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By M. Stephen Enders

The Little Rocky Mountains host epithermal gold-silver bearing vein and stockwork deposits in a syenite intrusive complex. Pegasus Gold Ltd. is currently mining the oxidized deposits by open-pit methods and recovering gold and silver by heap-leach processes. A geologic program has been designed to effectively determine the basic ore characteristics; 1)mineralization; 2)oxidation; 3)structural setting; 4)lithology; 5)alteration; and ultimately, 6)the leachability of the ore. Geologic mapping, sampling, drilling, assaying, and testing are routinely used in exploration, development, production control, mine planning, and ore reserve estimations. Timely and accurate assay results are essential for the program's success.

Jan 1, 1983

By Thomas B. Faddies

The Trixie mine is located in the East Mining District. Since production began in 1970 over 450 000 tonnes of ore grading 239 grams of silver, 6.9 grams of gold, and 1.2% Cu have been mined from veins in Cambrian Tintic Quartzite. Detailed geologic mapping and extensive sampling are essential for compiling the data base required for efficiently developing and mining known reserves as well as planning exploration and development work. Although the basic techniques used by the geology group at the Trixie were developed many years ago, the reduced activity in underground precious metal mining in the U.S. have made these techniques less familiar to many presently active geologists. The increased activity in precious metals search and exploration again offer cause for the application of these techniques as a prerequisite to efficient exploration, development and production.

Jan 1, 1983

By S. C. Termes

As part of an effort to provide basic data on the fundamental scientific and engineering principles of minerals beneficiation, the Bureau of Mines is conducting research on the flocculation of mineral fines. This paper presents results of studies using crosslinked starches containing carboxyl, diethanolamine, iminodiacetic acid, and xanthate groups to flocculate hematite, goethite, chromite, manganrte, pyrolusite, cuprite, and cassiterite fines. The carboxyl and xanthate derivatives flocculated all minerals except cassiterite; the latter was flocculated by only the diethanolamine derivative. The iminodiacetic acid derivative flocculated hematite, goethite, chromite, cuprite, and pryolusite fines. Zeta potential measurements were made to help define the reaction mechanism responsible for flocculation. These measurements indicate that electrostatic attraction probably is not involved, except possibly in the case of the diethano lamine derivative. The separation of hematite from quartz by selective flocculation with chelating cross- linked starches under two pH conditions and with two dispersing agents is described. Best recoveries and grades were found when either the carboxyl or xanthate derivatives was added at the natural pH of the pulp in the absence of a dupersing agent.

Jan 1, 1983

By G. Jim Cardwell

The question "what constituents should be determined?" is one that defies a simple answer, because earth scientist being what you are, the rock and mineral analyst will eventually be called upon to determine about three quarters of the elements in the periodic table. The concentrations of these analyses will range from as low as 1 ppb to 100% of the material being analyzed. The most important thing to remember about a quantitative analytical result is that it can only be an estimate of the concentration of the analyte present. A measure of the reliability of that estimate is given by statistically derived statements of the precision and accuracy of the measurement. When evaluating your data an understanding of precision and accuracy are of paramount importance. Precision is the measure of agreement between replicate values while the accuracy of a determination is the concordance between it and the true value. There is no quarantee, however, that a precise answer is an accurate one. The numerical difference between the two values is the error. When evaluating your data, the repeats analyzed with your samples will identify the precision and control standards of U.S.G.S. or Canadian Certified Materials quality will identify the accuracy. The main problem is this data is routinely withheld from the report, or was it ever included in the analysis of your samples?

Jan 1, 1983

By Thomas F. Clemens

This paper covers various changes in government regulations, taxation, and legislation for the past two plus years and the up- coming one. Part of the paper will discuss recent business conditions and how they have affected the cement and lime industry.

Jan 1, 1983

By Earl M. Woodward

INTRODUCTION Kerckhoff-2 is a 140 MW underground hydro-electric project designed and owned by Pacific Gas and Electric Company and constructed between May, 1980 and May, 1983 by Auburn Constructors. The project is located in the western foothills of the Central Sierra Nevada Mountains, about 30 miles northeast of Fresno, California, and develops the power potential of the lower San Joaquin River and its tributaries between the existing Kerckhoff and Millerton Lakes. The Kerckhoff-2 Project consists of project roads, adits, and access tunnels, service tunnels, power tunnels, powerhouse, tailrace tunnel surge shaft, buss shaft, intake structure, discharge structure, and switchyard. In the 1920s, the Kerckhoff 1 project, consisting of a dam, reservior, tunnel, and 34 MW powerhouse, was built in the same general area as Kerckhoff-2. The tunnel was constructed by conventional methods, and was left unlined. In time, other projects were built upstream, allowing the flow of the San Joaquin River to be regulated. The Kerckhoff 2 project is designed to harness that regulated flow, providing an additional 140,000 ON of power. Kerckhoff 2 will be the primary power plant; Kerckhoff I will produce power whenever the flow rate exceeds 4,800 cubic feet. The new power tunnel is built along the east side of the San Joaquin River between Kerckhoff and Millerton Lakes, parallel to the existing tunnel but extending approximately one mile further downstream.

Jan 1, 1983

By Kendall Y. Keuhey

The Mercur Mine, developed and operated by Getty Mining Company, is designed to process 3,000 tons/day of gold ore from the historical Mercur Hill mining district. The mill process involves crushing, grinding, and cyanide carbon in leach for recovery of gold ores ranging from 0.08 to 0.10 oz/ton. During the mining of normal grade ore, a substantial tonnage of material containing 0.02 to 0.05 oz/ton is mined and would be available for heap leaching. Also, Getty Mining is developing methods to test and prepare lower grade material for heap leaching by rejecting a course rock fraction from the grinding circuit SAG mill. This lower grade fraction is suitable for heap leaching, and its removal will upgrade the regular mill feed. Other test methods are directed toward leaching techniques on some 4.0 million tons of tailings that resulted from roasting and/or cyanide leaching Mercur ores in the early 1900s. The natural carbons associated with the Mercur deposits require special treatment to reduce their gold adsorption effects when leached with cyanide.

Jan 1, 1983

By David A. Milligan

This paper describes the Darwin Silver Recovery project, located 66 km (40 miles) outside of Lone Pine, near Darwin, Inyo County, California. A lead-zinc mine and a flotation concentrator were operated there from 1945 to 1957. By the time the mine was shut down, 1.53 Tg (1.69 million short tons) of tailings had been stored in ponds. An average silver assay of 47 mg/kg (1.38 troy oz/st) of tailings stimulated interest for commercial silver recovery. A heap leach process was developed in 1981 at the Tucson Research Center of Anaconda Minerals Company, a division of Atlantic Richfield Company. Agglomeration techniques were used on the ore since the fine grind did not allow direct heap leaching. Lime and cement were required as binders, Early laboratory tests showed that recoveries equal to those from an agitated leach could be achieved at lower capital and operating costs. Laboratory tests determined cyanide requirements, lime and cement usages, and percolation or leach rates, as well as confirming that a zinc precipitation step could recover the silver from the leach solution.

Jan 1, 1983

By Howard W. Earnest

The Rio Blanco Oil Shale Company completed a modified in situ oil shale retorting demonstration at its Tract C-a Lease in the Piceance Creek Basin of northwestern Colorado during the spring of 1982. This demonstration was the first MIS project with shafts rather than adits for access to the mining operation, and it involved several potential hazards which required that particular attention be paid to mine ventilation. Methane was first encountered during shaft sinking and ultimately resulted in the mine being classified gassy by MSHA. Secondly, we encountered hydrogen sulfide in association with the ground water, and this proved to be a more persistent problem than did the methane. Thirdly, in order to burn the underground retorts, it was necessary to provide for potential leakage of retort gases and to obtain a modification to the MSHA standard which forbids fires under- ground. This modification had a significant effect on the ultimate ventilation procedures at Tract C-a. An extensive under- ground air monitoring program was included in the ventilation system.

Jan 1, 1983

By Sammie D. Guy

This paper discusses the subject of "Improving Contracting Methods" from the owners point of view, particularly the public. An overview is given of the work of the U.S. National Committee on Tunneling Technology and some apparent results of the implementation of these recommendations or lack thereof. Selected recommendations that are not being implemented are discussed as to the the desirability and the possible impact of their implementation. Impediments to acceptance of the recommendations are identified and solutions proposed. The difference in the flexibility, attitudes and approaches of owners, public, quasi-public and private, toward improving contracting methods are discussed. Particular emphasis is given to the fact that the onus to improve is on the owner because they usually develop the contractual language or at least have the final decision on its content and are or should be an equal party to the contract during its administration.

Jan 1, 1983

By Norris E. Brooks

MAPCO Inc. is an integrated energy company involved in oil, gas, gas liquids, pipelines, and coal. The Coal Segment has installed a simple incentive program based on profit, tons produced, and hours worked at each operation. The plan has two segments-production bonus and profit sharing. Each segment is described and the results, which include high productivity, good safety, and high morale are discussed.

Jan 1, 1983

By John M. Moore

Within the Pofadder district of Namaqualand, South Africa, economically exploited deposits of bedded barite and zinc-lead-silver-copper sulfides occur in close proximity within highly metamorphosed mid-Proterozoic pre-tectonic para¬gneisses of the Namaqualand Metamorphic Complex (NMC) (figure i). The paragneisses belong to the Bushmanland Group (SACS, 1980) that comprises a relatively straight-forward regional sequence of basal leucogneisses, intermediate mica-sillimanite schists and glassy quartzites, and a mixed upper zone of banded iron formations (BIF), minor marbles, quartz muscovite schists and localised uppermost quartz-pebble conglomerates and amygdaloidal mafic gneisses (Joubert, 1974) (figure ii). The base metal and barite mineralisation occurs in close association with BIFs, generally above the glassy quartzites, although in some cases possibly below them. In the regional context, the Bushmanland Group paragneisses are, to the north, intercalated with and ultimately replaced by meta-volcanic sequences of talc-alkaline affinity (Reid, 1977) belonging to the Orange River Group (SACS, 1980). The metavolcanics are generally of acidic to intermediate composition and show evidence of subaerial formation from 'high altitude shield volcanism' with many acidic ashflow and welded tuff bands, mesocratic and lesser melanocratic lavas and some fanglomerates (Ritter, 1980). To the south and east, the schist/quartzite associations are initially intercalated with and eventually replaced by cordierite gneiss/metacarbonate/biotite gneiss associations of shallow marine affinity (Moore, 1980a). The Bushmanland Group paragneisses appear to represent sedimentary material in the extreme distal portions of a talc-alkaline volcanic environment adjacent to a shallow platform sea.

Jan 1, 1983

By Lisa A. Banick, Robert A. Rubin

The lawyer's role in underground construction, certainly for the past 20 years, has been principally that of the advocate in disputes resolution. Disputes in underground construction have been steadily increasing, making the lawyer a more prominent participant in the underground construction process. It is widely believed, however, that this is not a salutory state of affairs. It is our thesis that lawyers ought not be eliminated from the process, but rather that their role should be changed. They should function as prophylactics rather than as swords, i.e., they should be used to prevent or reduce disputes rather than, after the fact, to champion their clients' causes. a. Mr. Rubin is a partner in the New York law firm of Postner & Rubin. He has litigated and arbitrated numerous complex construction disputes. He has also participated in efforts to improve contracting practices on committees of ASCE and the National Academy of Engineering. b. Ms. Banick holds a BS in Civil Engineering from the University of Virginia and is a law student at New York Law School. She is a law clerk at Postner & Rubin.

Jan 1, 1983

By Grant R. Brown

The purpose of this opening paper is to provide an overview of incentives strategies. This overview includes a discussion of the different types of incentives, their advantages and disadvantages and their potential application to the mining setting. Objective The primary objectives of incentive plans are to increase worker (including management) effectiveness and reduce unit labor costs. These plans can be grouped into two major categories: 1) non-financial plans 2) financial plans

Jan 1, 1983

By John A. Organiscak

The Bureau of Mines evaluated a new dust control technique for longwall personnel required to work at the tailgate end of the face. This technique utilizes a water-powered scrubber to clean a portion of the face air, which is discharged behind a brattice partition at the working area. Laboratory simulation of this system in a wind tunnel resulted in average efficiencies greater than 70 pct with system efficiency directly related to scrubber quantity. Underground evaluations indicated a similar direct relationship between scrubber quantity and system efficiency. Gravimetric measurements of respirable dust made during these underground evaluations resulted in average protection efficiencies ranging from 30.7 to 42.5 pct with increasing scrubber air quantity.

Jan 1, 1983

By Thomas R. Kuesel

In simpler times, construction was a cooperative undertaking. The frontier tradition of barn-raising is the construction equivalent of the academic ideal of a single student seated on a log with Horace Greeley. In a more complex world, ideals become more elusive. Still, it was only a generation ago that toll revenue bond financed projects generally involved a team composed of investment bankers, engineers, and construction contractors, who all shared a common objective -- to create something useful, at minimum cost and in minimum time, with fair compensation to all involved. In an increasingly contentious public climate, the team has too frequently been splintered into separate camps of owners, engineers, and contractors, who have lost the old objective of creation and have, under the guidance and control of the lawyers, substituted two new primary objectives: 1. To protect one's own skin. 2. To detect and punish culpable negligence of one of the other parties. This process has become so ludicrous that a number of thoughtful observers from all of the camps (including even some lawyers) have come to recognize that there must be a better way to undertake construction works than to use them as wrestling arenas. The road to improved contracting methods starts with mutual understanding of each other's problems and viewpoints. To this end, discussions such as this RETC session make a useful contribution. To

Jan 1, 1983

By Theodore H. Budd, Douglas J. Heinz

This report concerns the successful construction of Contract No. 287 of the Northeast Side Relief Sewer System for the Metropolitan Sewerage District of the County of Milwaukee. The contract involved the construction of approximately 3316 meters (10,880 feet) of tunnel concrete lined to 1.83 meters (72 inch) internal diameter; 30.48 meters (100 feet) of 1.83 meters (72 inch) reinforced concrete pipe jacked-in-place; a river crossing of approximately 107 meters (350 feet); 197 meters (647 feet) of 1.83 meters (72 inch) reinforced concrete pipe in open-cut; several diversion and flow monitoring structures; and miscellaneous manholes and appurtenances. The contract proposal, which was extremely prescriptive, did allow alternative methods of primary support consisting of precast reinforced concrete segments, steel liner plates, steel ribs with wood lagging, and combinations thereof in designated areas. The specifications required the contractor to designate which support scheme it intended to use. The specifications also required compressed air as a means of ground water control for approximately 2316 meters (7600 feet) of tunnel. The alternative selected in the bid proposal was the support method consisting of steel ribs and wood lagging for 2263 meters (7425 feet) of tunnel and steel liner plates for the remaining section. Shaft supports, by specification, were designed to be steel liner plate with steel ribs varying in size from 4.27 meters to 6.10 meters (14 foot O.D. to 20 foot O.D. ).

Jan 1, 1983

By R. Addison

This is the story of the Carlton Mill. But first-a little geography. For those who do not know where the Carlton Mill is, or, perhaps, have only a vague idea, its location is indicated in Figure 1. The plant is situated on the road between the two old mining towns of Cripple Creek and Victor, 10 the west of Colorado Springs. From Denver, it's about 110 miles by road. The story of the Carlton Mill began with the discovery of gold at Cripple Creek in 1890. This discovery set off a major boom such that, by the turn of the century, there were 450 separate operating mines in the district. Gold production boomed early and declined rather rapidly as indicated by the graph in Figure 2. Significant factors affecting production are shown on the graph-the raising of the gold price in 1934 from $20.67 to $35.00 per ounce and the government executive order L-208 in 1942 requiring the closure of all gold mines.

Jan 1, 1983

By Russell L. Dahl

In a continuing effort to improve plant efficiency, United States Steel's Atlantic City Ore Operations completed the rubber lining of its balling drums in late 1982. This resulted in benefits of reduced bentonite consumption, reduced maintenance costs, improved production rates, and lower power consumption. These advantages far outweigh the disadvantages of increased oversize production and increased surging on the roll screen sizing devices. Certain operating characteristics and variables are discussed herein.

Jan 1, 1983

By E. C. Roper

Landusky Mining, Inc. and Zortman Mining, Inc. are two registered Montana Corporations wholly owned by Pegasus Gold, Ltd. of Vancouver, B.C. The Zortman and Landusky Mines are located in the Little Rockies District of central Montana. The Zortman-Landusky mines produced 2,100 kg gold in 1982. A total of 3,250,000 t of ore per year are mined during the period March 1, to September 15, at an average grade of 1.04 gm/t (0.03 oz/t) gold and 13.4 gm/t (0.385 oz/t) silver at a cutoff grade of 0.35 grams of gold/ton (0.01 oz of Au/t) of ore. The stripping ratio during 1983 is anticipated to be 0.75/1 waste to ore. Combined average plant capacity of the two Merrill-Crowe plants is 9,840 lpm (2,600 gpm). The combined heap spray capacity of the two plants approaches 18,900 lpm (5,000 gpm). The mine employs approximately 200 people, about half of these work for the mining companies and the other half for the mining contractor, N. A. Degerstrom of Spokane, Washington. Net profit in 1982 for Zortman and Landusky Mining, Inc. approximated $4,900,000 at an average gold price of $11.40/gm.

Jan 1, 1983