Search Documents

ALASKA Established Nov 19, 1947 Regular meetings last Monday of each month Ted C Mathews, Chairman Patrick H O'Neill, Vice-Chairman Ralph B Norris, Secretary-Treasurer Box 643, Fairbanks, Alaska District Vice-Chairmen Leonard M Berlin, Juneau Alaska Harold Strandberg, Anchorage, Alaska Frank E Love, Nome, Alaska

Jan 1, 1949

By Robert Forsyth

As the latest plant on a large scale, the new Bessemer works of the North Chicago Rolling Mill Company, at South Chicago, presents some features of interest to steel-makers, I have ventured to lay before the Institute a short description of that plant, and some* remarks upon the practice there. At the time the South Chicago works were designed the adoption of the basic process in this country seemed imminent. Experience in Europe had demonstrated the perfect success of the process technically, and the question of its commercial value was one which, for any particular works, would have to be settled by its special advantages for procuring the necessary ores and basic materials. Under the circumstances, it was thought best at South Chicago to so arrange the plant as to allow the introdnction of the basic whenever it became advisable, and to make such other changes from the standard type of Bessemer plant as the state of the art seemed to demand and to foreshadow. As the use of metal direct from the blast furnace, while generally condemned by experts here, was in such successful practice in Europe (particularly in connection with the basic process), there was no doubt about its feasibility, while its economy in fuel and labor made it especially attractive to the Western manufacturer. It was accordingly decided to build a direct-metal plant adapted to the basic process. The ingots made were to be rolled into rails at one heat, and were to be of such size (12 inches square and long enough for three and four rails) as to be readily and quickly handled by the rolling machinery proposed. This small size of ingots, and the large number cast from each heat of 10 tons, made it necessary to provide a good deal of room in the casting-pit—much more than in any previons plant—and to put down extra facilities for handling ingots. To meet the delays incident to the basic process—to insure that one vessel should be always blowing if necessary, and to provide opportunity for current repairs to linings, etc.—it was decided that three vessels should be used, and, to properly concentrate the work of

Jan 1, 1884

By A. L. Volley

(Read at the Amenia Meeting, October, 1877.) THE existence of iron ore and anthracite coal in the neighborhood of Providence, R. I., has long been known, chiefly as a geological fact; that these materials, so near to each other and to tidewater, are of such a good quality and are present in such large quantity, as to have seriously raised the question of establishing blast furnaces there, was a surprising fact to me; and I have thought that the few notes I have lately gathered on the subject would be of interest at this partly New England meeting. The coal field referred to has an area of above 400 square miles, and is found throughout the belt of transition rocks extending from Newport Neck to Mansfield, Massachusetts. It underlies the cities of Providence and Newport, and the towns of Middletown, Portsmouth, Jamestown, Warwick, Barrington, Cranston, North Provi-

Jan 1, 1878

By R. S. Shoemaker, F. W. McQuiston

Ore Classification / Mine Where Used / Treatment Method Table page

Jan 1, 1975

University of Alabama-University, Alabama, Mining and Metallurgical Society, James W Stewart University of Alaska-College, Alaska, Mining Society of the University of Alaska, Jack R Hoskins University of Arizona-Tucson, Arizona, Miners Society, A E Gorum Birmingham-Southern College-Birmingham, Alabama, Pick and Hammer Club, Daniel D Arden University of British Columbia-Vancouver, British Columbia, G M Dawson Club, A Gunning University of California-Berkeley, California, Mineral Technology Association, Bernard York Carnegie Institute of Technology-Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, The Metals Club, Gerhard Derge Case Institute of Technology-Cleveland, Ohio, Case Metallurgical Engineering Society, Robert F Hehemann City College of New York-New York, New York, CCNY Student Chapter AIME, Daniel T O'Connell

Jan 1, 1955

By Phillip B. Bucky, R. S. Taborelli

The term "longwall mining" is best known to coal men, although modifications of the method are continually being used in other fields. Longwall mining is of interest today because it makes for greater inechanization and better supervision at the working face, and therefore lower production costs and increased safety. It is an approach to the factory system of production, the high efficiency of which as compared to that in mines is well known. There is available an accumulation of experience regarding this work but coordination of experience is lacking and this series of experiments was undertaken to help serve this purpose. Model experiments were used for reasons of safety, cost and time, and because it has been previously shown1,2,3 that a scalar inodel built of the same material as the prototype will behave in a manner similar to that of the prototype, with time effects the same, if the effective weight of the model is increased in the same proportion as its linear dimenbions are decreased. This is accomplished by substituting a centrifugal for the gravitational field; i.e., placing the model in a centrifuge and controlling the strength of the centrifugal field by varying the rate of rotation. Many factors affect the behavior of the geologic material overlying a bed, therefore results and conclusions contained in this paper apply only to the conditions presented herein. Longwall Mining What Is Longwall Mining?—Agreement should be reached as to what constitutes longwall mining and therefore what constitutes a longwall face. Let longwall mining be defined as the mining procedure in which the roof and overlying bed breaks tend to parallel the working face. In the ordinary stope or room-and-pillar mining the roof breaks tend to

Jan 1, 1938

High-type research metallurgist with approximately following qualifications: American, 30 to 45 years old. Mind-Analytical. Education-college graduate. Practical shop experience-not less than 5 years. Metallurgical experience in steel making-at least 5 years. Chemical experience-should have some chemical training. Research ability -should be the type of man who is interested in new developments or research work. No. 337. Engineer with some underground, experience who is physically able to spend a large portion of his time underground, to act as general efficiency engineer. He will have cost keeping on special work, charge of contracts, labor distribution, etc. No. 338. The services of a man experienced in flotation and familiar with the Callow apparatus are required for a short engagement in South America. No. 339. A position as surveyor and draftsman for mines in Mexico is open. Opportunity for advancement. Climate pleasant and healthful. Knowledge of Spanish required. No. 340. The Bureau of Construction and Repair, Navy Department, Washington; D. C., is in need of a few draftsmen of experience for work in connection with the development of industrial yards and shops of the Navy, under the cognizance of the Shore Establishment Division of the Bureau of Construction and Repair. Training in one of the following courses would be considered a requisite qualification:

Jan 9, 1918

By John A. Mathews

It is no longer necessary to explain to an audience like this that there are stainless or non-corrosive steels. It is still necessary to repeat, and to keep on repeating, that no one of them is stainless or non-corrosive under any and all conditions. We do not make railroad axles, springs and rails from the same kinds of steel; nor are shafts, steering-arms, gears and cap-screws made from the same type analysis. By analogy with other fields of endeavor, therefore, it is logical to expect that all the myriad conditions of corrosion due to inorganic and organic acids and salts and their mixtures in all degrees of concentration and at a wide variety of temperatures and pressures will require different materials to withstand them. Possibly stainless steel when first introduced a decade ago was expected to do too much, or suffered from overenthusiasm and lack of positive knowledge and experience on the part of its producers. Its name may have been a bit misleading too, for remarkable as this product is, it has its limitations. There are now so many different ferrous products available and calling for recognition, that we may be justified in an attempt at classification. The first division is very simple. 1. Non-corrosive steels that harden by quenching. 2. Non-corrosive steels which do not harden by quenching. We might make the classification still simpler by saying (1) those that harden by quenching, and (2) those that soften by quenching. Of course there is a border line or fringe of compositions which may possess some of both qualities under limited conditions of treatment. I have seen a steel so perfectly balanced on this border line that in its natural condition, as rolled, the outside of a 1-in. bar was soft and the inside hard, and there was quite a sharp line of demarcation in between. The hardness at the center was more than twice as great as at the surface, as measured by the Rockwell test. This border line of products does not include, however, the commercial products now available to solve the problems of industry. Let us examine the products of these two classes: Hardenable Non-cokkosive Steels This group, practically speaking, includes only the products known as "stainless iron and stainless steel." These names have a special sig-

Jan 1, 1927

By ElRoy Nelson

WATER provides to many mineral industries functions similar to those performed by money in the economic system. Water is a medium of exchange. It is also required in chemical reaction for cooling, for transfer of minerals, and for cleaning. To a great extent, water is also a raw material in almost every industrial operation; it becomes a component of the finished product. In the Rocky Mountain region, water is treated with a great deal of respect. There has not been enough of it when needed. Long ago storage facilities were planned and devised to assure a supply during periods of shortages. This comes from the history of the region in irrigation and mineral processing. Within this region the shovel was always the most lethal weapon used in settling disputes over the use or misuse of water.

Jan 10, 1954

By C. G. Dunn

MANY investigations have been made concerning the nature of plastic deformation and recrystallization of metals either in the form of polycrystalline materials or in the form of single crystals. However, similar work on strip materials composed of large grains as thick as the strip and having a high degree of preferred crystal orientation has not been carried out extensively. Such materials are ideal not only for studying changes in single crystals under conditions where neighboring grains exert their influences but also for obtaining the, complete change in orientation of a grain or group of grains during the course of plastic deformation and subsequent recrystallization. It is well known that first-order twins in the form of Neumann bands may be produced during the plastic deformation of ferrite crystals, particularly silicon ferrite crystals.1-3 Furthermore, it is believe that high-stress regions exist in the vicinity of these bands4a and it has been said that these banded regions would be active in recrystallization processes.5 Evidence to that effect in silicon ferrite had already been presented with photomicrographs showing recrystallization among Neumann bands during the early stages of recrystallization.5,6 Similar evidence has been published for nonferrous metals.5 Merging of fine parallel deformation bands during annealing to form twin bands of ordinary appearance in alpha brass has been offered not only as evidence of an active role being played by mechanical twins but also as evidence that such twins existed prior to recrystallization.5 Proof that such new structures are actually first-order twins, or even twins at all, must be considered inadequate except for those cases where X-ray or optical data have been obtained to confirm the necessary orientation relationship.7,8 A. B. Greninger has obtained excellent iliustrations of annealing twins in alpha irons Since his material was previously deformed by sharp hammering, a process that generally induces Neumann bands, the existence of twins following annealing might suggest that they grew from mechanical twins. In connection with transformation twins in alpha iron, Greninger reported that grains containing. three twin orientations occurred rarely and none occurred with three sets of well-developed bands.9 The work at the Pittsfield Works Laboratory on silicon ferrite in the form of large-grained strip steel deformed a small amount and annealed to partially recrystallize the grains indicates that the deformation and recrystallization processes that lead to annealing twins involve more complex processes than the formation of Neumann bands and the growth of such bands. Some groups of annealing twins are obtained which contain not only three well-developed twin structures, but also contain more than one order of twins. It is also shown, in one case, that an interrelated group of twins did not arise within one single parent grain and, furthermore, orientations of grains in the group

Jan 1, 1944

OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS For the year ending February, 1935 PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR HOWARD N. EAVENSON PITTSBURGH, PA. PAST PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS SCOTT TURNER WASHINGTON, D. C. FREDERICK M. BECKET NEW YORK, N. Y. VICE-PRESIDENT, TREASURER AND DIRECTOR KARL EILERS NEW YORK, N. Y. VICE-PRESIDENTS AND DIRECTORS EUGENE MCAULIFFE OMAHA, NEB. PAUL D. MERICA NEW YORK, N. Y. HENRY KRUMB SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH EDGAR RICKARD NEW YORK, N. Y. LOUIS S. CATES NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 1, 1934

Jan 1, 1913

By James W. Halley

' FINE-GRAINED " steels have been standard products for many years. This paper describes an investigation of the effects of some of the more common grain-growth; inhibitors used to produce these steels. The properties, response to heat-treatment, and the deoxidation practice necessary to produce "fine-grained" steels have been the subjects of numerous papers. It has been shown that a substantial quantity of' aluminum is necessary to produce this type of steel, and it has been indicated that titanium and zirconium produce a similar result. For some time there was a lively argument between those who felt that aluminum refined the grain and those who felt that aluminum oxide was the effective agent. This argument subsided with an apparent victory for those promoting aluminum oxide. Most of the work on grain size has divided steels into two broad classifications based upon McQuaid and Ehn's original carburizing test at 1700°F. or some similar test at this temperature. If the steel coarsened at this temperature, it was coarse grained, while if it did not it was fine grained. Quantitative data concerning how much a certain amount of aluminum raised the coarsening temperature and affected the properties, all other factors being constant, are very meager. Similar information regarding titanium and zirconium is practically nonexistent. The published information on aluminum yields some quantitative information. Epstein, Nead and Washburn' gave the first quantitative information on the amount of aluminum necessary to prevent grain growth at 1700°F. They showed that the addition of a pound to a pound and a half of aluminum per ton (0.05 to 0.075 per cent) would assure steel that would not .coarsen during a McQuaid-Ehn test at 1700°F. Herty, McBride and Hough2 reported that a steel containing 0.020 per cent acid-soluble aluminum coarsened between 1742° and 1832°F., while steels containing 0.016 per cent and 0.017 per cent acid-soluble aluminum coarsened between 1652~ and 1742°F. compared with similar aluminum-free steels that started to coarsen at 1580°F. Herty3 also showed a marked improvement in low-temperature notched impact resistance with increasing acid-soluble aluminum up to 0.030 per cent. McQuaid4 compared the coarsening of steels containing 0.011 to 0.204 per cent total aluminum and found a maximum coarsening temperature at 0.098 per cent aluminum. He had no samples between 0.015 and 0.098 per cent aluminum. Houdrement5 found a marked decrease in coarsening temperature with aluminum contents above 0.50 per cent. Kinzel, Crafts and Egan6 found that aluminum and zirconium improved thy low-temperature impact resistance of a low-alloy steel, while titanium was detrimental. Sims7 shows that sulphur increases the coarsening temperature and that the maximum coarsening temperature is between 0.04and 0.06 Per cent added aluminum. The

Jan 1, 1946

By Charles H. Jacoby, Leo E. Read

IN diamond coring salt beds to evaluate deposits, special techniques are applied to standard slim hole drilling to obtain a representative sample of the water soluble sodium chloride. Industrial consumers generally require a run-of-the-mine material of 98.0 pct sodium chloride. Since no commercial beneficiation has yet been devised to upgrade the lower quality salt beds, the only processing is crushing and screening to the size required by the customer. Coring salt sections has recently become important not only in dry mining, but also in the development of brine cavities by hydraulic fracturing and the formation of jugs for storing liquid petroleum products. Drilling Fluid: The fluid used in coring salt beds in New York, Ohio, and Michigan is a thoroughly saturated brine made from 3.0 lb rock salt per gal of make-up water. This mined rock salt, -4 mesh +10 mesh, is dissolved in a lixator, a double-bottomed cone hopper that turns fresh water to fully saturated brine.

Jan 5, 1957

By Edward C. Morse

The metallurgical history of Republic has been completely reviewed in a paper presented at a previous meeting of the Spokane Local Section by Professor Thomson;' therefore, the present paper will be confined to matters directly pertaining to the San Poil mill: When I came to Republic last fall to look over the situation there was a plant in operation successfully treating the tailings from one of the earlier mills in the camp. I refer to the mill of the Rathfon Reduction Co. This mill was operating in accordance with modern cyaniding practice, and I was given to understand that the work was very satisfactory and profitable, else it would not have been continued as long as it was. At that time I obtained much metallurgical information of value from Harry W. Newton, Superintendent of the mill of the North Washington Power & Reduction Co. I took a number of samples from the San Poil mine, with the view of determining if Mr. Newton's experience with the ores from the other mines applied to the San Poil ores. I made a large number of tests under a variety of conditions, and found that it was possible to extract as high as 98 per cent, of the values from San Poil ore by the laboratory-tests when the ore was pulverized to 200-mesh and treated with a solution of a strength of 5 Ib. of KCN to the ton. A fairly strong solution was required because of the proportion of silver in the ore, which makes it, from a metallurgical point of view, practically

Jan 1, 1913

By H. D. Kiddle

IN mining in Malaya has been a courageous ad- venture in private enterprise, attended by all the hazards of prospecting in unexplored areas of tropical jungles-jungles that still cover four-fifths of the country. To assess the contribution of an industry to a country's revenue, it is necessary to consider not only duties levied on the products, but also the revenue from all businesses and individuals directly and indirectly deriving income from the industry. Exact figures are not obtainable, but from 1850 until shortly before the first World War, tin mining in Malaya was a dominant factor in the Federation's development. Even at the turn of the century, tin export duty alone represented 45 pct of total Government revenue, while in the 40-year period up to the end of 1937, tin ore duties collected by the Federated Malay States Government amounted to 383,- 81 0,284 Malayan dollars,* approximately one-fifth of the total revenue for the same period.

Jan 11, 1957

I HAVE previously shown you in the Fifth Book the process of making guns and gun carriages, together with other preparations and methods of moving them. If I now failed to show you more about them, it would be as if I had pointed out only the useless shadow of a thing, for I did not show the kinds and arrangement of their supplies or how the effects for which they are made are achieved. For these reasons I now wish to tell you, in addition to what I have already said, how saltpeter is made and the methods of refining it well; what it is and how without it guns and many effects of violent and artificial fires would have been discovered in vain. After this, I also wish to tell you the methods of compounding the powders for large and small guns, and finally how these are loaded and discharged. I also wish to tell you how mines are made, and fire tubes, [149v] fire pots, squibs, fireballs, rockets, shells, grapeshot, and other similar devices for shooting fire in order to bum ships, supplies, bridges, and ramparts, or, in offense, for firing on batteries. I also wish to teach you to make certain bronze balls for shooting, which carry fire and break in many pieces when they hit. For surely, besides being terrifying to the sight, they would be harmful to armies lined up in battle when they are fighting. Likewise, I wish, to enlighten you as to how artificial fires are made that last long and are difficult to extinguish. Since these are fine and useful things in wars, every captain and soldier should give them consideration and know how to use them when necessary. You will be pleased to have this information if for no other reason than that you can teach it to those who take delight in celebrating holidays with festivities and with fires.

Jan 1, 1942

By R. K. Waring

A KNOWLEDGE of the mutual liquid solubility of zinc and lead is of importance in various phases of zinc metallurgy. The determination of this solubility has been the subject of numerous investigations, but unfortunatel, the results vary widely, particularly at higher tempera-tures, and it has been impossible to decide what data are most reliable. It was decided to investigate the matter and in view of the disagreement in the published results, it was felt necessary to take rather unusual precautions to insure the reliability of the data. For this reason deter-minations were made by four different methods, and the procedures of several of the previous investigators were duplicated. The previously used methods can be divided into two classes: methods involving freezing the entire melt and taking samples of the lead-rich and zinc-rich phases in the solid state, 1,2 and methods in which the. samples are taken while the bath is liquid and at the desired temperature. 3,4 Data obtained by methods involving freezing the entire melt show much lower solubility of lead in zinc than methods in which the liquid is sampled at temperature. The latter method was used by Spring and Romanoff5 and by Hass and Jellinek.6 The results of these two investi-gations are in agreement at temperatures near the melting point but at higher temperatures Hass and Jellinek find a higher mutual solubility.

Jan 1, 1934

By Orville R. Lyons

THE Russellton preparation plant of Republic Steel Corp., located north of Pittsburgh, Pa., prepares 395x0-in. Thick-Freeport coal by means of a 13-ft 6-in. diam Chance cone and 16 No. 7 Deister tables. The plant feed ranges between 370 and 410 tons per hr, of which approximately 31 pct is 1/4xO-in. size, and the plant reject ranges between 14 and 16 pct of the feed.

Jan 6, 1953

By L. L. Swift

AT the present time there are four base metals being used for automo-tive bearing alloys. Of course there are numerous variations in the amounts of alloying elements added to each base metal and nearly all of these alloys have the conventional, if not classical duplex structure; that is, they are composed of a hard constituent embedded in a soft matrix. The well-known theory is that the former will wear well, while the latter will be plastic enough to allow the bearing to be broken in and conform to the contours of the shaft. The requirements of the modern bearing have been most aptly described by W. M. Corse: In order to meet the engineering demands of today a good bearing metal must be able to carry the weight of the shaft and stand up under steady or suddenly applied loads, or even blows in some types of service. A certain amount of plasticity is desired to compensate for minute irregularities in the shaft or bearing surface, and to permit yielding, thereby avoiding dangerous stresses in bearing and shaft and pre-venting overheating and rapid wear of parts. Less plasticity is required in a bearing metal if the surfaces of bearings and journals are machined accurately, aligned, and kept in alignment. It is desirable, of course, that a bearing metal have a low coeffi-cient of friction. Under most operating conditions the friction depends on the unit pressure of the bearing, the speed, the temperature, and the properties of the lubricant. A good bearing metal must have a low rate of wear to reduce the necessity for frequent replacements, and adjustment of the bearings. It must wear more rapidly, however, than the journal or shaft running on it, because replacement of the journal or shaft is more difficult and costly than replacement of the bearing.1 The hardness of the bearing alloy is a property closely related to several of the foregoing. With a duplex microstructure, the measure-ment of hardness with any of the usual commercial devices means little. The Bierbaum method of measuring the hardness of the individual constituents was developed to fill this need.

Jan 1, 1938