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By M. Birdsell

"Sustainable long-term restoration requires adequate planning and preparation, implementation, and measurement goals to monitor success associated with restoring sites to pre-disturbance levels of ecological health. The Buckhorn Mountain Mine riparian habitat restoration project has been a multi-year endeavor with a variety of restoration techniques implemented by Kinross Gold/Crown Resources Corporation. INTRODUCTION The Buckhorn Mountain Mine procured mitigation lands during the permitting process to be set aside for long-term restoration. A portion of this mitigation land included three aquatic habitat mitigation parcels; a spring and wetland complex and two stream and riparian corridors. These properties were historically used for agriculture purposes and livestock grazing. During initial permitting, habitat monitoring and mitigation plans were created to help guide restoration, and provide measures for success. Various techniques and adaptations have been implemented on the properties since 2007, and continued efforts are being implemented annually to ensure the long-term success of the project. Field measurements are collected annually to ensure mitigation objectives are being met, and provide opportunity to modify restoration efforts when necessary. MATERIALS/METHODS Restoration efforts have included implementation of several methods including livestock exclusion, treatment of state and locally listed noxious weed species, installation of regionally sourced riparian plant species and local stock willow cuttings. Annual mechanical and herbicide treatments for noxious weeds have been conducted annually. Efforts to control reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) have been implemented since 2013; methods include mechanical and herbicide treatments. A combination of methods has been employed to help aid restoration of native species within the riparian corridor, and increase survival of planted species, including weed matting and browse barriers to aid riparian planting success. Instream planting of local stock willow have also been employed to increase stream vegetative cover and provide long-term bank stabilization. Most recently, a perched culvert near one of the properties has been replaced with an aquatic life passable culvert designed to aid in the upstream migration of fish species into the stream system. Efforts to provide increased fisheries into upstream portions of the system and aid in restoration of stream bed and bank have been employed to increase the ecological value downstream of the replacement. In addition to efforts completed by the client to provide restoration efforts, a local non-profit organization, in conjunction with the client, installed beaver dam analogues (BDAs) in the fall of 2014. These structures are intended to raise water levels along stretches of incised channel in an attempt to flood historic off-channel floodplain"

Jan 1, 2016

By Thomas Konstantis, Spyridon Konstantis, Panagiotis Spyridis

"Tunneling and Underground works are unequivocally subject to a diversity of inherent uncertainties associated with the geotechnical, hydro-geological and environmental regime that surrounds them. On many occasions, these uncertainties can provoke loss events of considerable consequences. The present contribution elaborates on losses that the insurance market has suffered in the recent years, following a construction failure event. These losses are being considered and analysed on a quantitative basis through evaluation of cost related data, with explicit discretization of the applied construction methodology and of the subsequent developed failure type since both of which are considered of major importance. Given the identified persistence and regularity of some loss-contributing factors, recommendations are provided on the basis of a proactive risk engineering management approach that are envisaged to reinforce the understanding of project risks and alleviate the incurred insurance cost. 1 INTRODUCTION The underground construction sector has always been a very challenging area for all involved parties, including the insurance market. Main reason for that remains the uniqueness of the uncertainties sources and the subsequent inherent risks that the tunneling and underground projects are exposed to. In many instances, these risks materialize, leading to loss events with substantially high impact on reinstatement cost and incurred delays, which depending among others on the insurance coverage will have to be bared by the Insurance market. In the recent decades and as the tunneling industry boomed and expanded with many major and significant projects undertaken around the world, the insurance market was faced with additional challenges. Increased competition during tender coupled with the scale and complexity of the projects and politically driven decision making exerted pressure on the project timelines, completion dates and budget. The pressure for on-time or even early project completion- to avoid liquidated damages or achieve bonus payments, respectively- along with cost reduction efforts and the incentive for innovative failure events. That, in turn, put additional pressure on the Insurance market which had experienced a significant amount of losses with substantial cost. One of the triggered mitigation actions was the introduction of the Code of Practice for Risk Management of Tunnel Works (ITIG, 2006 & 2012; MunichRe 2006, Wannick, 2007, Spencer, 2008, Adeyemo, 2011)."

Jan 1, 2016

By J. O. Claassen

"A study conducted at 22 operating mines in the southern African region indicated that each mine employs about five management and improvement methods with roots in the manufacturing industry. All respondents reported the implementation of cost-saving initiatives, whereas 80% of the mines are affected by restructuring. TQM, Six Sigma, BPM, and TOC were found to be the most prevalent manufacturing management and improvement methods used. A mechanistic vs systemic evaluation of the suitability of these methods to bring about positive change in the industry suggested that complex, ever-changing mining systems are better served by a systemic flow-based approach, which is embedded in methods such as TOC, JIT, TPS, and Lean Production. These methods, however, lack industry presence, possibly because they do not effectively deal with the unique challenges associated with the mining environment. It is argued that successful mining business management and improvement depends on management’s ability to deal effectively with mining industry-specific requirements, the integration of the geologymining- plant system, and the implementation of systemic flow-based principles in all aspects of mining. IntroductionThe study aims to explore the use of manufacturing management and improvement methodologies in the southern African mining industry. Considering the unique challenges associated with mining operations, attention is given to the applicability of the most commonly used manufacturing methodologies in the tactical, operational, and strategic environments. The article endeavours to stimulate more research and debate in an unexplored field of study."

Jan 1, 2016

"The seventh annual Mineral & Metallurgical Processing Division (MPD) student poster contest was held last February at the SME Annual Conference & Expo in Phoenix, AZ. A total of 21 students entered the poster competition. The students were required to submit one-page abstracts, which were reviewed by the judges, after which they prepared posters to display their work. A panel of judges went to each student and listened as the student explained his/her research in five minutes.The students worked hard at their research and then set aside time to complete all the necessary steps to enter the competition. Recognizing the effort required to participate, the MPD provided monetary rewards to all participants. First place received $1,000; second, $500; and third through seventh, $200. All remaining entrants received $100 each. The winners have their abstracts published in this issue of Mining & Metallurgical Processing. As in past years, there were separate levels of competition for undergraduates and graduates.Now for the winners:Graduate winnersJoseph Halt won first place for research on the use of additives to starch binders to create iron ore pellets. Vivek Agarwal received second for working on using solvent extraction to concentrate lanthanum. Jordan Rutledge placed third for utilizing tannins to depress calcite in fluorite flotation. Fourth through seventh places were Vu Truong, Jacob McDonald, Hunter Sceats and Doug Schriner.Undergraduate winnersLaura Nugent won first place for using high-frame-rate cameras to follow bubbles as they moved from the pulp to the froth in flotation cells. Taylor Graham earned a second-place finish by researching how to acid leach low-grade manganese carbonate.Although its cliché to say everyone’s a winner, everyone can benefit from attending the MPD Student Poster contest. All the students were able to display their work to potential future employers, and industry professionals could talk to the up-and-coming engineers. Next year, there will be another competition for more posters and networking, so get ready to attend.Thank you to all the students for participating; Lisa Schlink for chairing the session; the judges, Aaron Noble, Debra Switzer, Mohammad Rezaee, Nick Gow and Ren Bryce, for evaluating the abstracts and posters; and the MPD sponsors for supporting the competition. This has only been successful with the input of all three groups. Engineering iron ore pellets to reduce their dustinessJ.A. Halt and S.K. KawatraGraduate student and professor and chair, respectively, Department of Chemical Engineering,Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USAIntroductionIron ore pellets are hard spheres made by agglomerating iron ore concentrate and binders. Pellets are the preferred ironbearing feed for blast furnace ironmaking. Starch has been proposed as a binder because it has good adhesive properties, does not contaminate pellets and is relatively cheap. However, starch binders typically lead to weak pellets with rough surfaces, and these can cause high levels of dust within process equipment and when pellets are handled and shipped (Halt and Kawatra, 2014). Our research shows that by adding a small quantity of other additives, pellets made with starch binders become smooth and strong. The newly designed binder leads to significantly lower levels of fines when pellets are handled."

Jan 1, 2016

By Bo Kyung Sim, Dae Young Kim, Jae Won Lee, Ebrahim Farrokh

"The contract C931 of the downtown line 3 (DTL3) mass rapid transit system of Singapore includes half a kilometer twin tunnels running between Mattar and Macpherson stations. An EPB TBM of 6.6 m diameter was used to excavate both of these tunnels. The tunnels pass predominantly through a very stiff silty/clayey fine to coarse sand from the Old Alluvium Formation. In this paper, TBM selection procedure, TBM performance evaluation, and some of the tunneling operation challenges with the TBM in the Old Alluvium Formation are discussed. In this regard, soil conditioning trial tests were performed to resolve the clogging issue and low TBM performance. Thorough TBM operational data analysis was performed to detect high soil abrasivity, backfill grout leakage, and foam nozzle clogging. The results of some of the applied modifications are also discussed to show their effects on the TBM performance improvement. Finally, some of the challenging TBM design specifications are also discussed. INTRODUCTION Tunneling and underground construction in Singapore has been increased in the last 30 years due to the demand for public transportation systems and the limited space above the ground for the infrastructure development. Downtown Line Stage 3 (DTL3) Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system has 21 km total route length and consists of 16 stations. DTL3 Contract C931 runs between Mattar station and MacPherson station. The construction works in this contract include twin bored tunnels of 6.6 m diameter and 450 m length and a TBM launch shaft of nearly 30 m depth. The tunnels run in urban area below Kallang Paya Lebar Expressway tunnel (KPE), Kallang River Canal, and Circuit Link. Figure 1 shows the alignment of the tunnels in between two subway stations. The tunnels were excavated by an earth pressure balance (EPB) tunnel boring machine (TBM) through the Old Alluvium (OA) formation, a challenging geological formation in the sense of its abrasivity and stiffness. The Old Alluvium Formation mostly includes stiff to very stiff clayey and silty sand. The soil is un-weathered cemented to semi-cemented dense, mainly with a low permeability coefficient of 10-7 m/s and high SPT values (almost 100). The soil is classified as “very high abrasive” according to NTNU SAT test classification (SAT value of 15 to 42). The construction of the first tunnel drive was slowed down due to a number of factors related to soil conditioning and TBM operation. In this regard, a thorough analysis of the TBM operational parameters from the excavated sections was performed to identify the problems in time to prevent unwanted construction delays in the subsequent sections. In the following sections, a brief overview of the criteria used for TBM selection is presented at first. Then, the results from the analyses and tests performed to assess soil conditioning, grout leakage, and soil abrasion are presented. The last section discusses some of the tunneling design features that challenged the TBM operation in this project."

Jan 1, 2016

By Michel Épiney, COREM, Mario Drapeau, Caroline Olsen, Claude Bolduc, Benoit Levasseur

"Several metal sulfide minerals (such as copper, zinc and iron), generally abundant in precious metal-containing ores, are known to dissolve during the cyanidation process. These unwanted reactions consume a significant amount of cyanide and oxygen, which is required for the extraction of gold and silver. Leaching kinetics of sulfide minerals are very fast in contact with oxygenated cyanide solutions. Therefore, the solution quickly becomes charged with oxidation products that are mostly metal ions, metallo-cyanide complexes, metal oxides and other sulfur species including thiocyanate, sulfides, polysulfides, thiosulfate, sulfites, sulfates, etc. COREM’s Extractive Metallurgy team has been conducting a research program on the improvement of the gold cyanidation process. As a part of this program, the current study aims to investigate the effect of certain operating parameters on the reactions involved during pre-oxidation and cyanidation. The effect of pre-treatment under ozone was investigated using an industrial pulp recreated from process water (charged with thiocyanates) and homogenized flotation tailings material from Agnico Eagle's LaRonde mine. In terms of mechanisms, the ozone treatment provides a complete deactivation of the material surface (characterized by EDTA extraction) and the solution (characterized by Ionic chromatography). This resulted in a lower reactivity of sulfide minerals that led to substantial gains in terms of consumption of cyanide and thiocyanate formation during the cyanidation process. The ozone-pre-treatment edges the classical pre-oxidation treatment (such as oxygen, hydrogen peroxides, etc) providing a quicker deactivation of the sulfide matrix and higher reagent savings in subsequent cyanidation process.INTRODUCTIONThe presence of sulfur in the process of gold leaching by cyanidation is a major drawback to optimizing the reagents consumption with suitable operating conditions. The coexistence of sulfide mineral species, such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite or sphalerite along with the gold-bearing ore have, indeed, a negative impact on the extraction of precious metals by cyanidation (Bayat et al., 2003), (Azizi et al., 2010). These minerals are known to dissolve with cyanide under alkaline conditions and release in the slurry different kinds of sulfide by-products like polysulfides, thiosel, sulfite and sulfate (Seal II & Hammarstrom, 2003) (Breuer et al., 2008a), (Marsden & House, 2006) (Ghasemian Langeroudi et al., 2013). Once these sulfide by-products are released in solution they react with cyanide to form thiocyanate (Marsden & House, 2006) (Breuer et al., 2008b). The consequence of the dissolution of these cyanicides, is a significant increase in cyanide consumtpion as well as a slow-down of gold extraction."

Jan 1, 2016

By Jimenez Leon, Christopher Newman, Boede Gabriel, Zacharias Agioutantis

"Ground movements due to longwall mining operations have the potential to damage the hydrological balance within as well as outside the mine permit area in the form of increased surface ponding and changes to hydrogeological properties. Recently, the Office of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Enforcement has completed a public comment period on a newly proposed rule for the protection of streams and groundwater from adverse impacts of surface and underground mining operations (80 FR 44435). With increased community and regulatory focus on mining operations and their potential to adversely affect streams and groundwater, there is now a greater need for better prediction of the possible effects mining has on both surface and sub surface bodies of water.As mining induced stress and strain within the overburden is correlated to changes in the hydrogeological properties of rock and soil, this paper investigates the evaluation of the hydrogeological system within the vicinity of an underground mining operation based on strain VALUES (calculated through a surface deformation prediction model. Through accurate modeling of the pre- and post-mining hydrogeological system, industry personnel can better depict mining induced effects on ground water flows through the overburden material aiding in the optimization underground extraction sequences while maintaining the integrity of surface and subsurface bodies of water.INTRODUCTIONThe utilization of high-recovery underground mining methods, such as longwall or high-extraction room-and-pillar operations, have the potential to cause adverse impacts to both surface and subsurface bodies of water as strata movement and deformations propagate from the mined seam through the overburden to the surface (Peng, 2008).Previous research has indicated that mining induced strains are the most damaging to surface streams (Singh, 1992) as well as greatly affecting the integrity of subsurface bodies of water and groundwater flow conditions (Booth, 1986). On the surface, adverse effects to the stream can occur due to the development of either tensile or compressive strain in the stream bed. The development of tensile cracks along the bedrock allows for a potential loss of stream flow through developed fissures. In fact, water flow in the Cataract River of Australia ceased in 1994 as a result of mining-induced strains from longwall operations in the Bulli seam 430 meters (1320 feet) below the river gorge (McNally and Evans, 2007). On the other hand, the development of compressive strains within the rock layers can cause rupturing or buckling of the stream bed, blocking stream flow and/or diverting flow into the fractures at the base (Iannacchione et al, 2010). While these localized fractures can contribute to the loss of stream flows, given time, damaged streams have the ability to self-heal through the regeneration of near-surface aquifers as well as the sealing of mining-induced fractures with rock debris, gravel, sand, clay or other soil particles carried from upstream sources and deposited in the river bed (Waddington and Kay, 2002)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Yuyong Li, Liangman Zhang, Zhaolian Wang, Shun Wang, Ltd. Shandong Huate Magnet Technology Co., Fengliang Liu

"Introduce a newly revolutionary magnetic separator - Raising Concentrate Grade and Decreasing Dregs Content Magnetic Separator Series JCTN (i.e. RCG&DDC MS JCTN). HUATE® JCTN is designed for rinsing, purification, desliming and thickening of the magnetic minerals as per different requirements. Adopting 240°-270° larger magnetic element with multi-poles and magnetic pulsation, and combining the devices of multi-channel rinsing water and top flushing water and new style tank, HUATE® JCTN can improve another 2%-10% concentrate mFe% than the traditional MS without lowering the concentrate recovery rate. Thereby, it solves the uneasy concentrate upgradation problem of the traditional MS resulting from the magnetic aggregation. Now, JCTN has been successfully applied in more than 30 mines in Australia, China and Russia, e.g. Sino Iron of CITIC PACIFIC MINING MANAGERMENT PTY LTD. HUATE® JCTN can optimize the industrial processing line by: 1) improving the discarding rate before milling to discard the necessary tailing ASAP; 2) getting in advance the final concentrate after milling. One JCTN can replace many traditional MS in series. In some way, it can also replace the anti-flotation separation process.INTRODUCTIONWe’re writing to introduce a newly revolutionary magnetic separator - Raising Concentrate Grade and Decreasing Dregs Content Magnetic Separator Series JCTN (i.e. RCG&DDC MS JCTN). HUATE® JCTN is designed for rinsing, purification, desliming and thickening of the magnetic minerals as per different requirements."

Jan 1, 2016

By H. Ehnes

"“Industry 4.0” – “Mining 4.0” - perhaps you have already heard of these terms? These keywords signify the next stage of industrial production. The internet and production technologies are growing closer together. Machines can communicate with one another, wherever they may happen to be located. The “Internet of Things” is the appropriate term. But what does SAFETY 7.0 mean? It is both brand new and traditional at the same time. It also has to do with the success of companies, with efficient production. And yet there is a great deal more at stake. It has to do with our lives and our safety – the supreme commodity in this world. What exactly SAFETY 7.0 means, what the number 0 stands for and the meaning of the number 7, and what this all has to do with mining will be explained in the following article. Mining is a fascinating undertaking. Mining is indispensable for a country’s economic development, whatever that may concern: infrastructure, energy supplies or raw materials for industrial production. Mining has brought forth many technological developments and innovations that can currently be found in our daily lives. Mining is impressive, grandiose and repeatedly fascinates mankind with its immense dimensions. Miners throughout the world still work hard and, for this reason, are bound to one another in a special way. In mining, every man looks out for the other; you have to be able to rely on each other. That creates a strong bond. The other side of the coin is that mining and disasters belong to normality in the media and thus also in our perception. Accidents at work and even catastrophes occur in mining, quarries, or raw material operations almost on a daily basis somewhere in the world. They are often associated with extremely serious injuries, or even a fatal outcome, for the miners affected and, in turn, dramatic consequences for the families of those involved. It could be in China, India, Russia, or somewhere in Africa, Asia or America – it mostly does not happen in front of our door or in our neighbour- hood. Perhaps because of this in the daily concert of negative headlines, we do not register these catastrophes any more in our minds. We write them off under the heading “Nothing special”, since there are, day in day out, more terrible news items about wars, civil wars, famines, or ecological disasters. Things only really change if there is a dramatic number of deaths or when we are personally affected, close by in the vicinity, or can witness the rescue action live. In Europe, these three mining disasters in particular have recently generated media resonance:"

Jan 1, 2016

By Mei-Yan Yang, Ltd. Yunnan Yuntong Zinc Co., Yong-Xiang Li, Xing-Zheng Dai, Hong-Liang Wang, Meng-Yang Huang, Peng Zeng, Guo-Feng Li

"The removal of iron asgoethite from the high iron bearing solutions generated in zinc hydrometallurgy using a strong airflow device was investigated. The influence of oxygen flow, copper ion concentration, temperature and reaction time on iron precipitation as goethite was studied. The optimum conditions were: oxygen flow 0.2-0.35m3/h, copper ion concentration 0.25-0.5g/L, temperature 80-90oC, zinc oxide powder neutralizing agent and a reaction time of5to 7hours. Under the optimal conditions, the Fe2+concentration was reduced to 0.025g/L after iron precipitation, and the goethite residue contained 38.7wt.%Fe. The SEM and XRD analyses showed that the iron was present as well formed FeOOH crystals in the iron residue, and the amount of iron sulphate was very low. Production practice shows that, when the average iron concentration in the feed solution was 11.61g/L and 4.08g/L after precipitation, the weight of iron removed was 1,439kg/day. When the average iron concentration in the feed solution was 14.51g/L and 2.73g/L after precipitation, the weight of iron removed was 2,454kg/day. This represents a ~70 percent increase in iron removal.INTRODUCTIONThe objective of iron removal is to produce a small volume of iron residue, and our industrial goethite process meets this requirement. The high Fe(II) solution in our reactor isoxidized/hydrolyzed to precipitate goethite and the precipitate is sent to a pyro metallurgical furnace for final residue treatment. Some literature discusses (DengYong-guiet al., 2008;Meiguang-guiet al., 2001;Zhongzhu-qianet al., 1980) research on iron hydrolysis; one of the reported rate limiting parameters was the low availability of the oxidant when using air and another was the inhomogeneous air distribution. There are two iron hydrolysis-goethite precipitation methods; the Electrolytic Zinc process (EZ) and the Vieille Montagne process (VM) (Lei Xiang, 2006; Xuguo-qiang, 2007;ZhaoYonget al.,2005). The EZ method hydrolyzes the Fe3+directly to FeOOH. The weakness of the EZ process is the low recovery rate of the associated minor metals. The VM method reduces the iron to the ferrous state and then oxidizes the Fe(II)to Fe(III),with simultaneous hydrolysis/precipitation of the Fe(III) as FeOOH. Before iron hydrolysis, the minor metals, such as indium, could be selectively precipitated, because Fe(II)requires a high pH for hydrolysis. So the VM method has a high recovery rate for the minor metals. There levant goethite precipitation reaction is:"

Jan 1, 2016

By Lawrence Tsang, Conrad Ng, Tim Leung, Peter Poon

"The Mined Tunnel is part of the Central-Wan Chai Bypass and Island Eastern Corridor Link (CWB), which is a strategic road along the northshore of Hong Kong Island targeted to alleviate the heavy traffic congestion. The objective of this paper is to review the performance of construction of a 160m long Mined Tunnel with a trinocular cross-section area of 460m3 and a combined span of about 50m underneath the southern approach ramp of the existing Cross Harbour Tunnel (CHT) by sequential excavation method (SEM) in hard rock. Mechanical excavation of tunnel by adopting the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM), together with the application of NGI Q-system allows observational approach and optimization of temporary rock support design. Furthermore, the good performance of optimized rock support and the stability of CHT are confirmed through instrumentation monitoring review. This paper also discusses the selection of different tunnel plant and equipment to achieve the planned rates of tunnelling by mechanical excavation in competent granitic rock. INTRODUCTION The works of the CWB mainly comprise construction of 4.5km dual three-lane trunk road, of which a 3.7km section is a tunnel connecting Rumsey Street Flyover in Central to Island Eastern Corridor at North Point (see Figure 1). The Mined Tunnel runs from the ex-Public Cargo Working Area (ex-PCWA), underneath the existing CHT, and through the Causeway Bay Typhoon Shelter. The Mined Tunnel passes at an oblique angle beneath the southern portal of CHT over a length of some 50m. CHT is the primary sensitive receiver of this project and is utilized with a daily throughput of about 120,000 vehicles that far exceeds the design capacity of 78,000 vehicles per day. Hence it is necessary to choose the most appropriate tunnelling method to preserve the structural integrity of the CHT. Other sensitive receivers in the vicinity include structures to the north of the Mined Tunnel, the Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club (RHKYC); and to the south of the Mined Tunnel, the Police Officers’ Club (POC)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Nasri Munfah, Steffen Matthei, Vojtech Gall

"Conventional tunneling as defined by ITA WG19 is also known as the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) or Sequential Excavation Method (SEM) was transformed in the US to deal with challenging tunneling conditions as an alternative to the more traditional tunneling methods. It is being used more often in urban areas, under difficult ground and ground water conditions, and with limited cover. Often the tunnel is of a large and non-uniform cross section in soft soils or weak rocks. The intent of using this tunneling method is to minimize impact on traffic and utilities and reduce disruption of everyday life of people and businesses. To meet these challenges, the industry developed technical approaches and implementation techniques and established sophisticated contractual relationships and collaboration in the field among various parties for successful implementation. This paper examines the development of conventional tunneling (NATM/SEM) in the US to deal with these challenges using recent examples such as Russia Wharf in Boston, Northern Boulevard Crossing, in New York, and Chinatown Station in San Francisco. INTRODUCTION / HISTORY Conventional tunneling or NATM/SEM is a concept that is based on the understanding of the behavior of the ground as it reacts to the creation of an underground opening. In its classic form the SEM/NATM attempts to mobilize the self-supporting capability of the ground to an optimum thus achieving economy in ground support. Initially formulated for application in rock tunneling in the early 1960’s, NATM has found application in soft ground in urban tunneling in the late 60’s and has since then enjoyed a broad, international utilization in both rural and urban settings. In the US the NATM/SEM tunneling method has been used successfully to address challenging tunneling conditions in urban areas. A large number of tunnels have been built around the world using a construction approach which was loosely termed NATM. During the years of discussions and the application of NATM a variety of terms have been used for the same construction approach. These terms were primarily aimed at describing the construction approach rather than the region of its reported origin."

Jan 1, 2016

By T. Schrauf, J. Scott

"INTRODUCTION Cyanide heap leaching of gold ores in areas with extremely low winter temperatures requires special considerations to prevent freezing of the leach solution. Factors that impact the solution temperature include ore temperature at the time of stacking and during operation, burial of drip irrigation lines, use of geomembrane covers, and heating of the leach solution. Thermodynamic modeling was performed to simulate expected ore and solution temperatures under different operating strategies for Kaminak Gold’s Coffee Gold project in the Yukon Territory. Mean monthly temperatures at the site ranged from a low of -22.5oC to a high of 13.6oC, while in situ ore temperatures ranged from -0.5 to about -1.5oC. The modeling results were used to optimize the operational parameters and indicated that a combination of drip line burial and heating of the leach solution during the winter months was required to maintain solution temperatures above freezing during the initial years of stacking, although as the size of the heap increased, heating was no longer necessary. MODELING OBJECTIVES The successful operation of a cyanide heap leach under extremely cold winter temperatures requires the implementation of operational strategies to prevent freezing of the leach solution and the ore within the heap. Thermodynamic modeling of the heap provides the means to quantify the effectiveness of these different operational parameters on maintaining the required operating temperatures to avoid freezing within the heap. The operational parameters that were evaluated with the model included: • Burial depth of irrigation lines to prevent freezing during the winter months; • Variation in the temperature of the applied leach solution (to simulate heating of recirculated solution); • Variation in the rate of irrigation including seasonal variations between winter and summer months; • Seasonal versus year-round stacking of ore (to simulate the impact of the initial temperature of each ore layer as it is stacked); • Seasonal versus year-round crushing and stockpiling of ore, including the option to stockpile ore on the leach pad in the winter (i.e. stack but not leach fresh ore in winter); • Start date for seasonal stacking; • Variation of the heap geometry over time (both vertical and lateral expansion) and the associated heat storage within the heap; • Use of thermal covers (gravel or geomembrane) over the ore during the winter months; and • Effect of crush size on heat loss during crushing, stockpiling and stacking."

Jan 1, 2016

By Liu Xiao, Lin Xiaoying, Ma Geng, Tao Yunqi

"The soft coal in China has several issues, low permeability, high gas content and prone to gas outburst, making it difficult to drill and improve its permeability. Using the rock mass loading test, the relationship of stress-strain-permeability-time of sandstone was investigated. The fracture network that communicates with coal seams to provide the pathways for gas migration can be established by drilling, hydraulic fracturing or loose blasting in the roof and floor about 5m from coal seams top and bottom. The gas migration can be summed up as ""desorption-diffusion-two levels of seepage"" for gas drainage of the quasi-protection-layer in hard coal seams, and ""desorption-two levels of diffusion-seepage"" in soft coal seams. In the quasi-protection-layer, different gas drainage techniques were used during different stages of mining. Gas drainage of the quasi-protection-layers was demonstrated at Hebi Zhongtai Mining Co., Ltd. The results showed that the technique promotes the gas seepage flow, and improves the efficiency of drainage. The influence zone of the quasi-protection-layer was 1601 m2 and the average amount of gas drainage was 328m3/d, with the maximum being 661m3/d. INTRODUCTIONGas is one of the main factors that cause disasters and influence safety production in underground coal mines (SACMS, 2009). The coal-bearing formations in China have been subjected to multiphase tectonic stress field during the period of geological evolution. Coal body was often crushed into fragmented coals and mylonitic coals under the tectonic stresses (Su and Lin, 2009). The gas permeability of coal is generally poor. So in underground, drilling and hydro-fracturing technology have been used to improve the permeability of coal, such as intensive drilling, hydraulic punching, hydraulic cutting, hydraulic extrusion and deep hole blasting. But the gas drainage rate was low, only 23% (Liu, Li, and Li, 2006; Li and Wei, 2006; Henan Polytechnic University, 2008; Ma, et al., 2014; Lin and Wu, 2009; Zhou, et al., 2011) that was much lower than the rates achieved in the main coal-producing countries such as America and Australia whose average rate of gas drainage was 50%. The protection layer mining technology has been used widely as an effective technique to improve the permeability of coal in the mining of multiple coal seams (Cheng and Yu, 2003; Diaz and Gonzalez, 2007; Karacan, et al., 2007; Palchik, 2003; Latham, et al., 2013; Yuan, et al., 2013; Shi and Liu, 2007; Wang, et al., 2008, Guo, et al., 2015; Lu, et al., 2015; Slazak, Obracaj, and Swolkien, 2014 ). In the single low permeability coal seam, there is no protection layer. This kind of coal seam has low permeability, high gas content, soft coal body, and is prone to serious gas outbursts. During drilling, the holes very often spray, collapse, stuck and wedged the drilling tool. The hole length drilled is difficult to reach the required minimum, the service life of holes for gas drainage is short, the construction cost is high, and the holes are difficult to maintain. The gas drainage efficiency of single low permeability coal seam, especially soft coal seams, cannot be improved even though hydro-fracture technology has been implemented, because its permeability is not improved."

Jan 1, 2016

By D. R. Nagaraj, Napoleon Tercero, Raymond Farinato

"Several studies conducted recently have shown that molybdenite flotation from Cu-Mo ores is adversely impacted in sea water at pH >~ 10.0 irrespective of the pH modifier; under the same conditions Cu sulfide flotation is relatively unaffected. This has been attributed to the presence of Mg2+ ions and their hydrolysis products in the sea water which adsorb and precipitate on molybdenite surfaces as Mg(OH)2. However, why and how Mg(OH)2 impacts only molybdenite flotation in the complex flotation pulps containing a multitude of minerals is not understood. The work presented in this paper probes the interface and interphase regions near the edge and basal planes of natural molybdenite (MoS2) in aqueous solutions and flotation pulps, particularly in the presence of copper ore pulp and added Mg2+. Differences in interaction of metal ions and their hydrolysis products (Mg2+, Mg(OH)+) were measured on the two faces of this anisotropic mineral. How those differences relate to molybdenite floatability and the impact of aqueous solution chemistry are discussed.INTRODUCTIONWater resource management is an important sustainability challenge in mineral processing. In view of the shortage of fresh water in many parts of the world, mineral processing plants are evaluating alternative sources. Seawater flotation has received much attention recently and there have been several important studies reported in the literature, particularly for the processing of Cu-Mo ores (S. Castro, 2012; S. Castro, Rioseco & Laskowski, 2012; S. Castro et al., 2012; Laskowski & Castro, 2012; Ramos, Castro & Laskowski, 2013; S. Castro & Laskowski, 2013; Laskowski, Castro & Ramos, 2013; Nagaraj & Farinato, 2014; S. Castro, Uribe, & Laskowski, 2014; Veki, 2013). The main conclusions from these studies on Cu-Mo ores in seawater at elevated pH were: a) flotation recovery of Cu sulfides is either unaffected or only marginally reduced, b) molybdenite recovery is adversely affected in seawater at pH values necessary for rejecting pyrite (i.e. pH > 10 to 10.8 depending upon particular system), and c) the precipitation of Mg2+ in seawater as Mg(OH)2 is responsible for the adverse effect on Mo flotation. In order to further investigate the individual effects of Mg2+ and Ca2+ on molybdenite depression in Cu-Mo ore flotation, Nagaraj & Farinato (2014) conducted flotation tests wherein individual metal ions were spiked into tap water during grinding of Cu-Mo ores. They showed the strong adverse effect of Mg2+ addition on Mo recovery and, to a lesser extent, on Cu recovery when pH > 9.5. Under similar conditions, Ca2+ had virtually no effect on either Cu or Mo sulfide flotation. Figure 1 below shows the previous results for Cu- Mo ores in tap water and the effect of addition of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Note that in seawater the adverse effect of Mg2+ on Cu recovery was much smaller than that in tap water (Nagaraj & Farinato, 2014; Figure 4a and 4b and Table 4 therein)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Randolph A. Pax

"The internal operation of a tumbling mill is a very hostile environment and precludes the sustainable operation of internal sensors to measure the mechanisms of charge motion and breakage events. Instead indirect methodologies are required to expand the current understanding developed within a framework of perfect mixing of the mill contents. A number of measurement approaches have been successfully used to explore the operation of SAG mills including strain instrumented lifter bolts, mill shell strain measurement and thermal (energy balance) of operating mills.Early acoustics measurement was developed by Hardinge using a 'microphone' located close to the expected toe location. This signal was an indicator of the mill fill. Improvements were implemented with the use of two microphones straddling the toe location to try to increase the sensitivity of the measurement and reduce ambiguities. Further improvements included a filtered signal indicative of steel interactions. Unfortunately, the mechanisms of signal generation and the complexity of the processes do not provide a consistent signal.In recent years, advanced acoustic measurement using arrays of microphones utilising signal processing techniques have been implemented as SmartNoise and validated on over 30 mills. This paper will discuss the results obtained with signals such as water holdup, mill shell steel hits and two each of the toe and shoulder angles. An estimate of the internal mill component wear rates is also accessible.Advanced acoustic measurements with wide bandwidths when combined with physics models and process understanding has achieved a step change in the understanding of the dynamic internal operation of a tumbling mills on time scales of 80 ms. These techniques have been used extensively on SAG mills, but have also been applied to FAG and ball mills. Acoustic measurement is used for the rapid diagnosis of mill conditions and holistic control for optimisation and stability."

Jan 1, 2016

By Dario Libano, Luis Carlos Tenuta, Juliano Penteado

"Subway Line Number 4 is one of the newest additions to the Rio de Janeiro subway network. Built for the 2016 Olympic Games, the 16 km (10 mi) subway line connects the south of the city, with the famous beaches Copacabana and Ipanema, to Barra da Tijuca, west of the city, where the Olympic Village and Park are located. This new line, which is estimated to cost USD 2.2 billion, is composed of six new stations: Jardim Oceanico, São Conrado, Gavea, Antero de Quintal, Jardim de Alah (JA) and Nossa Senhora da Paz Station.Brasfond participated in the construction of foundations and retaining structures for all the stations, and each presented unique challenges. This is not surprising considering the difficulties present in a highly-dense urban environment including utilities, nearby buildings, traffic limitations and noise.Of all the stations, JA Station was the most challenging to construct. It was located in the middle of an avenue between residential high rises supported on shallow foundations as well as below sea level in sands with high groundwater. The other five stations were located in small parks and squares, with no buildings in the immediate proximity.The interaction between designer, owner, and the general and foundation contractors during execution was key in safely reducing the construction schedule. This was significant given the unforeseen construction delays the client, Linha 4 Sul JV, faced due to permitting, utility and traffic relocation so that the owner could fulfill their final goal: making the line operational by the Olympic Games. The GeologyGeologically, the state of Rio de Janeiro is formed by Pre- Cambrian crystalline basement rock. Its geological formation is very old and comprises two major orogenic cycles, a Mid-Precambrian formation, called “Transamazonian” (Proterozoic Era), and an Upper-Precambrian to Cambrian called “Brasiliano” (Proterozoic-Paleozoic). The soil structure of the city of Rio de Janeiro is represented by a core of crystalline rocks, usually granite-gneiss, covered with a layer of residual soil and/or partially weathered rock.JA Station is located in a Rio de Janeiro neighborhood called Ipanema, between the Atlantic Ocean and Lagoon Rodrigo de Freitas. Local geology is composed of a superficial soil, consisting of medium to coarse grained sands. Top of rock varied significantly from 20 m (66 ft) deep on one side of the station to 33 m (108 ft) on the other. Water is at a depth of 3 m (10 ft)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Gerald H. Luttrell, Lance Christodoulou, Jaisen N. Kohmuench, Michael J. Mankosa

The efficiency of the froth flotation process has long been known to be strongly dependent on particle size. For sulfide minerals, good recoveries are typically achieved in industrial flotation circuits for particles in the 30 to 200 µm size range. Particles outside this critical size are typically lost in industrial operations and rejected to tailings streams due to inherent constraints associated with the physical interactions that occur in the pulp and froth phases of conventional flotation equipment. In response to these limitations, a series of experimental studies were conducted to determine whether particles previously lost as tailings could be economically recovered using a suite of novel flotation technologies developed for upgrading ultra-coarse and ultra-fine particles in the industrial minerals industry. For the case of ultracoarse particles, a fluidized-bed flotation system called the HydroFloatTM separator was tested. The data obtained using this novel flotation device in both laboratory- and pilot-scale trials showed that good recovery of previously lost sulfide values up to 850 µm diameter could be achieved. Similarly, for ultrafine particles, a high-intensity cavitation-based column cell was tested. This technology, which utilizes highshear contacting of slurry and gas, was capable of recovering valuable ultra-fine sulfide that were previously lost due to the low capture efficiency of conventional flotation processes. The objectives of this article are (i) to describe the unique operating principles of these two advanced flotation technologies and associated ancillary classification equipment, (ii) to present laboratory- and pilot-scale experimental test data showing the metallurgical benefits of the proposed novel flowsheet for sulfide tailings processing, and (iii) to provide a generic cost-benefit analysis of the proposed system for recovering lost values in existing sulfide tailing streams.

Jan 1, 2016

By J. Zollinger, J. R. Kennedy, E. Bouzy, B. Rouat, D. Daloz

"Ni-based superalloys have been replaced in the last low pressure stage of jet turbines for aircraft by titanium aluminides. In order to improve the properties of these Ti-Al alloys and extend their usage deeper into aircraft engines grain refinement by inoculation has been investigated. Borides are the most common inoculants for Ti-Al alloys, however they form brittle particles which are detrimental to the final properties of the alloy. Inoculants manufactured from a Ti-Al alloy with refractory metal additions were proposed to alleviate the issues arising from inoculation with brittle particles. An alloy was chosen which had less than 10% lattice mismatch with the alloy of interest (Ti-46Al) to maximize efficiency. Initial experimentation showed a decrease in as-cast grain size by a factor of 2 between the inoculated and non-inoculated samples along with an absence of the brittle particles found with boron inoculations. Investigations into the interaction between the inoculants and the melt were also carried out to better understand the inoculant size distribution and efficiency upon solidification.INTRODUCTIONTitanium aluminum alloys are an interesting material for aerospace applications. Their high temperature oxidation resistance and high specific strength make them particularly promising (Kim & Dimiduk, 1991). Recently, titanium aluminides have replaced nickel based superalloys in the last low pressure stage of the GEnx turbine engine. In order to increase their usefulness in turbines their properties must be improved for high temperature (>800oC) applications. Grain refinement is one method to improve the properties of a material, however current methods of grain refinement of Ti-Al alloys by inoculation have significant drawbacks. A new method of inoculating Ti-Al alloys by using Ti-Al alloys with small refractory metal additions (Nb, Ta) has been developed to avoid the drawbacks of current methods while still being effective grain refiners."

Jan 1, 2016

By T. R. Kostecki, K. V. Jessu

"Roof bolts are subjected to axial stresses, shear stresses, or both. Axial and shear stresses were compared between roof bolts machined with two and three slots. Shear stresses perpendicular to and at an angle to the shear planes were evaluated by analyzing a three-slot instrumented roof bolt, performing laboratory tests on two- and three-slot roof bolts, and conducting in-situ test analyses. Threeslot bolts appear to provide a complete bending strain profile, requiring no prior knowledge of the estimated shear-plane orientation. Minimum displacements occur in roof bolts installed perpendicular to rather than at an angle to the shear planes.RÉSUMÉ Les boulons d’ancrage dans le toit d’une mine sont sujets à des contraintes axiales, des contraintes de cisaillement ou les deux. On a comparé les contraintes axiales et de cisaillement de boulons d’ancrage usinés avec deux ou trois fentes. Les contraintes de cisaillement perpendiculaires et à angle aux plans de cisaillement ont été évaluées en analysant un boulon d’ancrage de toit à trois fentes, en effectuant des essais en laboratoire sur des boulons d’ancrage de toit à deux et à trois fentes et en effectuant des analyses de tests in situ. Les boulons à trois fentes semblent fournir un profil complet de résistance aux contraintes de flexion, sans avoir besoin de connaître l’orientation estimée du plan de cisaillement. Des déplacements minimums ont lieu dans les boulons d’ancrage de toit installés perpendiculairement, plutôt qu’à un angle, aux plans de cisaillement."

Jan 1, 2016