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By Arthur Notman

In view of the alarm expressed in many quarters over the increased production of copper to come from Canada and Africa in the future, it is of interest to study the history of the principal producing districts of the world and to attempt to forecast the future part to be played by them. Tables 1 and 2 record the world production and that of the United States, together with their respective rates of increase, both in percentage and actual amounts. The important point in this record is the decline in rates of increase for both the world and the United States, but more particularly in that of the latter, since 1881. The increase for the United States in the last decade is less than that for any decade since 1881, and is only 20 per cent of that for the decade 1911-20. The increase for the world is less than that for the two preceding decades, and is only about 65 per cent of the war decade 1911-20. Referring to Table 1, the decade 1871to1880 showed an increase of 32.l per cent in the world's production, which was the low until the last decade, ending 1930, which shows an increase of only 24.5 per cent. These decades both represent periods of economic stress following wars. In the first case the recovery was very sharp, the percentage increase in 1881-90 reaching a high of 86.4 per cent. It would seem dangerous, however, to assume that a similar high will be reached in the next ten years, because of the severity of the depression brought about by the Great War and the probability of its influence extending well into the next decade.

Jan 1, 1931

By R. S. Bigelow

Part 1.- Metal Mines Early experiments with mechanical loaders in metal mines were confined largely to machines of the shovelling type and generally air-operated. Although the first application of the scraper to metal mines dates back to 1910, it was not until about twelve years ago that it came to be used extensively. Generally, the scraper gives better results in metal mines than in coal mines, as degradation due to soft bottom and breakage are not factors, but it has a wide range of application and is successfully used in the mining of salt, potash, gypsum, zinc, copper, and a variety of ores, from soft material to hard chunky ore which settles compactly. Today, the scraper has replaced to a large extent the shovelling type of machine in metal mines. Scrapers have offered an inexpensive solution for the mucking problem and are now employed in most mining districts throughout the world. They are operated by labourers of all colours and degrees of skill. Each installation, however, requires individual study on the part of the mine mechanical department to determine the type of scraper, horsepower of hoist, and most economical speed of rope, as well as method of rope rigging. Unfortunately, the scraper has no power to select pay ore from waste and its suitability for use under circumstances which might require sorting of the ore can only be decided by a weighing of the economic factors involved

Jan 1, 1931

By E. L. Bruce

Introduction The Outokumpu copper mine is situated in eastern Finland, 50 kilometers west of the city of Joensuu or 225 kilometers directly north of the city of Viborg (Viipuri), which is situated at the eastern end of the gulf of Finland (Figure 1). The ore-body was discovered in 1910 by Dr. Otto Trüstedt after two years of careful, scientifically-directed, search. During the early period of development of the mine, the ore was treated locally and the copper re-covered by an electrolytic process. Now the ore is concentrated by tables and by flotation. The concentrates are shipped to Germany for refining. In 1929 the mine produced 150,000 tons of ore from which between 20,000 and 25,000 tons of flotation concentrates containing 20 per cent copper were produced. Profits in 1929 were approximately half a million dollars, but the present price of copper will affect very seriously the profits for 1930. The ore reserves are given as between 7 and 8 million tons (1). The grade of ore is stated to be 4 percent to 6 percent copper, with a little zinc.

Jan 1, 1931

By Gordon G. Duncan

Historical Sketch Occurrences of native copper have been known along the Arctic coast of Canada, especially in the vicinity of the. Coppermine river, since the early part of the eighteenth century (See map, Figure 2, insert). In 1769, Samuel Hearne, a clerk of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Churchill, was sent to explore the 'copper mines' from which natives had been reported to secure copper for tools, fishing spears, etc. After two successful attempts, he reached the Coppermine river in 1771, accompanied by Indian guides. This hazardous trip was indeed a remarkable feat when one considers the vast distance covered, a great deal of which was barren lands. At Bloody falls, (See Figure 1) on the Coppermine river, Hearne's Indians swooped down on a party of sleeping Esquimaux, who gathered there each summer to fish, and murdered the entire band encamped on that side of the river. Hence the name of the falls. Hearne's knowledge of minerals was undoubtedly limited. He reported having seen the copper mines from which the natives were securing the copper, but he failed to prove the economic possibilities of the copper occurrences or to give an accurate description of any deposit. Sir John Franklin visited the area in 1821. He and other members of his expedition, namely, Richardson, Back, Kendall, and Hood, reported native-copper float to occur in the vicinity of the Coppermine river and Bathurst inlet.

Jan 1, 1931

By J. P. Norrie

The presence of copper-bearing rocks in the Coppermine River area of Arctic Canada has long been known. Word of this was probably circulated along the Arctic and Hudson Bay coasts by the Eskimo, who no doubt traded articles made from native copper among themselves. It is not known whether any of these ever reached the southern shores of Hudson bay. The Indians, also, knew of the occurrence of copper here, as they served as guides to Hearne when he made a successful trip over land from Hudson bay to the Coppermine river. The possible commercial importance of these copper deposits was early appreciated by the Hudson's Bay Company, who on December 7th, 1770, despatched Samuel Hearne from Fort Prince of Wales, now Fort Churchill, to investigate them. He reached the then unnamed river at a point forty miles from its mouth on July 14th, 1771, and after surveying the river to its mouth and naming it the Coppermine, he retraced his steps to Fort Churchill by an overland route. Hearne's expedition was probably the most remarkable and arduous ever attempted in Arctic exploration, but the actual value derived from the trip was entirely out of proportion with the hardships he must have suffered. He verified the occurrence of native copper, but his astronomical and other observations were of little value. Until 1912 no concerted effort was made to obtain any definite information as to the geology and economic value of the Copper-mine deposits.

Jan 1, 1931

By V. L. Eardley-Wilmot

Diatomite as prepared for the market is a fluffy, white powder, remarkably light in weight-it weighs only 10 to 15 pounds per cubic foot, or one-tenth as much as sand. Being extremely porous and inert, it is in large and increasing demand for insulation and filtration purposes, as general filler, and for many other uses. Structure Structurally, diatomite is quite different from any other known commercial material. It is composed of myriads of microscopically small, siliceous shells of diatoms which belong to a group of flowerless aquatic plants called algae. When these plants die, the siliceous remains sink to the bottom of the water and form beds of diatomite. Over 8,000 species of diatoms are known, named, and tabulated. The intricate scroll-work and patterns on many of these are one of the marvels of nature, and yet so small are they that from 40 to 70 million separate diatoms may be contained in one cubic inch of material. However, the size and shape of these diatoms, which vary greatly (compare Figures 5 and 6), have an important bearing on the commercial use of the diatomite. The diatoms in the majority of the known deposits are so typical of that deposit that, after a micro-examination, an expert can usually tell not only from what part of the world, but also from what particular deposit, the sample has come.

Jan 1, 1931

By W. G. Jewitt

Introduction The use of the aeroplane in prospecting is already familiar to everyone connected with the mining industry. Apart from transportation companies, three organizations, the N. A. M. E., the Dominion Explorers, and the Exploration Department of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company, have made the aeroplane an everyday feature in every mining district in Canada. Its use has been demonstrated successfully in the mountains of British Columbia, but perhaps its greatest field lies in the Canadian Shield, where the numerous lakes and rivers afford an almost continuous series of landing places for aeroplanes, on floats in the summer and on skis in the winter. To the man who has travelled by canoe, toiling over fly-infested portages or held for days at a time, wind-bound, on the big lakes, the ease, speed, and cheapness of aeroplane travel have marked the beginning of a new era, in which ground previously covered with difficulty in a month or more is travelled with ease in a few hours. Development of an air service in the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company has proceeded on different lines from those of other organizations, and this paper is concerned with that development.

Jan 1, 1931

By D. A. McIsaac

In these days, when mass production seems to be the watchword of all industrial companies, nothing is left undone to attain this end. Transportation, where necessary, becomes a question of very great importance. For this reason every mechanical contrivance known to man is employed, with its resultant advantages. So successful has man's ingenuity been that, offhand, we are inclined to say that practically all transportation on a large scale is done mechanically, that is, where speed and economy are desiderata. Granting this, one would think that to read a paper on the horse before your honourable and highly technical Society would surely be a waste of time, and that any Company employing old-fashioned 'horse' power would certainly be very much behind the time, to say the least. However, the fact remains that the biggest industry in our country today-coal mining-must use horse power to a great extent, being compelled -both by considerations of economy and by necessity. For this reason,' in the production of coal under present conditions, the pit horse is of great importance to this industry and is to be considered seriously as one of the units that help to make coal mining a success or a failure. Hence, in employing horses as a power for transportation, care must be exercised in selecting the animals, and the care of this power must be considered as seriously as any other department of such an organization. In selecting a pit horse, several things must be borne in mind, that is, one must get as much horse power as possible in as compact a form as is practicable. This determines the type of horse we must use, which is of very great importance under our present conditions of coal mining. With low roof, steep grades, and forced production, a distinct type of animal must be selected.

Jan 1, 1930

By H. C. Cooke

Those who have followed the geological developments in connection with the copper deposits of Quebec will recall that on many properties the sulphide bodies occur as replacements of fault breccias or tuff breccias, and exhibit a pronounced distaste for the more massive lavas. At the same time the rocks around the ore-bodies are profundly altered, first by addition of silica and sericite, later by conversion of these minerals into chlorite. It has been known for some years that at the Amulet and Waite-Ackerman Montgomery mines these conditions do not prevail. At both mines the ore-bodies are replacements of massive lavas, and at the Amulet they are associated with a very peculiar rock christened ?spotted dog', or 'dalmatianite'. Accordingly, when in 1929 the writer had the opportunity to make a further examination of these properties, two problems presented themselves for solution. The first was to determine, if possible, the conditions under which massive lava, rather than breccia, is replaced by the sulphide masses; the second, to find out the exact nature of dalmatianite and its relations to the sulphide bodies. The first of these problems is believed to have been solved; the second has been found very complex, and will require further work before it is satisfactorily settled.

Jan 1, 1930

By Staff

Introduction As the Sherritt Gordon property is still in the development stage, . it is rather difficult to write a proper account of the mining methods and milling practice that will be used. While the general scheme of operation will remain the same, there will undoubtedly be many minor changes to meet special conditions which we cannot forsee at the present time. Most of the work accomplished to date has followed the usual routine of preliminary development in the Canadian North. However, we have learned a few things which might be of use to others operating under similar conditions. The most important of these is the saving in power cost made possible by the use of Diesels as against steam power when using wood fuel, and the movement of freight by tractors when rail transportation is not available. Location The property i6 located about 90 miles north of The Pas, or 40 miles northeast of the Flin Flon mine. A branch line from Cranberry Portage, on the?C. N. railway, between Flin Flon and The Pas, connects the property with the outside.

Jan 1, 1930

By S. P. Lowe

Flotation testing of Flin Flon ore was started in the Denver laboratory of Complex Ores Recoveries Co. in March, 1926. There had been a considerable amount of flotation testing previously which had shown possibilities of success, and it was felt that, with the increased knowledge of flotation and the comparatively new reagents then available, flotation held out the best prospects for a successful commercial treatment of this ore. There remained available for this experimental work a small amount of the rejects from a thorough sampling of the mine and some ore from the mine dump.

Jan 1, 1930

By A. J. Goodman

Introduction The position of Turner Valley in the foothills of Alberta, some thirty-five miles southwest of Calgary, is too well known to need further description. This attempt to interpret in detail the nature of the structure, and its relationship to neighbouring structures, together with general observations on the foothills belt, is based on work carried out in the office of the Supervisory Mining Engineer, at Calgary. The object in view was the correlation of the mass of evidence which had accumulated from the detailed examination of drill cuttings, and to discover, if possible, its structural significance. Unfortunately it is not possible to publish most of this detail owing to its confidential nature, and in consequence the reader is asked to accept certain statements, which under other circumstances would not be made without supporting evidence. The main argument for the general structural interpretation rests on evidence which has already been made public, and it is possible to proceed to logical conclusions on the main points. The evolution of ideas concerning the structure of Turner Valley is somewhat difficult to follow, as, compared with all that has been said on the subject, there is not a great deal on record.

Jan 1, 1930

By Dale L. Pitt

Introduction In opening up a new country, one of the most vital problems is that of transportation Without roads, railways, or water routes, development is very slow because these are the arteries through which the life-blood of the country flows. British Columbia is unusually fortunate in having along its western coast, for some 600 miles, a stretch of inside water unequalled, for comfortable and safe navigation, by any other similar stretch of ocean in the world. This solves in a general way the major north and south transportation problem for the coast section, and offers comparatively cheap rates for the shipping of all commodities. The principal cities and centres of distribution will naturally grow up on the coast. These cities, however, must have methods of communication with the hinterland, and it is the necessity of supplying these, as feeders to the principal ports, which presents problems of considerable magnitude.

Jan 1, 1930

By J. B. De Hart

This paper has been confined to the consideration of the working of thick seams, from six feet to sixteen feet, which are pitching at about thirty degrees to the horizontal. The discussion has been limited to these set conditions because they are the ones of commonest occurrence in the Southern Alberta bituminous coal district, because, from the point of view of safety, thin seams are more easily worked, and because a discussion of all the possible combinations of thick and thin seams pitching at angles varying from zero to ninety degrees with the horizontal would involve a task impossible in the time available. It has been assumed that the mine makes gas freely and that the coal is friable and tends to make inflammable dust which is highly explosive. Since the problem requires the taking into account means of maintaining a high proportion of lump coal, it is further assumed that lump coal commands a price considerably higher than the price which can be obtained for run-of-mine or for slack coal. Figure 1, tabulating the various factors which must be considered and their relation to each other, indicates diagrammatically the complexity of the problem. Any method of working becomes divided into two distinct components, the active workings of the mine and the old abandoned workings. While these are in a measure distinct, they are nevertheless inter-related, as shown in the diagram.

Jan 1, 1930

By H. F. Maulson

For the benefit of those who are not familiar with the history of the western Provinces-Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta-as regards our natural resources, a few words of explanation may be in order before taking up the consideration of the Mines Act of 1930. In 1867, The British North America Act was passed by the Imperial Parliament. That Act, which is our constitution, created a union between the provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Upper and Lower Canada (now known as Ontario and Quebec respectively) under the name of the Dominion of Canada. Provision was made therein for embracing other parts of Canada from time to time. That portion of Canada which today comprises the Provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta and the lands to the north of them, was then known as Ruperts Land and the North West Territory. In the year 1670, King Charles II had granted by Letters Patent to Prince Rupert and his associates, known as ?The Governor & Company of Gentlemen Adventurers of England, Trading into Hudson's Bay?, commonly known as the Hudson's Bay Company, the lands and territories therein described, being roughly all the lands adjacent to and west of Hudson's bay; also the gold and silver to be found or discovered therein and other rights as more fully described in said Letters Patent. The land so granted was called 'Ruperts Land'.

Jan 1, 1930

By M. E. Hurst

Introduction Between 1903 and 1905, W. Mclnnis, of the Geological Survey of Canada, made a micrometer traverse of the Kawinogans (Crow) river from Kapkichegimaga lake to its junction with the Otoskwin river. He reported that a belt of Keewatin rocks, 1 to 4 miles wide, was exposed along the course of the river for 17 miles east of Kapkichegimaga lake. Prospectors and exploration companies paid little attention to the mineral possibilities of this belt until the summer of 1928 when, with the adoption of airplane transportation, the area became readily accessible. Within a short time widespread interest was aroused by the announcement of attractive finds, and a mild rush followed. During the winter months, hundreds of claims were staked on either side of Crow river for 12 miles east of Pickle lake. In the summer of 1929, much of this ground was systematically explored and a considerable amount of development work was done on the known deposits.

Jan 1, 1930

By L. H. Cole

Introduction The increasing importance of the gypsum industry in Canada is evidenced by the fact that the production has increased from 473,129 tons valued at $809,632 in 1909 to 1,205,846 tons valued at $3,622,007 in 1928, an increase of over 155 percent in quantity, and of 347 percent in value, in the 20-year period. Although the export trade in crude gypsum still forms a large proportion of the industry, it is gratifying to see that the home consumption is steadily increasing, and while the percentage of the crude gypsum mined that is manufactured into the calcined products in the country is only 16.8 per cent, its value is practically 50 per cent of the total gypsum production of the whole country. It is to be hoped that each succeeding year will see an increase in the amount manufactured in Canada, and, with the steady growth of the country and a serious endeavour to capture a part at least of the world market in gypsum products, the outlook for the industry is decidedly promising. The value of gypsum as a commercial commodity has been known from the time of the early Egyptians; in fact its value for certain purposes has been known so long chat the date of the discovery of its peculiar properties is unrecorded.

Jan 1, 1930

By E. S. Moore

Introduction The geology of the Sudbury nickel field has been studied extensively, but there are few reports dealing with the structure of the interior of the basin. It was not until the Treadwell-Yukon zinc-lead deposits were discovered that attention was strongly directed toward the large-scale faulting that has split the basin parallel to its long axis. This faulting has been responsible for the , ore deposits in the basin and it may be regarded in many ways as the most important geological event, next to the intrusion and differentiation of the nickel eruptive sheet, that has occurred in the Sudbury region. The early reports on the nickel region by Bell, and Barlow, were chiefly concerned with the nickel-copper ores and with the formations of the region. Coleman was the first geologist to map the nickel eruptive as a continuous sheet around the belt and to emphasize its basin character. On the map accompanying his later report, he shows an important offset in the nickel eruptive at its southwest end, where the large fault cuts this portion of the basin, but the fault was not traced into its interior, as little detailed work was clone in the basin at that time. No ore-bodies had been developed outside of the nickel-copper deposits associated with the norite when the map was prepared, and attention was mostly concentrated on the nickel eruptive. Coleman did, however, map and name the various formations found within the basin and, in general, his delineation of these has remained the standard for prospectors and other workers in the field until the present day.

Jan 1, 1930

By Hugh S. Spence

This paper deals with an occurrence of radium ore near Wilberforce, Haliburton county, Ontario, upon which development work has recently been undertaken and which seems more likely to prove of commercial grade than any other deposit' of radioactive minerals hitherto found in Canada. This occurrence is sometimes called the Richardson property, after Mr. W. M. Richardson, the discoverer, and will be so referred to in the present paper. Occurrences of radioactive minerals are not uncommon in eastern Canada, and a number are recorded in the literature. The earliest of such references is probably that in Geology of Canada, 1863, where is mentioned an occurrence of uraninite at Mamainse, on the east shore of lake Superior. The mineral was first described by J. L. Leconte, in 1847, under the name of coracite, and was said to occur in a two-inch vein at the contact of trap and syenite. Search for this locality in recent years has proved unsuccessful. Obalski, in 1894, mentions (1) the occurrence of uraninite at a mica mine near Murray Bay, Que. In 1903, Obalski records (2) tests made on this uraninite by Rutherford and the Curies and the determination in it of the then newly-discovered element radium. In 1901, he mentions (3) the occurrence of uraninite at the Villeneuve mica mine, on the Lievre river, and of samarskite at the Maisonneuve mica mine, in Berthier county.

Jan 1, 1930

By W. A. Green

To those who may not be familiar with the history and organization of the Flin Flon mining property from the rime of its examination and option by the Harry Payne Whitney interests until the present start of operations by the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Company, Limited, this paper may give a better understanding of the property. More technical discussions are being presented to you by the men most closely connected with the various operations of the property. Location The Flin Flon mine is situated along the boundary line between the Provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan at approximately. 54° 45? north latitude, but largely in Manitoba. Prior to the advent of the railway, the property was quite isolated. The summer route was over a course of some 175 miles, consisting of a 125-mile boat trip from The Pas, first up the Saskatchewan river, then across Cumberland and Sturgeon lakes to Sturgeon? Landing. From Sturgeon Landing, a .16-mile portage was necessary to Camp 2 on lake Athapapaskow. From Camp 2 the route consisted of a canoe trip of 32 miles across lake Athapapaskow, up the northwest arm of Schist lake, then up Ross creek to the Company's docks, and finally a 2-mile walk to the property. The winter route was just under 100 miles in length, the difference being due to the fact that a more direct route could be followed over the frozen lakes. It went up the Saskatchewan river for a short distance above The Pas and then, leaving the river, the road followed Reeder, Rocky, and Sturgeon lakes to Sturgeon Landing, and from there over the same route as the summer one, only across the frozen lakes.

Jan 1, 1930