablo Base and Meridian, while the southern portion lies in sections 25, 26, 35 and 36, Township 12 North, Range 24 West, San Bernardino Base and Meridian. As no two sections bear the same number, they will hereafter be referred to by section number alone. The purpose of this paper is to review the performance of the Lakeview Pool in an effort to evaluate the effectiveness of gravity drive as a recovery mechanism. REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE The oustanding structural feature is this area is the Thirty-Five anticline, the axis of which plunges South 75" East through the center of Section 35. As shown on Fig. 2, the following zones are oil and gas bearing in the Thirty-Five anticline area: Pleistocene Basal Tulare Tar Sands Pliocene San Joaquin Mya Sands Top Oil or Scalez Zone Etchegoin Kinsey Sand Wilhelm Zone Gusher Sand Calitroleum Sand Miocene Reef Ridge Lakeview Sand Sub-Lakeview Miocene Sands Monarch Sands or fractured shale equivalent Maricopa Webster Sand or fractured shale equivalent Fractured Shale-Uvigerina Zone C Obispo Sand and fractured shale equivalent Pacific Shale Zone The productive interval of the Lakeview Pool is limited to Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene deposition. In this general area, the most prevalent type of accumulation results from stratigraphic traps or permeability pinchouts. As is the case of the Lakeview Pool, strati-graphic traps resulting from angular unconformities are present. The structure within the Miocene does not parallel that of the Etchegoin (Pliocene), as the Miocene beds were folded, and in places faulted, and subjected to erosion prior to Pliocene deposition. The Lakeview horizon consists of truncated sands which occur on the northeast flank of the Thirty-Five anticline. The direction of strike is west and northwesterly through sections 25 and 36 and continues northwesterly through sections 26 and 33, to the approximate center of section 32. At this point the strike swings to the northeast and the horizon re-enters section 33. in the northwest corner. The change in strike in section 32 affords synclinal accumulation at that point. The Lake-view sand is truncated updip by the Etchegoin overlap. To the southeast, the sand shales out, while to the northwest, the productive interval appears to be limited by a combination of stratigraphic pinchout and permeability barrier. Structurally, the Lakeview reservoir presents three areas of interest, as shown on Fig. 3. Area I in section 32 is a region in which a productive Sub-Lakeview Miocene sand is present. It occurs from 10 feet to 30 feet below the base of the Lakeview sand and attains a maximum thickness of 25 feet in Well No. 21, section 32. The producing characteristics of the Sub-Lakeview Miocene sand differ radically from those of the Lakeview sand. Water production at high structural locations and abnormally high fluid levels indicate that there was no communication with the Lakeview sand. Wells in Area I penetrated this sand and produced it in conjunction with the Lakeview sand. In Area 11, the Lakeview sand is a

Jan 1, 1950

BOSTON SECTION ALFRED C. LANE, Chairman, GEORGE A. PACKARD, Vice-chairman, E. E. BUGBEE, Sec'y-Treas., Mass. Inst. of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. R. L. AGASSIZ, FRED W. DENTON. Forty-sixth Meeting The forty-sixth meeting of the Boston section was held at the University Club on Monday evening, Jan. 28, 1918. Thirty-six members and guests were present, which is a record for this Section. After a good dinner, President Philip N. Moore, of the Institute, was introduced, and spoke of the many problems of the Institute. The topics covered were the progress and growth of the Institute during the administrative year, the efforts to stimulate the local sections and to bring them more in touch with the policies and problems of the parent body and, last but not least, of the constructive results and patriotic work of the Institute in the national service of the war. The other guest of the Section, Mr. Thomas Nelson Perkins, Counsel for the Priority Board, spoke most entertainingly of recent experiences in Russia, England and France. After considerable discussion during which Mr. Perkins most obligingly answered innumerable questions, the meeting adjourned at about 10 p. m.

Jan 7, 1918

By A. U. Seybolt

As is well known, many questions affecting the properties and uses of a metal cannot be answered without careful consideration of the state of purity realized in the various operations of preparation, refining, or special treatment that have brought the product to its final state. The occurrence of an impurity in minute quantity offers no guarantee that its effect will be inconsiderable because dissolved substances often modify the properties of a metal quite out of proportion to their concentration. In such cases the determination of solid solubility must be accepted as a problem of considerable difficulty, requiring the use of especially purified materials and methods not ordinarily used in the metallurgical laboratory. This aspect of the equilibrium between metals and their oxides is especially important and a search for fundamental data reveals little except .conflicting opinion even concerning the systems of common occurrence and interest. Rhines and Mathewson1 in 1934 studied the solubility of oxygen in solid copper by annealing to equilibrium in air and gave reasons for the failure of other methods, notably the ordinary procedure of heat-treatment followed by microscopic examination, to yield reliable results. In this paper, a similar study has been made of the solubility of oxygen in cobalt. The simple theory of this method is outlined below.

Jan 1, 1935

Jan 1, 1970