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THE program for the 126th meeting of the Institute, to be held in San Francisco Sept. 25 to 29, 1922, is being prepared by the General Arrangements Committee of the Local Section and its details are not yet ready for announcement. The program, however, has developed to a sufficient extent to permit members to decide whether they wish to attend or not. Briefly stated, Monday, Sept. 25, will be devoted to technical sessions which will be held at the Engineers Club, and there will be as many sessions as may be required to present the papers available, some of which are listed below. Under the registration fee plan (see July magazine) entertainment expenses during the week in San Fran-cisco will be borne by those in attendance, not by local members alone. Members who expect to attend the San Francisco meeting, but who will not accompany the President's party, will please notify C. H. Fry, Secretary of the San Francisco Section, 625 Market St., San Francisco, Cal., of their intention.

Jan 8, 1922

By H. S. Cannon, F. N. Rhines

The application of a static load to a copper powder compact during sintering at an elevated temperature accelerates the rate of sintering in such a way that a given load induces the same proportional increase in rate for all times of sintering. It is shown that sintering under a load is like creep under a fixed load in that the stress required to accomplish a given degree of densification is proportional to the logarithm of the sintering time. VIRTUALLY all of the theories of sintering that have been put forward within recent years have contained the assumption that the chief driving force of the process is the surface tension resident in the exposed surfaces and internal pores of the compact, or powder mass. An externally applied load might be expected to provide a somewhat equivalent driving force for sintering. It is known that the application of a compressive load, during sintering, hastens densification, but it is by no means clear whether sintering under the influence of surface tension alone and sintering under an applied load are fundamentally similar processes. The present study was undertaken in an effort to obtain an answer to this question and with the hope that the answer may contribute to an understanding of the mechanism of sintering. It has been found that there is a close relationship between sintering and creep processes. Copper powder compacts were sintered in hydrogen at 1000 °C under dead loads of 0 to 165 psi and the progress of sintering was observed by means of density measurements. Using a commercial reduced oxide copper powder, see Table I, cylindrical compacts Yz in. x x in. high were made at a pressure of 12,500 psi. For sintering, these were placed in a cylindrical graphite container into which they fitted snugly. A compressive axial load was applied to the compact through a graphite rod of similar diameter, which rested upon the upper end face of the compact; iron weights, in suitable amount, were placed upon the graphite rod to provide the load. This assembly was encased in a vertical silica tube within a resistance-type furnace capable of maintaining a substantially constant temperature within the working zone. After various predetermined times at temperature, the samples were removed from the furnace and their density was measured by conventional means. The heating-up and cooling-down times have been included in the computed sintering time, using the assumption that the sintering rate doubles for each increase of 10 °C in temperature. The experimental results are presented in Table 11. Upon metallographic examination of the specimens, it was found that there was no apparent change in the shape of the pores as a result of loading, i.e, no flattening, Fig. 1. Substantial contraction away from the container walls was observed in all samples sintered with loads of 10.5 psi and less.

Jan 1, 1952

By Andre Hubaux

In the writer's opinion, more stress should be put on field and microscope observations, as J. L. Gillson does. His discovery of relics of big labradorite feldspars from the Marcy anorthosite in all the other rocks is proof enough that previous field observations have been inadequate. The writer's field experience with anorthositic massifs is limited to the Egersund-Sogndal district in southern Norway; however, this is a very large and well exposed area. It seems to have so many points in common with the Adirondack region that a detailed comparison should be beneficial. This comparison was not possible 20 years ago, owing to the scarcity of geological data, at least for Norway. Both regions are now far better known-the Norway district because of the work of Professors Bugge and Barth33-35 and especially because of the extensive field and microscopic research of P. Michot,36-46 who introduced me in the field to the problems of that region.

Jan 3, 1958

By Walter Miller

During no similar period in the development of petroleum refining technology has so much progress been made in methods and equipment for the economical utilization of heat. Drastically severe commercial and economical conditions controlling the refining industry during 1927 gave a great impetus to improved efficiency and more economical operation in all departments. I think it is fair to say, however, that more progress has been made in the department of heat utilization than in other branches. I use the word utilization advisedly in the dual sense of better primary generation and application of heat and of saving by recovery methods. It was because of this trend that the subject, "Economical Application of Heat," was made the keynote of the refinery engineering sessions just completed. No new, outstanding elemental discoveries can be claimed for the year along this line. Some of the progress made has been in the development of better furnaces and distilling equipment embodying the more modern principles of boiler practice in obtaining complete combustion of the fuel, low excess air requirements and high transfer rates through the heating surface. Transfer rates of 3000 to 6000 B. t. u. per sq. ft. per hr. were considered good some time ago in the older type of equipment. Today a transfer rate of 25,000 to 35,000 B. t. u. is an actual accomplishment in commercial installations and engineers are talking of the feasibility of 50,000, 75,000, even 100,000 R. t. u. per sq. ft. per hr. Contributing most to bringing this about have been the rational use of the velocity factor on both the oil and firing side of the heating surface, and the study and application of the principles of radiant heat in furnace design. Vapor Heat Economy The principle of heat exchange, especially against oil vapors, has been applied to a greater extent than ever before. The recovery of heat from oil vapors is not new. This was practiced 20 years ago or more in Europe,

Jan 1, 1928

Jan 1, 1908

For some years MINING ENGINEERING has published abstracts of the articles appearing in each issue and also of the Transactions papers published in the Quarterly. Beginning this month, a list of key words is being given with each abstract as an aid to indexing the articles for ease in retrieving them when they are needed. The value of a home or office system of indexing and retrieving technical articles is hard to over-estimate. How often is it that a technical problem comes up and someone says: "Oh yes, I've read something about that." Many hours can be expended tracing down that nebulous source. A modest indexing and retrieval system will save those tedious hours, and the person who is able to produce technical documents when they are needed will achieve an enviable status for being on the ball.

Jan 1, 1964

Jan 1, 1931

By W. C. Winegard, W. J. Bratina

Internal friction characteristics and temperature dependence of the torsion modulus for iodide zirconium containing 2.4 pct Hf were investigated, using a low frequency pendulum technique. The internal friction curve consists of a background which increases as the temperature increases, a maximum at 860°C apparently a background due to the al-lotropic transformation, a maximum due to grain boundary relaxation with an associated heat of activation of 58,000 cal per mol, and an anomaly below 350°C which may be associated with a precipitation perphenomenon, Oxygen in below small amounts reduces the grain boundary maximum substantially. The variation of the torsion modulus at 20°C was found to be 3450 Kg per mm2 for the zirconium used in the present work. IT is well known that small amounts of certain solutes materially affect the ductility of zirconium. Lely and Hamburger,&apos; as early as 1914, found that high purity zirconium exhibited a remarkable ductility, while Fast&apos; has shown that oxygen and nitrogen can cause substantia1 embrittlement. Treco" has recently demonstrated that the ductility decreases sharply with the oxygen content, and that 2 atomic pct O2 embrittles zirconium to such an extent that cold working is impossible. The marked decrease in ductility is difficult to understand in view of the fact that Domagala and McPherson4 report the solid solubility of oxygen in zirconium to be 29 atomic pct at 500 °C. Another metal which behaves much the same as zirconium in this respect is titanium. Pratt et al." investigated the internal friction characteristics of titanium and the effect of oxygen on the internal friction values. It is evident that internal friction measurements are of value for studying grain boundary segregation, as shown by Pratt et al. for oxygen in titanium, by Pearson for oxygen in copper, and by Maringer and Schwope for oxygen in molybdenum. With this in view, the internal friction characteristics of zirconium and the qualitative effect of oxygen on the grain boundary relaxation phenomenon were investigated. Materials and Experimental Procedure The zirconium used in the present work was supplied by the Foote Mineral Co. in the form of wire 0.05 in. diam. The analysis supplied by the manufacturer indicates the amount of hafnium as 2.4 pct, less than 0.01 pct O less than 0.01 pct N,, less than 0.02 pct H,, and less than 0.001 pct C. Additional spectro-graphic analysis indicates the other main impurities as follows: 0.01 pct Fe, 0.05 pct Si, 0.008 pct Cu, <0.005 pct W, <0.001 pct Al, <0.05 pct Mg, <0.001 pct Ni, <0.02 pct Ca, and <0.01 pct Ti. Microscopic examination of the material in the as received condition revealed very fine grains with numerous twins. Specimens were annealed either in situ in the internal friction apparatus or in evacuated silica tubes in an auxiliary furnace. When the specimens were annealed in the auxiliary furnace, they were wrapped in identical zirconium wire to prevent contamination by the container. Metallographic sections were taken in all cases. Some were taken from the specimens used for internal friction measurements after completion of the experiments, while others were taken from control specimens at intermediate stages of the experiments. lnternal friction values were obtained by measuring the free decay of a low frequency torsion pendulum (1 cycle per sec), the suspension of which was

Jan 1, 1957

By F. D. Mahone

Much crude oil, as produced from the well, carries varying amounts of water, which may be present as free water in globules sufficiently large to settle out, in time, if the fluid is allowed to stand, or as an emulsion formed by myriads of minute water particles, each surrounded and entrapped by a film of oil through which it cannot break under the action of gravity alone. Such an emulsified mixture of oil and water is commonly termed "cut oil." When such an emulsion is subjected, under proper conditions, to the influence of a high-potential alternating-current field, the minute water particles rupture the enveloping oil films and coalesce into larger water droplets this procedure continuing until all the water is freed into drops of such size that they readily settle out. This action has been photographed by the micro-moving-picture camera; under the microscope, the breaking-up of the emulsion, as described, is seen to be accomplished in a few seconds. The low power requirements of the process, from records of commercial plants, substantiate the theory that the action is that of a multitude of electrical condensers in series, rather than that of a number of conducting paths. The minute water particles serve as the metallic elements, or plates, of the condensers and the separating oil acts as the dielectric. Such surface charges as the particles may have are removed, and the intervening oil is broken, probably electrically by the voltage and mechanically by the attractive force between adjacent oppositely electrified particles. The principle of breaking up an emulsion under the influence of an alternating electric field was discovered by F. G. Cottrell and Buckner Speed, through experiments conducted, at the University of California, which resulted in a plant being installed on the property of the Lucile Oil Co. in the Coalinga field, California, early in 1909. This plant was able to reduce 14-per cent. emulsion to less than Pper cent. with commercial success. Standard Cottrell Apparatus The present standard Cottrell apparatus consists essentially of the electric treater and a settling or trap tank. The treater is a galvanized-iron tank approximately 3 ft. in diameter and 10 ft. high, which con-

Jan 1, 1924

By M. G. Magnuson, H. O. Hofman

When dry chlorine gas is made to act in the cold upon fiuely-divided gold,&apos; it converts the latter with evolution of heat into auro-auric chloride, Au4 Cl4, a hard, dark-red, hygroscopic salt. Moisture splits this salt into aurous and auric chloride, Au²C14 = AuCl + AuCl³; treatment with water converts it into auric chloride and gold, 3 Au²CI4 = 4 AuC1³ + Au². Aurous chloride, when stirred with water, undergoes a similar decomposition, 3 AuCl = AuCI, + Au,. These decompositions of auro-auric chloride and of aurons chloride furnish the explanation for the practice of moistening an ore before it is treated by the Plattner chlorination-process; practical experience having shown that gaseous chlorine gave an unsatisfactory extraction with dry ore. According to Rose12 fine gold is acted upon more slowly by chlorine than gold containing some base metal, e.g., copper. He also says that small quantities of silver increase the rate of solution, but adds that the coating of silver chloride formed, checks, and finally stops, further action, if the percentage of Silver be increased beyond a certain undetermined amount. Bromine3 acts upon finely-divided gold in a manuer similar to chlorine; the auro-auric bromide, Au²,Br4,, however, is not hygroscopic. Upon treatment with water it is decomposed as is the corresponding chlorine salt. It is generally believed that bromine does not act as energetically upon gold as does chlorine. This seems to be borne out by the results in the leach- +1MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BOSTON, MASS.

Jan 1, 1905

By Arthur Knapp

OIL-WELL depletion curves, to be of value, should show when a well or lease may no longer be operated at a profit. The difference, at any time, between the total expenditures and the total income of a lease or well may be called the lease status. Plotting this lease status against time will give a curve subject to more accurate and different interpretations than the barrels-time curves. According to the hypothetical barrels-time curves shown in Fig. 1, well A, at the end of 16 mo., is producing twice as much oil as well B and will continue to produce for another year whereas well B will cease producing in about 6 months. DATA FOR LEASE STATUS-TIME OR DOLLARS-TIME CURVE TIME LEASE MONTHS STATUS Lease purchased for $3000 0 -$ 3,000 No expenses chargeable to lease for 3 mo 2 - 3,000 Well A is started; cost of drilling for month is $16,000 3 - 19,000 Well is completed at additional cost of $10,000 4 - 29,000 Well A is brought in and flows 10,000 bbl. first month (see Fig. 1). Necessary to invest in tanks, boilers, pipe lines, etc.: difference between expenditures and receipts gives profit for month of $5,000 5 - 24,000 Investment is small, cost of operating well A is small, so profits are $15,000 6 - 9,000 Well ceases to flow so there is additional investment for pumping equipment and additional operating expense; net earnings from 6,000 bbl. of oil produced is $4,000.... 7 - 5,000 Lease operation now becomes normal and curve becomes smooth 8 - 500 9 2,000 10 4,500 11 6,000 12 7,700 13 8,700 14 9,000 15 9,500 16 10,000

Jan 1, 1921

By M. A. Dayananda, R. E. Grace

Vapor-solid diffusion couples were employed in a study of ternary diffusion in the single-phase copper-rich corner of the Cu-Zn-Mn system Interdiffusion coefficients were measured at three different compositions corresponding to the intersections of diffusion paths determined at 850°C. Intrinsic diffusion coefficients were determined at two compositions by the Philibert-Guy method. New relations between the various intrinsic diffusion coefficients are also presented. MOST of the investigations of ternary diffusion have been made with "sandwich" couples formed by welding together two homogeneous solid solutions with or without markers placed at the interface. With such couples Kirkaldy and his coworkers1,2 have determined interdiffusion coefficients which describe ternary diffusion in the substitutional alloy systems, Cu-Mn-A1 and Zn-Cu-Al. Guy and Leroy3 have reported intrinsic diffusion coefficients for Co-Ni-Cr alloys as a function of composition using the analysis of Philibert and Guy.4 The use of semi-infinite diffusion couples, for example, vapor-solid couples, where the diffusing species are supplied from a vapor source in contact with a diffusion disk, has so far been confined to studies of binary diffusion. Balluffi et a1.5,6 have successfully determined the interdiffusion as well as the intrinsic diffusion coefficients in several binary metallic systems employing vapor-solid couples with markers initially placed at the vapor-solid interface. They have also discussed the general advantages and limitations of such couples. Vapor-solid diffusion couples can successfully be employed in ternary diffusion studies. The importance of such couples in ternary diffusion lies in the fact that inert markers lie close to the vapor-solid interface, and the composition of the marker plane is virtually known before experimentation begins. Another minor advantage is that the method of Philibert and Guy4 may be used with three alloys instead of four. Lastly, the diffusion paths need not be S-shaped, as pointed out by Meijering7 for "sandwich" couples. The Cu-Zn-Mn system is convenient for ternary diffusion studies because of the large single-phase field in the copper-rich corner. The vapor pressure of zinc above such alloys is known, and X-ray measurements indicate that the molar volume is nearly constant over a wide range of compositions.8,9 It is the purpose of this paper a) to extend the analysis of Balluffi and seigle5 to permit an evaluation of interdiffusion coefficients in ternary vapor-solid couples, b) to use the method of Philibert and Guy to determine intrinsic diffusion coefficients with such couples, and c) to present experimental data on both interdiffusion and intrinsic diffusion coefficients for the Cu-Zn-Mn system at 850°C. INTERDIFFUSION IN TERNARY VAPOR-SOLID COUPLES The analysis of Balluffi and seigle5 is extended in this section to a vapor-solid couple where two solutes diffuse from a vapor source into a ternary solid solution. To take into account the expansion of the diffusion disk caused by the absorption of mass from the vapor phase, the total fluxes are expressed on the basis of a coordinate system that moves with the velocity of the vapor-solid interface; thus. where D3ij are the intrinsic diffusion coefficients,4 v(x, t) is the local Kirkendall velocity of mass flow, and F(t) is the negative velocity of the vapor-solid interface (x = 0). Both these velocities are based on a fixed coordinate system far removed from the diffusion zone. Using the continuity relations and Darken&apos;s method1&apos; for a ternary system in which components 1 and 2 diffuse from the vapor phase into a solid of negligible vapor pressure, one obtains

Jan 1, 1965

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Jan 1, 1938

By J. J. Spencer

IT has been found that, during any particular period of operation or in mining any particular area of the Castle Dome mine, there appears variation between mine grade and mill grade, thus Ear always in the plus direction. It would be interesting to know if this condition obtains at other properties, and, if possible, to alter the sampling methods or computations in order to get better agreement between mine and mill figures.

Jan 4, 1951

By Charles Kumke

THE "slot" system of mining in use at the Golden Queen mine, Mojave, Calif., does not involve any new mining methods. It is, how-ever, a, new combination and adaptation of several stoping systems in common practice. The first plans for stoping operations at the Golden Queen mine called for ordinary shrinkage stopes. The hanging wall of the vein, where exposed, is a very hard felsite with a dip varying from 50° to 70°. The vein itself is quartz, shattered and fractured enough to make it easy to drill and blast to a clean hanging wall. There is no well defined footwall. The footwall limits had to be determined by assays as the metal content faded out into the felsite. Two shrinkage stopes, each approximately 200 ft. long, were laid out and started on the 200-ft. level. One of these stopes, varying in width from 8 to 18 ft., was carried on up to the top limits of the ore, approxi-mately 120 ft., without a break in the operation. The shrinkage system proved entirely satisfactory and low costs resulted from-this operation. In the final drawing of this stope, two timbermen followed down on the ore, scaling the hanging wall clean of small fragments and placing an occasional long stull from foot to hanging wall where it was deemed necessary. Few such stulls; however, were required. The hanging wall stood up very well until the stope was entirely emptied of ore. Waste fill was then put into the stope by the glory-hole method, through a waste raise that had previously been run to surface from the middle of the stope. The second shrinkage stope ran into difficulties about 35 ft. above the sill floor. Up to this point the maximum width of the ore had been about 15 ft. The ore suddenly widened into the footwall to a distance of 40 ft. in the north end of the stope. In extending the stoping operations over this width, it was soon found that the vein material would not arch and support itself. Drilling in this end of the stope was then entirely too hazardous, and all operations were stopped. The ore was drawn through the chutes below as rapidly as possible and as soon as the stope was entirely

Jan 1, 1937

By B. C. Allen

Surface free energy and surface self-diffusion of solid molybdenum were studied in the temperature range 1600" to 2400°C using pressure-sintered bi-crystals. Comparison of groove angles formed in various surfaces perpendicular to the grain boundary indicate a maximum of 1 pct variation in surface free energy with crystallographic mientation. This anisotropy tends to decrease with increasing temperature. The surface diffusion of the bicrystals is equivalent to that of sheet with a mild (100) Preferred orientation. Anomalously low values found for bi-crystals with surface orientations of (OOl), (012), and (011) are rationalized in terms of anisotropy in surface free energy. THE effect of crystallographic orientation on surface free energy1,&apos; and surface self-diffusion3,4 has been primarily studied in fcc metals. The object of this work was to study the effect of orientation on surface diffusion and surface free energy of bcc molybdenum using pressure-sintered bicrystals. EXPERIMENTAL WORK Materials and Crystal Preparation. Arc-melted molybdenum rod was obtained commercially and electron beam zone refined at 50 cm per hr at 10- 5 torr to form single crystals about 8 cm long and 0.65 cm diam. Three crystals were prepared with axial orientations about 1 deg from [001.], [011], and. [111]. To reduce the carbon content, the crystals were annealed 2 hr in 1.4 atm flowing wet hydrogen at 2050°C. Then the oxygen content was reduced by annealing for 2 hr in -30°C dewpoint hydrogen at 2020°C. The resulting impurity analysis is given in Table I. Bicrystal Preparation. The single crystal rods were cut into transverse slices with a thin silicon carbide abrasive wheel to produce specimens about 0.6 cm long. They were mounted in epoxy and surrounded by stainless steel washers. Cutting in half was done longitudinally at various angles to known crystallographic planes containing the cylinder axis according to Fig. 1. To reduce surface deformation resulting from the cutoff wheel and thus reduce parasitic grain boundary formation on subsequent annealing, about 0.003 cm was manually ground off each cut surface with 600 grit paper. Care was taken to keep the surface flat. After removal from the mounts, one half was generally ro-tated 180 deg with respect to the other to give a po- tential symmetrical tilt grain boundary between the two halves. In the other cases when low misorienta-tion angles were desired, the crystals were not rotated. On the basis of symmetry, sufficient bicrystals were prepared to cover the entire range of misorientations for symmetrical tilt boundaries. The misorientations, +, ranged from 0 to 45, 0 to 90, and 0 to 60 deg for [001], [011], and [111] bicrystals, respectively. One [Ill] twist bicrystal was prepared from 2 single crystal discs rotated 17 deg relative to each other. Each specimen consisted of two pieces which were placed in a cylindrical tantalum can. Sharp edges were rounded and the fit was made as snug as possible to reduce subsequent deformation during bonding. The assembly and crystals generally were vicuum outgassed at 900" or 1700°C and then electron beam welded in the can at l x 10-4 torr. After being leak checked, the samples were placed in an autoclave and hydrostatically gas-pressure bonded5 in four batches under helium at 10,000 to 18,000 psi at 1650°C for 3 hr. Satisfactory bonds were obtained in many cases, and most of the crystals bonded after two exposures. The results did not appear to be affected by the various pressures used, preannealing conditions, crystal orientation, or time-pressure-temperature route taken to the final bonding condition. After bonding, the tantalum cans were selectively removed in cold concentrated HF. Measurements indicated overall deformation was under 1 pct. The bicrystals were metallographically ground and polished flat and perpendicular to the axis. Examination showed the boundaries were straight and almost free of parasitic grains caused by extraneous local deformation. Annealing. In preparation for thermal grooving, the bicrystals were cleaned and annealed by outgassing at 10-5 torr at 1900°C and heating at 2300°C under 1 atm 99.996 Ar for 0.5 hr. The crystals were held in a closed 4-deck box made of molybdenum sheet, and were heated in a Ta-1OW resistance furnace. The ar-

Jan 1, 1970

By I. N. Zavarine

THE present paper is a continuation of the work on the relationship between the magnetic and the phase transformations in carbon steels during quenching. An account was given by the author in a previous paper It of an investigation of this relationship during a continuous quench. The experimental difficulties then encountered prevented a conclusive proof of the existence or absence of such a relationship. The conclusions of the previous paper were derived indirectly. The present paper deals with the same problem, but the method of attack is modified. The technique developed by Davenport and Bain2 in their well-known study of austenite transformation at subcritical temperature was adopted in the present investigation. They have shown that the austenite to martensite transformation can be caused to proceed at a relatively slow rate by quenching steels into a hot metal bath. Slowing down of the rate of transformation, together with an observation by Lewis3 that a eutectoid steel can be preserved in the nonmagnetic state by such quench-ing, pointed out a possibility of a study of both transformations under more favorable conditions than previously described. The preliminary steps were connected with the technique of the hot bath quench. To study this phase of the present work a modification of the apparatus previously describe1 was used. The modification con-sisted in the use of a hot quenching bath instead of brine, and in fixing the secondary and the primary coils of the apparatus in a stationary position in and around the bath. Tubular specimens, as in the previous investiga-tion, were heated in a suitable furnace to a temperature in the austenitic.

Jan 1, 1935

By W. A. Ver Wiebe

Under the impetus of new demands caused by the war, the oil and gas industries of Kansas established new records during the year 1942. In all, 1513 test wells were drilled, which is somewhat of a drop from the figure of 2113 for 1941. The 1513 tests yielded 800 new oil wells, 85 new gas wells, and 628 dry holes. Thus there was an increase in two categories, the gas wells and the dry holes. Considering that last year only 592 dry holes were completed out of a much larger total, the figure of 628 dry holes causes some concern among local operators. The increase in unsuccessful tests illustrates once more the fact that each year it is becoming harder to find the remaining oil pools. When the figures are broken down, it appears that western Kansas accounted for 1177 tests, of which 689 were oil wells, 33 gas wells, and 455 dry holes. The total potential daily initial production uncovered by the successful wells amounted to 753,178 bbl. of oil and 619,734,000 cu. it. of gas. The figures for new initial production indicate a substantial drop from last year&apos;s figure of 1,691,000 bbl., and the figures on gas are slightly higher. In 1941 the new gas as based on a daily potential was 508,000,-000 cu. ft. In eastern Kansas, 336 wells were drilled. Among these in were oil wells, accounting for a daily initial potential production of 16,199 bbl. The new gas wells numbered 52 and added 253,725,000 cu. ft. per day to the gas potential production of the state. The remaining tests, 173 in number, were dry. It is interesting and perhaps significant that about half (630) of the wells drilled in western Kansas were drilled by the independent operators. Among the large companies, the Cities Service Oil Co. drilled 163 wells; the Stanolind Oil and Gas Co., 52; the Skelly Oil Co., 39; the Continental Oil Co., 48; and the Shell Petroleum Co., 21 wells. In eastern Kansas the independent operators drilled 297 out of the total of 336 wells. Among the major oil companies the Cities Service Oil Co. drilled 19; the Phillips Petroleum Co. 7; and the Sinclair-Prairie Oil Co., 6 wells. The figures based on relative percentages of dry holes to successful oil or gas wells are revealing. In western Kansas almost one half of all wells drilled by the independent operators were dry holes. The major oil companies drilled approximately 547 wells in western Kansas, of which 379 were successful in finding either oil or gas. It thus appears that the major companies fared better than the independents. In eastern Kansas the major companies drilled 39 wells, of which 29 were successful in finding commercial quantities of oil or of gas. No less than 329 wildcat test holes were put down in western Kansas and 105 in eastern Kansas, or 434 in all, during 1942. Considerably more than half of these were drilled by independent operators; 223 in western and 99 in eastern Kansas. An exploratory hole 56 mile or more from production is regarded as a wildcat well in Kansas. On a percentage basis, about 80 per cent of wildcat wells were failures. In western Kansas only 20 per cent found either oil or gas. The failures were about equally distributed among the major

Jan 1, 1943

By Leon Dominian

Page I. Introduction......................237 11. Coal..................239 (a) Western Asia Minor.........239 I-. Lignites of the Marmora-Bgean zone.239 2. The Black Sea basin.............241 (b) Eastern Asia Minor..........244 (c) Syria................246 (d) Mesopotamia................ 246 (e) European Turkey.&apos;.....&apos;..... 247 111. Oil and Allied Hydrocarbons...............248 (a) Early Use of Oil and Bitumen in Turkey........248 (b) Syria........................ 250 (c) Mesopotamia.................... 250 (d) European Turkey.................. 256 I. INTRODUCTION Apart from local needs in the country&apos;s development, the interest attached to Turkish fuels grows chiefly out of the importance of the railway industry in Asiatic Turkey. Geographical conditions make of the tracks in this region the most essential link in a chain of world-girdling lines. By its position Asia Minor can be likened to a bridge in the through routes destined to connect European factories with Asiatic and African markets. An uninterrupted right-of-way from points in central Europe to populous Indian cities must necessarily pass through the valleys of Anatolia. Crossing thence the Taurus Mountains, its natural passage is indicated as the Mesopotamian lowland and the shores of the Indian Ocean. Similarly, land connection between Europe and Africa can be obtained only by passage through Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine. The occurrence of fuel within an area of such significance from the

Jan 1, 1917

Discussion of the paper of M. E. Lormbardi,. presented at the New York meeting, February, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 9S, February, 1915, pp. 209 to 215. I. N. KNAPP, Ardmore, Pa.-Some years ago I made a swinging spider to carry a string of casing in a way somewhat similar to that described in this paper. The ground I tried it in was too soft for its successful operation. The spider had a central one-flange bushing to carry the slips. Under this flange and on top of the spider was a properly protected ball runway, or ball bearing, which permitted rotating the casing when it was in place and supported by the slips.

Jan 5, 1915