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By B. K. Loveday

The use of large flotation machines is well established, resulting in substantial savings in both capital and operating costs. Therefore, when a new plant is designed, laboratory and pilot-plant tests should be used to simulate large flotation cells, or appropriate scale-up factors should be employed. 'Conference on titanium The Fifth International Conference on Titanium will be held from 10th to 14th September, 1984, in Munich, West Germany, organized by the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde e.V., in association with the American Society for Metals, Societe Francaise de Metallurgie, The Academie of Sciences U.S.S.R., The Japan Institute of Metals, The Metallurgical Society of A.I.M.E., and The Metals Society.

Jan 1, 1983

By O. L. Papendorf

The method presented in this paper can be used, instead of lengthy cash-flow determinations, for the calculation of present values in the face of physical growth and inflation.

Jan 1, 1981

Interest in the tantalum-niobium minerals has been greatly stimulated in Western Australia by the fact that these rare minerals occur at numerous localities in that State, and in the adjoining parts of the Northern Territory, sometimes in mineable concentrations, as at Wodgina and Greenbushes. A large proportion of the world's tantalum comes from these deposits. The late Dr. E. S. Simpson, in particular, made an extensive study of the chemistry and mineralogy of these minerals, and the following observations are based upon the examination of specimens which he and Mr. H. Bawley, Government Mineralogist of Western Australia, have submitted to me for examination from time to time. The fact that so many of the specimens have been analysed provides a unique opportunity for the interpretation of the phenomena observed in the polished sections.TANTALITE-COLUMBITE SERIESIt has long been considered, on the basis of crystallographic form, chemical analyses, and specific gravity measurements, that ferrotantalite (FeO. Taz05), manganotantalite (MnO. Taz05)' ferrocolumbite (FeO. Nbz0 5), and manganocolumbite (MnO. Nbz0 5 ) form a complete isomorphous solid solution series (Simpson, 1937) and this is confirmed by study of polished sections of these minerals, Pehrman (1929) examined a series of five analysed specimens with Nbz0 5 contents as follows:-

Jan 1, 1940

By V 7. 0 / 300 dpi

WHEN the copper smelters were built, in Montana, all of the refractory products which were used in their construction were shipped in from Eastern factories. It was apparent that if a material suitable for the manufacture of these products could be found within the State, a saving of freight could be effected and a new industry built up. Prospecting for such materials was started and experiments were made with samples from numerous deposits. Considerable effort and funds were expended in an attempt to manufacture silica brick from Dillon quartz, a light colored sandstone that is found near Dillon, Mont., on the Oregon Shortline railroad. As a brick material the Dillon quartz was a failure, but it has proved very satisfactory as a silica cement. It is now being used in laying silica brick and for reverberatory furnace bottoms. A bed of quartzite that is particularly suited to the manufacture of high-grade silica brick -was finally discovered at Browns Spur, 6 miles west of Anaconda. The material from this deposit is now being used in the manufacture of the Anaconda silica brick, which have gained a wide reputation for heat-resisting and lasting qualities. The analysis of all average sample of this quartz is: SiO2,, 96.7; Fe203, 0.3; Al203, 2.5; CaO, 0.3 per cent. The very low percentage of fluxing ingredients makes this a most refractory material. All of the Anaconda silica brick are hand molded. Various types of brick machines have been tried, but the hand-mold process proved the best suited to the manufacture of silica brick from this material. The silica is first put through a jaw crusher and is then clumped into wet pans, where 4 per cent. of lime paste is added, to produce a bond. Without the lime the. material would not be plastic enough to mold. After a few minutes' grinding in the wet pans the material is conveyed to the molder, who forces it into the molds by hand. The brick are then dumped on pallets and placed in the drier, where they are left until dry enough to be set in the kilns. Some of the brick are re-pressed before being dried. They are burned about five days, in round down-draft kilns. It is not necessary to have as much heat in the kilns as the brick will be subjected

Jan 9, 1913

By R Kersten

The note describes an exercise on the simulation of the frequency and size of seismic events on the basis of the frequency distribution of the events and their inter-arrival times (Le. the frequency distribution of the time elapsed between events). From the suite of available results, those of one simulation for a period of three months are included. The tentative conclusions drawn from the exercise indicate that the overall seismic activity in an area can be predicted for a time period, that structurally complex areas will have a higher incidence of seismic events than other areas, and that the position and time of an event cannot be predicted by the use of a wide-spread system such as that used at present.

Jan 1, 1985

By N. A. Smith, R. J. Fowell, J. L. Hislam

Abstract: Data are presented from two sites in southeast England, where problems were encountered in tunnelling through ground containing flint. In response to the difficulties, substantial laboratory testing programmes were initiated to determine the strength of the flints.It is shown that the strength varies very considerably, even within a single flint particle and that the practice of estimating unconfined compressive strength by a single multiplier applied to the point load strength index (Is(50)) may give misleading results. The preparation of UCS specimens for testing was found to be very difficult and it is recommended that tunnel machine capacity is assessed relative to Is(50). Résumé: Des données sont presentées sur deux sites dans le sud-ouest de l’Angleterre,où le perçage d’un tunnel dans un sol contenant du silex a posé des problémes. En consequences de ces difficultés, des programmes substatiels de recherché en laboratoire ont été initiés afin de déterminer la resistance des silex. Il est demontré que la resistance varie considérablement, même au sein d’une particule de silex, et que la pratique de estimation de la résistance en compression non confinée, (UCS) par le biais d’un simple coefficient appliqué au ‘point load strength index (Is50)’ pourrait donner des resultants trompeurs. La préparation de specimens UCS destinés aux tests s’est avérée trés difficile et il est recommandé que la capacité de la machine de perçage de tunnels soit calculée relativement au Is50. Zusammenfassung: Daten von zwei Standorten in Südosten von England, wo Probleme beim Tunnelbau durch feuersteinhaltigen Grund antraffen, sind angegeben. Wegen diesen Schwierigkeiten wurden Laboratoriumsforschungsprogramme eingeleitet, um die Festigkeit von Feuersteinen zu bestimmen. Es wurde gefunden, dass die Festigkeit sehr unterschiedlich war, selbst bei einzelnen Feuersteinstücken, und dass die Praxis, die unbegrenzte Kompressionsfestigkeit (uKf) auf Grund eines einzigen Multiplikationsfaktors vom Punktladefestigkeitsindex (Is50) abzuschätzen, zu irreführenden Resultaten führt. Die Vorbereitung der uKf Prüfstücke war sehr schwierig und es wird vorgeschlagen, dass die Kapazität der Tunnelbaumaschine in Abhang der Is50 bestimmt wird.

Jan 1, 2003

By Steven L. Crouch

The 'doorstopper' technique for determining the state of stress in rock requires that the stress concentration factors at the flat end of a borehole be known. Published values of these factors are widely variant. An axisymmetric finite element analysis of this problem has been made, yielding elastic stress concentration factors for different values of Poisson's ratio.

By Ailton Lopes de Oliveira

A Usiminas, como empresa de ponta na produção de aços planos, visando manter e ampliar a sua liderança na produção e comercialização destes produtos, investiu uma elevada soma na modernização de sua linha de produção. Em 2012 foi instalado na Usina de Cubatão, o moderno Laminador de Tiras a Quente e, em agosto de 2013, foi dada a partida operacional da nova linha de Decapagem 03. O objetivo da nova Decapagem 03 é agregar valor em seu portfólio de produtos, complementando assim a nova linha de produtos ofertados com novas dimensões e qualidades. A nova mistura de produtos laminados a quente atende maiores faixas de espessura e largura, além de oferecer tipos de aço não produzidos anteriormente. Este trabalho visa mostrar as principais etapas deste projeto, os benefícios e os resultados preliminares alcançados com a instalação da nova linha de produção. A Decapagem 03, por seu elevado nível tecnológico, é considerada "estado da arte em produção de bobinas decapadas", garantindo assim a obtenção de produtos de grande valor para os clientes, atendendo aos mais rigorosos padrões de qualidade.

Jul 30, 2018

By Ren G. Dong, Richard McCormick, Dan E. Welcome

Vibration exposure at workplaces is generally multi-axial. The health effects of vibration exposure also likely depend on the vibration direction. Therefore, there is a wide interest in the simulation of multi-axial vibration in laboratory experiments. Advances in technology have led to the development of a new 3-D test system for studying hand-transmitted vibration exposure and health effects. The purposes of this paper are to introduce the system and to present the results of its preliminary evaluations. Test System As shown in Figure 1, the system is basically composed of three vibration generators, a multi-axis vibration control system, instrumented handle, handle fixture, and shaker-fixture linkages (stingers). [ ] Figure 2 shows the array of three vibration generators (MB Dynamics, Energizer BLACK-500 lbs) and their associated support bases and foundation developed by MB Dynamics (Cleveland, USA), which create the 3-axis simultaneous motion. These electrodynamic exciters are powered by power amplifiers which provide current proportional to the analog drive signal from a controller. The controller (JAGUAR Multi-Input/Multi-Output closed-loop vibration controller) was provided by Spectral Dynamics, San Jose, California, USA). NIOSH-designed instrumented handle was equipped on the system.

Jan 6, 2006

By Takaaki Wajima

The slag was attempted to be converted into the adsorbent for phosphate removal from aqueous solution using the alkali fusion method. The slag was mixed with NaOH powder (NaOH / Slag = 1.6), and then the mixture was heated at 600 ? for 6 h to prepare the precursor. The precursor was stirred at room temperature in distilled water to synthesize the adsorbent, and the removal ability of the obtained adsorbent for phosphate from aqueous solution was investigated. The products, including hydrocalumite and calcite, were synthesized, and the removal efficiencies of the adsorbent for F- and PO43- showed higher than those of raw BF slag, especially removal of PO43- are excellent (99 %), while the removal of Cl- , SO42-, NO3- and Br- was minor. The adsorbent could remove PO43- selectively in the co-existing solution of Cl-, NO3-, F-, SO42- and Br-.The equilibrium adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for PO43- was extrapolated using Langmuir and Freundlich models, and experimental data are found to fit Langmuir than Freundlich. The calculated maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent for PO43- is higher than other adsorbent reported previously. The high affinity of the adsorbent for PO43- in aqueous solution was caused by the formation of hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)] and brushite [CaHPO4?2H2O]. The prepared adsorbent is expected to be anew inorganic adsorbent for the removal of phosphate ion from wastewater. Keywords: Blast furnace slag, Alkali fusion, Phosphate removal, High selectivity

Sep 1, 2012

By P. P. Rosario

A research project was conducted at the University of British Columbia (UBC) resulting in the development and evaluation of a novel comminution circuit incorporating autogenous grinding and parallel trains of cone crushers and high-pressure grinding rolls (HPGR). A primary driver for the circuit was to treat ore from deposits with clay and variable hardness. This paper summarizes the unique pilot-plant test program that was developed as a basis for experimental simulation and lists the main findings of the research, including the circuit?s potential operational cost savings compared to a conventional SAG circuit.

Jan 1, 2012

By Phillip E. Gramlich

Through extensive practical experience and multiple studies, tensioned roof control systems have proven beneficial in difficult mining conditions. Due to increased mining of less desirable seams, tensioned roof control systems have claimed a progressively larger share of the total number of roof bolts installed in the US coal industry. Each tensioned roof control system has its benefits, but also has problems concerning cost, cycle time, stress concentration, load retention, and protrusion into the mine opening. For example, resin-assisted mechanically anchored bolts (also known as resin point anchor bolts) have a fast cycle time and the potential for high tension loading, but the stress from the mechanical shell is concentrated in a small area and can create concerns with certain roof structures (Zhang and Peng, 2001). Resin point anchor bolts can be difficult to fully grout. The cost of resin point anchor bolts can be an issue; a two-piece resin point anchor bolt has a large number of parts (10) and manufacturing steps (9), adding to its higher cost. Tension rebar bolts can achieve high loads and are easier to fully grout but have longer cycle times. In addition, a high percentage of the installed load can ?bleed off? if the resin mixing time or the ?hold time? before tensioning is short-circuited. Tension rebar bolts can be notorious for protruding into the mine opening, creating an obstruction for man and machine (Figure 1), in particular, with reduced mining heights. A new tensioned roof control system has been developed that doesn?t have moving parts, is cost effective, provides fast cycle times, has a low profile, and is simple t install.

Jan 1, 2014

By Levente Becze

The zinc bottom dross is obtained as a by-product from hot dip galvanizing operations and contains at least 92 % zinc, which is recycled mainly by pyrometallurgical processes. The overall costs of such a treatment, however, are often relatively high, and the very strict environmental protection regulations might also cause additional difficulties for the high temperature procedures in the future. Therefore, a novel hydro-electrometallurgical process has been developed in our laboratory, by which one can reclaim zinc of high purity, while attempting to achieve low energy consumption and making allowances for all the environmental restrictions. This aqueous processing technique, based on electrolytic refining in a cell equipped with anion-exchange membrane to separate the anode and cathode compartments, allows the indirect purification of the anolyte. Zinc is dissolved from the anode along with some of the impurity elements, while the intermetallic compounds (Fe-Zn, Fe-AI- Zn) are accumulated in the anode slime.

Jan 1, 2003

By M Logsdon, T R. Clark, T I. Mudder

Oxidation of pyrite and other metal sulfides is accelerated by the activity of acidophilic iron- and sulfur-oxidising microorganisms. The ideal biocide for controlling biocatalysed acid rock drainage (ARD) would be inexpensive, inhibitory toward sulfide-oxidising bacteria at low concentrations, relatively non-toxic toward non-target organisms, degradable in the environment outside the zone of application, stable and long-lived in the impacted environment, sufficiently mobile to penetrate into piles of waste rock or tailings, and effective regardless of the metal sulfides present. A potent agent for combating ARD that fits these criteria is the thiocyanate anion (SCN-). The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of thiocyanate in controlling or preventing ARD within several types of sulfidic waste rock and tailings. Results were evaluated within a context encompassing process water and solids management strategies employed at different precious and base metal mines. Sulfidic rock was treated with solutions of potassium thiocyanate and subjected to accelerated weathering tests in lab-scale humidity cells, trays, and columns. Certain tests also utilised solid phase copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) to evaluate a ærelease on demandÆ strategy. Leach solutions were analysed for parameters indicative of ARD including pH, redox potential, conductivity, acidity, sulfate, iron, and certain heavy metals. Two larger scale field tests were also initiated by personnel at separate mines using, in the first case, ore containing a pyritic component in large columns and, in the second case, waste rock containing base metal sulfides in lined pits. Humidity cell tests showed low concentrations of thiocyanate solution applied to pyritic waste rock could reduce ARD formation by 90 per cent or more compared to untreated controls, with the residual release of ARD components (eg sulfate, Fe, acidity) probably reflective of strictly chemical oxidation of the sulfides by molecular oxygen. Thiocyanate applied at a concentration of 22 mg/kg to waste rock from a base metal mining operation in large laboratory scale columns reduced acidity and sulfate release by 75 per cent to 80 per cent compared to untreated controls. This extent of reduction in ARD may not meet discharge water quality criteria, but has the potential to significantly reduce lime consumption and sludge production in a conventional neutralisation facility. The use of a solid-phase metal thiocyanate compound (CuSCN) at a dosage of 194 mg/kg pyritic ore resulted in the following per cent reductions in leach solution parameters in comparison to controls: sulfate (78 per cent), acidity (93 per cent), dissolved Fe (99.4 per cent), and dissolved arsenic (99.9 per cent). This compound has the further advantage of being relatively stable until needed, dissolving only in the presence of an acidic and oxidising ARD solution. If this line of investigation progresses favorably, it offers the possibility of an ARD prevention technique that may be applicable in some settings. Mine-site pilot scale tests with pyritic ore resulted in reductions in sulfate (56 per cent) and Fe, As (66 - 68 per cent). In sum, thiocyanate at relatively low concentrations dramatically reduced ARD from sulfidic rock in a simulated heap. The pilot test using waste rock containing base metal sulfides has begun only recently. A preliminary process design and cost estimate was made for fullscale application of thiocyanate to waste rock at a hypothetical gold mining operation producing 5000 tpd of ore and 10 000 tpd of sulfide containing waste rock. The combined capital and operating costs for the full-scale thiocyanate application facility were about $US 0.25/tonne of waste rock and $US 0.50/tonne of ore. Although thiocyanate is readily available commercially, it also occurs in process solutions associated with certain types of mining processes. Such solutions after selective treatment might be recycled to sulfidic waste rock or tailings, rather than being treated for thiocyanate degradation.

Jan 1, 2003

By BEN WANG, HAORAN LI, YALI FENG, JINRONG JU

Acidic wastewater is at present directly neutralized with lime or limestone, which wastes resources such as titanium, scandium and iron and generates a great deal of solid waste. This study proposes a novel approach for the separation and recovery of titanium, scandium and iron from acidic wastewater, and utilization of red gypsum. The proposed process not only recovers valuable metals from acidic wastewater but also treats the red gypsum that has previously been dumped.

Aug 1, 2022

By S. Broda

Waste rock piles (WRP) are made of heterogeneous, coarse grained waste rock, with inclined layers due to segregation along the slopes and haul traffic compacted layers, creating highly contrasted hydrogeological conditions. The internal structure of the pile has a major impact on water and oxygen movement and pore water pressure distribution. In the presence of reactive minerals, this influences the production of acid mine drainage (AMD) or contaminated neutral drainage (CND) with metal leaching from the WRP. Water flow and distribution may also affect slope stability, particularly following major infiltration events (rain/snow melts).The prediction and interpretation of water distribution in WRP is a challenging problem. Numerous numerical investigations of short and long term forecasts have been conducted, and many of these were found of limited reliability. The shortcomings of existing approaches are typically due to difficulties in representing preferential flow processes in macropores. Such phenomena are in fact often neglected in the assessment of water flow in WRP because these are unattainable with the classical porous media approach typically used in this field. This paper focuses on the use of modeling techniques originally designed for massive fractured rock media to simulate flow in WRP. Waste rock properties used in this study are retrieved from large scale laboratory permeability and water retention tests and from in situ infiltration tests. The effect of WRP configurations on water flow into potentially reactive zones is examined with the numerical 3D fully-integrated surface/subsurface, variably saturated flow model HydroGeoSphere. Material properties retrieved from the laboratory tests are represented by means of stochastic facies distribution generated within a probability framework. Modelled soil water contents and hydraulic head distributions, as well as fluxes within a simple waste rock pile, with compacted layers, are compared with results retrieved from simulations based on the classical equivalent porous medium approach. Results indicate significantly increased flow towards the looser waste rock zone by considering heterogeneous material distribution, causing weak or absent capillary barriers and preferential flow paths. Practical implications for the design of waste rock piles are also discussed.

Aug 1, 2013

By Shek N. Lau, Nicola Samman

"Enclosed gear cases on board heavy mining equipment have traditionally been lubricated with regular heavy duty gear oils. However, equipment manufacturers, have recommended the use of an ISO-1000 gear oil for this application to ensure adequate lubricant film strength, especially at the higher end of the working temperature range. The majority of these ISO-1000 gear oils are based either on residual/asphaltic oil or synthetics, primarily higher viscosity polyalphaolefins. Although the performance of these lubricants has been satisfactory, they suffered other shortcomings that equipment users have lived with over the years.The major requirement at the user’s mine was to provide lubrication for the shovel Hoist gear case. Within such a gear case design, the gears and the roller bearings, that have different lubrication requirements, are lubricated with the same lubricant. Several lubricants were used, light gear oils as well as the recommended ISO-1000 heavy gear oils. On the one hand, the lighter oils performed adequately for the lubrication of the bearings that formed part of the enclosed gear system. These lighter oils did not perform as well for the lubrication of the gears due to their lower viscosities, resulting in shorter gear servicelives.On the other hand, the ISO-1000 gear oils performed well for the lubrication of the gears, but were too viscous to creep into the bearing elements to lubricate them adequately, especially during the cold northern Canadian winters. This resulted in catastrophic bearing failures and secondary damages to the gears.The challenge, then, was to formulate a lubricant which met the 1000 cSt at 40°C viscosity requirement as stipulated by the equipment manufacturer, while satisfactorily lubricating the bearings at the full working temperature range. This was achieved by the development of a semi-fluid grease lubricant, which has proven in field trials to give adequate performance in this application for the lubrication of both the bearings and gears down to -40°C.This product met the equipment manufacturer’s performance criteria and resolved, to a large extent, leakage of the lubricant through seals experienced with the use of conventional and synthetic gear oils.Although the main performance criteria of the fluid was its capability to lubricate the “Hoist” gear case, it was also used during the field trial in other gear cases on board the shovel to test its full capabilities.This unusual alternative lubricant was field tested and evaluated for more than two years. Based on this assessment, the product was reformulated to improve its fluidity, slumpability and the settling of debris/wear metals to the bottom of the gear cases. This reformulated softer grade, a semi-fluid grease, has been performing satisfactorily for more than eight months and is still undergoing longer term assessment."

Jan 1, 1996

By J Ortiz

In almost all copper mining companies, mine planning is done considering different time frames, leading to long-term (life-of-mine) (LOM), medium-term (first three years) and short-term (first year, monthly, weekly, and up to daily plans). Shorter term plans are usually associated with more abundant information, hence models with lower uncertainty. However, they capture more of the variability found on the geological attributes. In long-term models, usually estimation methods tend to hide this variability, providing smoothed interpretations.Medium and long-term plans consider average values for the parameters and optimisation techniques are applied aimed at maximising the economic profit. Short-term plans, on the other hand, are made to comply with the medium-term promises, maximising the use of the available resources (equipment and processing capacities) and dealing with the variability not characterised in the previous planning stages. This generates an important gap between the short-term and the medium and long-term plans. A case study was made using an important oxide copper mine, where the variability found in the short-term plan has a large impact in the productive process, thus reducing the daily ore grade variability is an important goal. In this paper, this planning issue is addressed by creating medium-term mine plans using mixed integer programming which are compared using the output of a simulation of the daily extraction that is aimed at satisfying the daily constraints of the processing plant, the availability of mining equipment and the variability of ore grade. The result shows the expected gap between these mine planning processes, which suggests correcting some of the parameters used in future medium and long-term plans.

Sep 26, 2011

By J Zhou, T D. McGrath, K P. Galvin, C P. Lowes, J J. Eksteen

Pre-concentration of low grade ores can improve the economic and environmental sustainability of an operation significantly, with opportunities for implementation ranging from run-of-mine to mill discharge depending on ore specific characteristics. For a gravity separation, where the performance is fundamentally constrained by mineral liberation, these feeds often represent a very difficult separation given the dominance of the relatively coarse gangue and fine liberation sizes. Thus, building knowledge of the feed through characterisation of the density distribution is critical to assessing amenability before progressing towards lab/pilot-scale test work and full-scale operation. The traditional approach to determining the density distribution typically involved sink/float testing, however, recent developments in hydrodynamic fractionation using inclined channels now offers a more cost-effective alternative with minimal health and environmental risk. A non-hazardous dense liquid, namely an aqueous solution of lithium heteropolytungstates (LST), is supplied as fluidisation to a REFLUXTM Classifier, consisting of a vertical section below a system of inclined channels, operating in semi-batch configuration. Fractionation is achieved by increasing the flow rate incrementally and collecting the particles to form a series of flow fractions. The purpose of this paper is to present this new method in the form of a case study, aimed at assessing the amenability of a low grade gold-bearing sulfide ore to pre-concentration. The robustness in the method is demonstrated through comparison with sink/float data, examining the density distribution and the liberation-limited product grade and recovery achievable. These data are then used as a benchmark to assess water-based continuous gravity separations conducted on the feed using a laboratory-scale REFLUXTM Classifier. This data set is used as the basis for process modelling and empirical validation for the recently established partition surface of the separator.

Nov 10, 2020

By P. Koh

A novel approach incorporating computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and flotation modelling has been used for investigating flotation cell designs. CFD modelling has increasingly been employed to enhance understanding of the cell hydrodynamics in mineral and coal flotation. Opportunities for improving the flotation cell performance can be identify by modelling. The CFD-flotation model from CSIRO incorporates cell hydrodynamics that affect particle-bubble interactions. Information from the model includes velocities, turbulent dissipation rates, gas hold-up, particle-bubble attachment and detachment rates. The attachment and detachment rates have been found to be effective measures of cell performance for cell design.

Jan 1, 2011