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By D. D. Munro

Finsch Mine is a kimberlite diamond mine located at Lime Acres in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The mine was founded in 1961 and started surface mining in 1964. Underground production commenced in 1990 using a modified blast-hole open stoping method for the mining of Blocks 1, 2 and 3. Block 4 is currently being mined as a block cave. The process of identifying and optimizing a method to mine the Block 5 orebody started in 1991, and in 2006 incline caving was identified as being technically feasible. This paper aims to document the process employed in developing this method by the Block 5 prefeasibility team as well as discuss the technical challenges encountered during this process. The paper commences with a history of Finsch Mine and highlights the complex geology and threat of sidewall failure that prompted the decision to use block caving as the mining method for Block 4. A literature study of mines that implemented mining methods upon which the incline cave was conceptualized is then presented. These practices were then used to form the basis for the designs on which the initial geotechnical modelling was done and built upon through an iterative process of modelling and design changes. The ventilation of the mining area, initial productivity simulation results, and the applicability of automation and comminution processes in the incline cave are also presented. The paper concludes with an investigation into some of the challenges of the mining method, and shows that that incline caving is a technical option available for further investigation in determining the optimal mining method to be employed at Block 5, Finsch Diamond Mine. Keywords massive mining, incline caving, geotechnical modelling.

Jul 1, 2013

By B Belle, M Biffi

Cooling of coal mines in the Bowen Basin, characterised by steep geothermal gradient, is presently achieved mostly through rental surface bulk air cooling in summer months. This paper argues that future mines will be required to focus their cooling resources more intensively to manage a challenging thermal environment where virgin coal temperatures of over 50¦C at a depth of 500 m are expected. Currently, mine cooling systems are employed to maintain the wet bulb temperatures (WBT) to below 27¦C at which point the risks of heat stroke or other heat-related issues are manageable. The capacities of these systems are in the range of 6 MWR to 10 MWR. The relationship between high working temperature environments and injury frequency rates is well established. Therefore, provision of appropriate cooling strategies and understanding their optimum performance and suitability are important to Australian coal mines of the future. This paper evaluates the underground temperature profiles of deep, gassy coal mines with propensity for spontaneous combustion and proposes the long-term cooling pathways to effectively manage thermal hazards. Thermodynamic modelling is performed on a longwall face and includes air leakage effects from goaf streams at various locations along the longwall face. The strategy summarises the application of underground bulk air cooling, chilled water sprays on the shearer and the resulting temperature profiles. Considering the new mining projects planned for the Bowen Basin region, a review of implementable cooling strategies such as mid-gate mobile bulk air coolers (BACs), spot coolers, underground bulk air cooling and the use of chilled water to enhance the positional efficiency of cooling plants, are discussed in this paper. Finally, the comparison of ærentalÆ versus æownershipÆ of cooling plants is analysed as part of long-term cooling strategies.CITATION:Belle, B and Biffi, M, 2013. Cooling pathways for deep Australian longwall coal mines of the future, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 223-236 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013

By Pedro Espinoza Colán

El presente texto describe el enfoque de desarrollo territorial como herramienta para el ejercicio de responsabilidad social empresarial en la minería peruana, de manera que dotará a las empresas mineras de una metodología de trabajo en el tema social y se reducirá el conflicto social en los entornos de las operaciones mineras. El desarrollo territorial comprende cuatro componentes básicos: humano, social, económico y ambiental, donde las estrategias están basadas en la utilización de recursos endógenos: articulación de los sistemas productivos locales, mayor vinculación del tejido empresarial a través de redes y cadenas productivas, fomento de la creación de nuevas empresas y empleo y mayor control del proceso de desarrollo por parte de los factores sociales locales.

Jul 1, 2013

By A Melloy, D Holt, M Jurak

Oaky North is AustraliaÆs highest producing underground coal mine. In 2011, the mine produced 8.7 Mt of high-quality coking coal. The high quantities are a result of the constant strive for optimising the operating time of major production units, which involves investing numerous resources, including diesel equipment, in supporting and maintaining their operation.In July 2011 it was identified that the diesel particulate matter (DPM) levels in the underground workings were above acceptable levels, due to the high level of diesel activity. Over the next 12 months, several controls were implemented to reduce exposure to personnel: the main ventilation system was upgraded; the production forecast was adjusted to better manage the diesel fleet, removing surges in diesel usage; and an electronic diesel tag board was introduced to centrally manage the distribution of diesel usage around the mine.From the start of the campaign in emission reduction, an intense DPM monitoring regime was established. Within a few months of the introduction of the centralised tag board, there was a major reduction in emission levels. After the installation and commissioning of the new main fans, the emission levels dropped further, such that over-exposures are now a rarity.Oaky North continues to explore new systems to better utilise their diesel fleet while still maintaining control over DPM emissions.CITATION:Melloy, A, Holt, D and Jurak, M, 2013. Reduction in diesel particulate matter at Oaky North, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 187-190 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013

By Carolina Ayala

Dado que las empresas enfrentan escasez de recursos, materias primas, y exigencias ambientales o laborales; la sociedad también enfrenta fenómenos de movilidad social. En consecuencia, el crecimiento de las empresas se ve influenciado por las exigencias de los grupos de interés. En ese sentido, el presente texto señala que la relación de empresa- sociedad debe ser de coexistencia y búsqueda de beneficios mutuos. Sus principales objetivos son: disminuir y mitigar impactos, asegurar y cuidar recursos escasos y la creación de nuevas realidades que generen un valor superior.

Jul 1, 2013

By A Llewellyn, M Varvari

The ventilation circuit at the FrogÆs Leg Mine was originally designed to permit mining to progress down to 440 m below surface at a maximum production rate of 500 kt/a, as per the feasibility study. The FrogÆs Leg resource has now been defined down to 640 m below surface at a maximum production rate of 750 kt/a. In order to allow for this increase in production depth and tonnage, it was necessary to upgrade the ventilation circuit.This paper outlines the upgrades to the ventilation circuit that were undertaken and the underlying rationale behind them.CITATION:Llewellyn, A and Varvari, M, 2013. Ventilation upgrade at the FrogÆs Leg Mine - Case study, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 95-102 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013

By D J. Brake

The risk from fire remains one of the most serious of underground mine disaster scenarios. The impacts of mine fires on the underground ventilation system and the production of toxic gases have been difficult to model and therefore assessments have relied largely on empirical data, historical precedent and subjective opinions. Underground fire modelling software has had limited availability and been technically challenging and time consuming to use especially for routine mine investigations. There has also been no well-accepted set of assumptions for fire modelling in mines, which has resulted in a lack of confidence in adopting its use more widely. This paper describes modelling of three critical fire scenarios in underground hard rock mines: a fire (LHD) in an underground diesel refuelling facility, a fire in an underground explosives magazine and a fire on an underground ore transport conveyor. Modelling was undertaken using VentsimÆs VentFIREÖ fire simulation module. It describes the basis of design, the key assumptions, the methodology used and provides examples of the outputs, conclusions and recommendations. It reviews the impacts of these fires on egress and entrapment strategies in the mine. Some general principles regarding improvements to ventilation circuit design based on this analysis are also recommended. Whilst the fire scenarios were based on actual case studies, they have been disguised for this paper.CITATION:Brake, D J, 2013. Fire modelling in underground mines using Ventsim Visual VentFIRE software, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 265-276 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013

By R G. Moreby

The purpose of this paper is to provide the rationale for decision making when considering the use of three heading gate roads in Australian underground coal mines.There are currently 30 underground longwall mines in Australia with all but two employing two heading gate road longwall layouts. The volumetric capacity of these two heading ventilation circuits is evidently viable in typical block lengths and in low to moderate gas regimes. However, in gassier regimes, potential longwall production rates of 10 Mt/a, and or where block lengths are being extended to well beyond historical norms, a conventional two heading U circuit may not be adequate. Other than seam gas emission, block length and production dependent heat loads together sealed area management requirements also have to be considered.The two mines currently employing three heading gate roads have the opportunity to revert to two headings at any time but, based on operational experience to date, have not done so due to the consequential reduction in gas management capacity and lower production rates associated with gas delays and limitations on tailgate access.Although there are a number of alternative two heading longwall circuits available and employed worldwide, the custom and practice of promoting inert goaf atmospheres in most Australian coal mines to mitigate the risk of catastrophic gas explosions and spontaneous combustion often prevents the use of gas loaded bleeder systems. In this respect, Australian underground coal mines may be considered the safest in the world.The current situation is that three heading gate roads have been proven successful in Australian conditions, albeit at additional cost, where two heading ventilation circuits cannot manage net seam gas emission to the ventilation system at the production rates required. In this respect, a further important driver for decision making is the short to medium term value of CO2-e emission taxation in Australia.CITATION:Moreby, R G, 2013. The rationale for use of three heading gate roads in Australian underground coal mines, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 13-26 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013

By A S. Derrington

This paper describes a hybrid ventilation system, which uses secondary fans that also act as de-facto primary fans to extract fresh airflow from the mine intake raise system. Also discussed are the associated problems such as uncontrolled recirculation, inadequate decline airflow, fire safety issues, prolonged blast fume clearance times, high air temperatures in main access routes, neutralisation of mine air cooling by heat from secondary distribution fans, increased ventilation system complexity, reduced flexibility and high pressure differentials (which cause safety issues with personnel access and reduce secondary ventilation system performance).Practical suggestions are provided on options to avoid these problems listed.CITATION:Derrington, A S, 2013. A critique of the push-pull hybrid ventilation system, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 73-78 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013

By D Roughsedge, J van der Sandt, L van den Berg

Axial flow fans are commonly used as auxiliary fans in underground mines to supply air to development headings. As diesel dilution requirements increase the fans used in conjunction with ventilation bags are becoming larger in diameter to move greater quantities of air over greater development distances. It is not uncommon for mining operations to sometimes use a number of these larger auxiliary fans with high airflow capacity in parallel as primary fans for the operations. These primary fan stations are often considered temporary installations and the fan selection and fan station design is rarely optimised. These temporary installations may become permanent resulting in an inefficient or unreliable primary ventilation system. A recent study looked at the likely causes of multiple primary fan failures at one operation with axial fans installed as primary units where the fan selection and fan station aerodynamic design was far from optimal. This paper explores some of the typical mechanisms of failure such as high pressure stall, unbalanced airflow, and fan tip speed as well as fabrication material. The paper proposes a number of good practise principles that should be considered during the design of a fan station. A second topic covered is the advantages and disadvantages of using different types of fans such as axial, mixed flow and centrifugal units. Here the concept of fan specific speed and its relevance to fan selection is discussed. Finally the paper quantifies the effect of using a high pressure auxiliary fan as a primary fan in a low pressure circuit, which may increase the mineÆs operation cost.CITATION:van der Sandt, J, van den Berg, L and Roughsedge, D, 2013. Practical considerations when using auxiliary axial flow fans as a primary mine fan, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 63-70 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013

By ZáWang, F Hungerford, T Ren

Operations in an underground drill site have to co-exist within the mineÆs ventilation and operational system. The space requirements of a drilling operation have to be adapted to the limitations provided in available site space, which is usually defined by standard mining operations and geotechnical influences. These limitations affect borehole design, equipment positioning in the site layout and possible interactions with mining equipment and services such as water and power supply.The ventilation requirements for drill sites and the means employed vary with depth of the site, space and likely presence of gas. All drilling operations provide a particular service for the mine and in each case, drilling must operate in a manner which controls all gas, water and cuttings returning from the borehole. The various standpiping systems employed have evolved under differing influences and must cater for conditions during and after the drilling operations.The influences that gas content, pressure and flow, rib stability, cleat direction, borehole length, potential water pressure and flow have on a mineÆs operation and ventilation systems have to be considered in the design of standpipe length, diameter and fittings. Past history has a strong influence on common practice while worst case effects of a possible in-hole event should be catered for.This paper describes the early drilling systems and their limitations in ventilation and gas management. The drill site dimensions and set-up are discussed in the context of roadway conditions, equipment layout, ventilation and logistics. The use of standpiping to control all returns from the borehole is illustrated by referring to likely scenarios in a drilling site to achieve the most effective sealed depth to accommodate the worst case possibility of intersecting high pressure gas or water during the drilling operation. Practices to allow gas drainage in the return airway of a panel are described.CITATION:Hungerford, F, Ren, T and Wang, Z, 2013. operational management of underground in-seam drilling sites, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 43-48 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013

By R G. Moreby, S Bluhm, FávonáGlehn, C Pascoe

Resolution Copper Mine in Arizona, USA, is planned to be a 2000 m deep panel cave mine with virgin rock temperatures exceeding 80¦C in rock with high crystalline silica content, resulting in a very challenging ventilation and cooling system design. This is one of the largest copper orebodies ever found and, with a planned rock production rate of 120 kton/day. The project is currently in its prefeasibility phase and the paper discusses features of the ventilation and cooling system design which includes multiple ventilation shafts with total primary ventilation flow of about 3000 m3/s and both surface and underground refrigeration plants producing more than 140 MW refrigeration capacity. The cooling system features large surface bulk air coolers chilling all downcast air supplemented by an underground secondary air cooler system and a chilled service water system. This will be a very challenging mine to ventilate and cool but this work has demonstrated that it will be technically achievable with the application of existing technology.CITATION:Bluhm, S, Moreby, R G, von Glehn, F and Pascoe, C, 2013. Life-of-mine ventilation and refrigeration planning for Resolution Copper Mine, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 125-138 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013

By D R. Chalmers

Coal dust explosions have occurred in coal mines across the world. The Mitsui Miike Coal Mine disaster in 1963 was an example of how this hazard was not managed effectively, resulting in the loss of 458 lives and hundreds of people sustaining permanent brain injury from carbon monoxide poisoning. Management of the risks for this hazard have been well documented and have been implemented in modern coal mines. A recent trend in some mines has seen the abolition of barriers on roadways on the basis that the risks are being managed by the current controls. These controls include stone dust application, trickle dusters, dust analysis and dust removal. This paper explores the science behind such controls and questions the need for barrier protection on belt roads.CITATION:Chalmers, D R, 2013. Cybulski revisited - Lessons on dust, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 165-168 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013

By S Viviers, G Ratner

Ventilation is part of all underground mine operations and is undertaken in order to introduce fresh, cool air to the workings and to remove stale, affected air. It is problematic to obtain efficient and accurate estimates of volume flow and static pressure in the installed operational configuration for the auxiliary axial flow fans.An empirical method was developed to estimate the static pressure and volume flow through a calibrated differential pressure port on axial flow fans. Prior to shipping, each fan is performance tested according to BS 848 (ISO 5801) to establish the fan performance curves. In addition to the standard required parameters captured to fully describe the performance, the differential pressure is measured across the fan rotor to enable correlation with the characteristic fan curve.The method was implemented on a ruggedised tablet PC platform. This compact platform is then used to calculate the volume flow rate from the differential pressure sensor measurement input via a USB port. The result is a real-time measurement of volume flow and operating point of the fan system. This can be used effectively in overall modelling of the mine auxiliary ventilation systems and calculation of system resistance could provide a health indication of the fan and duct system.CITATION:Ratner, G and Viviers, S, 2013. Underground auxiliary ventilation monitoring and diagnostic system, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 57-62 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013

Traditional in situ fan flow test methods under accepted standards require determinations to be made of both static pressures and total pressures during testing. This is to determine the resultant velocity pressures, which are vital in the accurate determination of the final fan airflow. These crucial velocity pressure (Vp) determinations are normally determined using simple manometric instrumentation such as an electronic manometer or an inclined liquid filled manometer. There is relatively little noise or fluctuation in the static pressure determinations and they can be quite easily and accurately recorded. There is almost always considerable fluctuation in the velocity pressure determinations though due to the highly turbulent and irregular velocity profile normally found in such in situ installations. This velocity turbulence means that the recording of such data is subject to random human error as the observer tries to average such fluctuations mentally during the observation period. Worse than this, and in the extreme, the recording of such velocity pressure data could actually easily be misreported if, for some reason, persons chose to do so.The author has devised a field method using highly accurate quartz crystal logging barometers to objectively record these velocity pressures. The method eliminates the ability to either mistakenly or intentionally misreport these crucial velocity pressures and is carried out in parallel with the recognised methodology, so result comparisons can be drawn. As such, a far greater level of confidence can be achieved in the final flow performance results than using the traditional more subjective method. Further to this it is difficult and almost impossible to refute the results using this ancillary substantiation method.The accurate determination of fan flows due to the impost of the carbon tax has taken on much more significance given the financial impacts in Australia at this time. The methodology detailed herein can be applied equally for both fan flow compliance testing and the verification of mine airflow data for greenhouse gas emission evaluations.The paper utilises the results of one 24-point pitot traverse to demonstrate the various findings. These include the very wide range of velocity pressures, which were logged at most of the measuring stations. It also illustrates how the method is utilised and compares the results derived from both this method and the more subjective traditional method along with the benefits of logging the velocity pressure results during the testing process.CITATION:Rowland, J A, 2013. Removing some subjectivity from traditional BS 848 and ISO 5802 in situ fan flow tests, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 155-162 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013

By M Olsen

"Segregation of conveyor roadways is a ventilation practice that is being increasingly applied in Australia. It is largely driven by the legislated requirements in Queensland pertaining to separation of escapeways from the mine. This legal requirement was based on a recommendation from the Moura No. 2 WardenÆs Inquiry (Windridge, 1996) into the mine disaster that claimed 11 lives. The report recommended: ... the introduction of a requirement for all underground mines to have one intake airway that is completely segregated from other parallel intake airways so as to provide two separate means of egress from the mine via an intake airway.This recommendation seeks to assist mine workers in escape from a mine after a fire by providing them with an airway that is free from smoke or contaminants.The concept of an airway being æcompletely segregatedÆ is an ideal that is challenging to implement in practice when considering the effect of leakage. The practice of belt segregation is concerned with the potential for fires in the belt roadway although there are numerous other potential fire sources in underground coal mines. A review of segregation practices has been conducted applying ventilation engineering principles. Four different scenarios have been analysed with regard to the effectiveness of the segregation stoppings in preventing potential fire contaminants migrating to other parts of the mine. The results show that in some cases the benefits of segregation to a person evacuating a mine in the event of a fire range from beneficial to detrimental. This is influenced by many factors including the location of that individual in that particular mine. There is room for improvement in the design and implementation of escapeways in underground coal mines. Escapeways need to be planned and designated with regard to the potential sources of fire, pressure differentials between escapeways and the operational practicalities of maintaining the pressure differential between them.CITATION:Olsen, M, 2013. Belt road segregation and escapeways - Compliance or risk management?, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference, pp 311-318 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jul 1, 2013

By J Edman, RáBeamish, G Cambourn, B Beamish

Moist Adiabatic Benchmark (MAB) and R70 testing have been applied to core samples of a multiple seam sequence from a borehole at the Doyles Creek Project. The coal samples range in rank from high volatile B bituminous to high volatile A bituminous, with a general increase in coal rank as depth increases in the borehole. The intrinsic coal reactivity to oxygen decreases with coal rank as indicated by the R70 values. The time taken to reach thermal runaway shown by the MAB testing however is strongly modified by the interaction between the intrinsic coal reactivity, the moisture content of the coal and the retained gas content of the coal. This is clearly demonstrated by the lowermost seam of the sequence. The MAB test for coal from the Whynot Seam took 20 days to go to thermal runaway, which projects to heating issues taking between eight to 12 months to occur for loosely piled coal found in coal roof falls or a longwall goaf and uncompacted stockpiles, assuming sufficient air is available for coal oxidation. The results from this project illustrate leading practice for the operational planning and development of an appropriate spontaneous combustion management plan (SCMP).CITATION:Beamish, B, Cambourn, G, Lewis, G, Edman, J and Beamish, R, 2013. Application of leading practice spontaneous combustion assessment to exploration at the Doyles Creek Project, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 293-298 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013

By A Mackay

As a result of the explosion in the 512 panel at the Moura No 2 mine in 1994 the role of the ventilation officer (VO) to submit sealing plans (on behalf of the operator/underground mine manager) has become one of the key duties of the VO of an underground coal mine in Australia. The intent of a sealing plan is to document the controls used to manage the build up of flammable concentrations of gases, and for these controls to be reviewed by the industry regulators. These sealing plans have brought a large amount of focus onto the sealing process and served the industry well. The legislation does not define sealing, or when it begins, but throughout the industry typically sealing plans are submitted 30 days prior to the last seal being constructed. This practice appears to have originated from the Moura 512 panel being a standing bord and pillar panel and where the explosive gas mixture could only occur after it was sealed. However, since the Moura disaster the industry has become dominated by goafing style longwall mining. Goafing panels differ from standing bord and pillar panels in that they typically have an unventilated goaf that can potentially contain an explosive mixture from start-up. This was recently highlighted by the explosion and fire on Longwall No 1 Tailgate at the Blakefield South Mine in 2011. The author ponders whether the industry should revisit sealing plans to focus on the core hazard and define that sealing begins when flammable concentrations of gases are created. Although defining when mine sealing begins is the key outcome of this paper, the main point is that VOs and industry regulators need to clearly understand what can occur in the atmosphere of underground coal mines. CITATION:Mackay, A, 2013. A case for change - Defining mine sealing and understanding flammable mixtures during sealing, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 307-310 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013

By Sandy Worden

Coal mining companies in Australia are managing the high-consequence risks across their operations more effectively by using an interactive online risk management system known as Riskgate Developed by the Minerals Industry Safety and Health Centre (MISHC) at the University of Queensland, Australia, Riskgate contains detailed information about 11 high-consequence risk areas (called topics in the system) for opencut and underground coal mines (Table 1). The existing topics are: fires; strata control for underground mining; ground control for opencut mining; tires; isolation; collisions; explosions and explosives; manual tasks; and trips, slips and falls. Every Riskgate topic is focused on coal industry activities (mining, processing, transport and storage). The scope includes mine sites, lease areas and mine infrastructure (mobile, fixed plant, field equipment, buildings, road and rail transport), and all aspects of the mine life cycle from design through to decommissioning. The topics uniformly recognize that a loss of control can result in injury or fatality, equipment damage, production loss, reputation loss and environmental damage. However, the priority focus for Riskgate is the safety of mine personnel.

Jul 1, 2013

By P Wahyono, H Vega, S Riza, P Vergara, P Gonzalez-Carbonell

PT Freeport Indonesia (PTFI), operating in the Ertsberg Mining District in the Province of Papua, is developing the Grasberg Block Cave copper-gold mine. The site aims to output 160 000 t/d and will be located underneath the current Grasberg Open Pit. Initial studies of the potential to develop a block cave mine in the Grasberg orebody have revealed that the mine will require significant volumes of air. The Grasberg Block Cave (GBC) project requires four primary fans (3750 kW each) to support production at full capacity.Fan #1 commissioning was accomplished successfully on 9 February 2012. However, Fan #2 chamber, which is separated by a 20 m pillar, had not been completed. The main challenge was Fan #2 chamber still needed to be benched. The risk of damage to the critical infrastructure in Fan #1 chamber, including ground support, cracks in pedestals, and misalignment in the impeller shaft were considered. The challenges were blasting the bench without damaging the surrounding infrastructure, completing the work safely and meeting the schedule. This was achieved with the engineering control methodology. This paper summarises the benching process of Fan #2 chamber and its impact upon Fan #1.CITATION:Vega, H, Riza, S, Gonzalez-Carbonell, P, Wahyono, P and Vergara, P, 2013. Excavating an underground primary fan chamber that is adjacent to a fully operational primary fan in PT Freeport Indonesia's Grasberg Block Cave Mine, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 115-122 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013