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By S. Akhlaghi

In many electronic/optoelectronic devices, interaction between the metal stack and solder is undesirable. If a reaction happens, a nonuniform joint containing spikes and voids is likely to form and as a result the heat dissipation deteriorates significantly, which in turn, leads to the degradation of the bond. In the present work the interaction between Ti/Mo/ Au metallization system, which was sputter deposited on AlN substrates, and Pb-Sn solder was studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, an EDX system was used to trace the changes in chemical composition of the layers after solder tests. The microstructural examinations show that the Ti and Mo layer from the Ti/Mo/ Au metallization system are not impermeable enough and thus Ca from the surface of the substrate moves all the way up to the interface of Au/Mo and forms an intermetallic at the interface, which grows over time.

Jan 1, 2006

By J. Kang

There is increasing demand to utilize aluminium alloy sheets and their spot welds by the automotive industry. While traditional uniaxial tensile tests only determine mechanical properties to small strain, direct measurement of the constitutive behaviour of aluminium alloy spot welds at large strain remains a challenge. A technique was successfully developed using digital image correlation coupled with shear tests to directly measure the constitutive behaviour of an AA6022-T4 spot weld to large strains. The results show that the spot welding process not only decreases the yield strength but also lowers the work hardening rate of the nugget versus the base material. Details of sample preparation, experimental approach and results will be discussed.

Jan 1, 2011

By C. J. Coulson, G. A. McKay, A. M. Cormie

"The Leitch mine, in the Beardmore area, Thunder Bay district, Ontario, is a part of the Leitch estate. It includes a group of patented claims, staked by P. A. Leitch of Port Arthur early in the century, along bands of jasper, hematite, iron-bearing slates, carbonatized schists, and greywacke, commonly known as 'iron formation'. The folding and shearing in these variably interstratified beds is a striking structural feature. The vein pattern is very definitely related to these structures.ROCKSThe rocks in the area are typical Keewatin lavas-greenstone-overlain by a series of Timiskaming sediments consisting of arkosic greywacke, iron formation, slate, greywacke, conglomerate, and greywacke, in this order from the contact. The sedimentary beds are generally conformable with the older rock contact except on local folds.Small intrusions of diorite occur as nearly vertical dykes and are believed to be of Algoman age. To the northwest of the mine there are larger intrusions of granodiorite belonging to the same period.Several dykes of quartz diabase up to 100 feet in width, striking generally north and south, with a vertical dip, cross the property. These have been classified by W. C. Laird as pre-Keweenawan in age. One of these dykes in particular is of importance for it cuts through the No. 2 vein and serves as a pillar when stoping. It is approximately 6 feet wide.The youngest rock type represented is a sheet of olivine diabase that extends over an area of thousands of square miles in and around lake Nipigon. It underlies most of this area and its outcrops form some of the most interesting topographical features, with fault scarps rising hundreds of feet. In the vicinity of the mine shaft the sheet is about 600 feet thick and extends from a depth of 1,871 feet to approximately 2,470 feet. It has a dense, hard, chilled margin and a sharp, tight contact. It intruded the sediments with very little lateral disturbance. The chief effect was baking, which darkened and hardened the greywacke near the contact. The sheet dips flatly to the cast."

Jan 1, 1954

By M. S. Badollet

"DURING the past five years, production of asbestos fibers has increased in all countries that list asbestos as one of their mineral resources. Despite the many small mines that have been opened in Canada, United States, Mexico, South America, Italy, South Africa, Australia, Yugoslavia, and Rhodesia, the supply still does not meet the demand. It is estimated that total 1952 world production of asbestos fibers of all varieties approximated 1,600,000 tons, with Canada supplying 966,382 tons (I), or 60 per cent of all fiber mined.Asbestos fiber brokers continually are offering odd-lot samples of chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, and anthophyllite fibers to manufacturers, •quoting fantastic prices for tonnages •varying from just a few to 50 or more in a month. In many cases, the samples are not properly graded and contain quantities of rock impurities and finely ground dust.When vendors submit samples of asbestos fibers, the manufacturer should consider• them in terms of price, quality, quantity, and as possible substitutes for fibers currently used in his products.Grading of these odd-lot fibers in most cases has been poorly done, with resultant non-uniform fiber lengths. In some instances, a number of miscellaneous lots of fibers have been .blended for sale. This blending produces a fiber that is difficult for the manufacturer to accept as a substitute for the well-standardized Canadian fibers."

Jan 1, 1953

By M. Djivre, T. Eger, A. Godwin, I. Bhattacherya

Load-haul-dump vehicles (LHDs) are extensively used in underground mining, however, equipment design and operating conditions contribute to restricted operator sight lines. The inability to clearly see people, objects, or hazards around the machine has contributed to a number of accidents including fatal injuries. In order to identify vehicle design characteristics resulting in restricted and blocked sightlines, line-of-sight assessments are traditionally completed in the field. However, field methods are unable to evaluate lineof- sight under dynamic operating conditions, and are limited in their ability to provide feedback on the impact of various operator characteristics such as sitting height. Results of this research show computer simulation and virtual reality can be successfully used to evaluate line-of-sight during the operation of LHD vehicles. In order to benefit from virtual reality applications, the work environment, LHD vehicle, and human posture need to be represented as accurately as possible. A computer simulation program with ergonomic analysis features, Classic JACK 3.1, was successfully used. Threedimensional CAD models of LHDs were developed from manufacturer specifications and pictures taken from LHDs currently in use. The LHD models were imported into the JACK environment, a digital human was positioned in the cab of the LHD vehicle, and the vehicle and human were driven over a typical mine route. Real-time feedback in the JACK program was used to identify what the operator could see under different operating conditions. Machine characteristics and operating scenarios resulting in impaired line-of-sight were successfully identified with this method. The JACK program could also provide real-time feedback on the human’s joint forces and torques, strength requirements, postural comfort, and metabolic energy expenditure. As a result, this method could be used to successfully evaluate musculoskeletal injury risk factors along with system design recommendations to improve workplace safety and productivity in any setting. The LHDs evaluated in the JACK software package can also be combined with mine models and imported into other VR software packages (e.g. Blender) in order to enable viewing in Laurentian University’s Virtual Reality Laboratory. The VR models using these packages can be viewed in stereo to provide better appreciation of spatial vision issues.

Jan 1, 2005

By W. Hardtke, B. Perry

Model reconciliation problems at the low-grade, high-nugget Phoenix gold-copper deposit led to an examination of the influence of production decisions on ore-waste classification. A conditional simulation study of the deposit was used as the basis for: 1) quantification of dilution at different bench heights, 2) quantification of ore-waste misclassification relative to bench heights and cut-off wades, and 3) determination of an appropriate number of samples to optimize ore-control polygon definition. Actual reconciliation data were empirically used to support conclusions. Simulations of both gold and copper were combined through net revenue modelling. These simulations increased understanding of the nature of the deposit and provided insight for resource modeling and mine planning.

Jan 1, 2011

By C. Moctezuma

Since the start up of the IMMSA electrolytic zinc refinery in 1982, the dissolved iron coming from the acid attack of the ferrites has been precipitated by the jarosite process. At the beginning of operations, sodium jarosite was produced; however, the plant was converted to ammonium jarosite in 1990. The final storage of the residue is on the company&apos;s property adjacent to the plant, over the natural surface of the land. Before the construction of the refinery, several studies were done in order to evaluate the characteristics of the ground, such as, permeability, underground water localization, etc. The results showed that the site was adequate for the storage of this kind of material. For several years, the jarosite residue was filtered on rotary drum filters and was sent as a pulp to the storage area for settling. The water from the storage pond was recycled to the re-pulp tank for the jarosite residue. These filters were replaced in 1999 by an automated filter press. Since then, the jarosite residue has had a lower water content, and the zinc recovery improved. At present, a second filter press for the jarosite circuit is in the acquisition process to diminish the soluble zinc content in the residue from the present value of 2% to < 1% Zn.

Jan 1, 2006

By Jonathan Peck, Carl Hendricks

"Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) based positioning and navigation systems have been recently developed and implemented by AQUILA Mining Systems Ltd. on blast hole drills and electric cable shovels in Canadian open pit coal and iron ore mines. These systems enable the location of the drill bit or the shovel tracks to be accurately determined in three dimensions. The position of the drill or shovel is displayed to the operator via a real-time, Moving Map Display (MMD) on an LCD-VGA screen. The MMD allows the operator to accurately navigate the drill from blast hole to blast hole or maintain a desired shovel grade or face position, with respect to displayed bench features. The maps for the MMD are downloaded from the mine office via laptop or radio link as required or as mining plans change.To obtain reliable, accurate and real-time3D positions of mobile mining equipment, proven GPS technology has to be utilized. The GPS components need to operate reliably under the severe environmental conditions that exist on board mobile mining equipment. In addition, they have to contend with varying pit geometry’s and satellite configurations, with little or no performance degradation. These issues were initially examined in December1993 during a feasibility project between AQUILA and Gregg River Resources Ltd., in relation to implementing GPS systems on blast-hole drills.To achieve certain design objectives, AQUILA Mining Systems Ltd. has developed navigation systems for cable shovels and blast-hole drills based around off-the-shelf, high precision GPS components. These systems utilize the AQUILA Advanced Monitoring Platform (AMP), to display graphically, via the MMD, shovel grade and drill position to the operator to within ±12 inches of design coordinates. Production prototypes have been installed on a Marion 301 cable shovel and a Bucyrus-Erie49-R Series III drill at the Fording River Mine in August, 1995, at the Wabush Mine on a Bucyrus Erie 190-B shovel in June, 1995, and on a GD120 drill at Gregg River Resources Ltd. in January, 1996. All these systems have undergone field trials to test system components and functionality’s under actual production conditions. This paper will discuss these GPS-based positioning and navigation systems in subsequent sections."

Jan 1, 1997

By F. Calizaya, S. Bhattacharyya

"This study presents the results of a set of sound level measurements carried out in three underground mines where auxiliary fans are used regularly. Sound levels as high as 100 dB(A) by the workings and 115 dB(A) by the fans were measured in these mines. These levels are quite high even for intermittent noise. Ventilation layouts and best practices used to overcome potential problems related to overexposure to fan noise in underground hard-rock mines are presented here. Factors such as fan type, rotational speed, and silencer-duct arrangements and their effects on noise attenuation are discussed. INTRODUCTION Auxiliary fans are used in hard-rock mines extensively. They are used to ventilate development headings, crusher rooms, conveyor transfer points, and underground shops. They are also used in developing long tunnels and ramps. Depending on the flow requirements and space restrictions, single or double stage axial fans with rigid or flexible ducts are used. Usually, they are high pressure (3.75 kPa) fans with flow rates ranging from 7.1 m3/s to 30 m3/s. The input power varies from 15 kW to 113 kW (Mutama, 2004; O’Connor, 2008). Typically, a 113 kW fan can produce sound levels as high a 113 dB(A) (Howes, 2005). Silencers are often omitted for cost reduction purposes or when used, they are not well maintained. Furthermore, silencers provide limited attenuation depending on their length and type. Typically, the sound attenuation ranges from 10 dB(A) for a 1 × D silencer to 14 dB(A) for a 2 × D silencer, where D is the fan diameter. In a mine, the silencer is subject to wear and tear, especially when the silencer is used in harsh environments. The interior lining can get clogged and the acoustic fill can get covered by dust and diesel soot, thus reducing the silencer performance. Periodic cleaning of the interior casing can increase the attenuation capacity of a silencer by 6 to 9 dB(A) (Dabson & Acuña, 2017). However, this requires a special silencer design in which the inner cartridge can be removed, the sound absorbing material replaced, the inner casing cleaned and the whole set retrofitted. A number of techniques can be used to reduce auxiliary fan noise in underground mines. These range from selecting the right fan for the job to installing adequate silencers. The choice depends on the air quantity requirement at the working place, cross-sectional area of the opening, duct diameter, fan type (axial or centrifugal) and local restrictions. Auxiliary ventilation layouts and best practices used to overcome potential problems related to overexposure to fan noise in underground hard rock mines are presented here. Factors such as fan type, rotational speed, duct diameter, and silencer-duct arrangements and their effects on noise attenuation are discussed."

Jan 1, 2019

By R. Pressacco

"IntroductionAgrium’s history in fertilizer production and marketing goes back to 1931. Today, Agrium Inc. is a world leader in the production, distribution, and marketing of fertilizers and related products to the agricultural industry. Agrium is the largest North American producer of nitrogen fertilizers, a major producer of phosphate and potash fertilizers, and a world leader in fertilizer wholesale distribution and retail marketing. The mine at Kapuskasing is located some 40 km southwest of Kapuskasing, Ontario (Fig. 1). It has been developed to supply high-quality, low-cost phosphate rock to the company’s Redwater, Alberta facility, where it is an ingredient in ammonium phosphate fertilizer production. The Kapuskasing mine is the only phosphate mine in Canada and will rank as one of the highest-grade phosphate mines in the world (Clark and Duncan, 1999). Apatite is the principal ore mineral mined at the Kapuskasing Phosphate Operations.GeologyThe first record of exploration in the area was from a program executed by Continental Copper Mines in 1955 which evaluated the magnetic anomaly located in the Cargill and Cumming townships for its base metal potential. Intermittent exploration of the base metal potential of this magnetic anomaly continued in the following years, until the phosphate potential of the area was first examined in 1974 by International Minerals Corporation which recognized the presence of a layer of apatite sands overlying the carbonatite host rocks.The local geology consists of a core complex of multi-phased carbonatite rocks which are surrounded by a ring of pyroxenite, and have provided a U-Pb age date of 1907 Ma ± 4 (Sage, 1988). These two rock types are in turn situated within quartz diorite gneisses that form a large portion of the Kapuskasing Structural Zone (Fig. 2). The carbonatite host rock is sub-divided into two sub-types: sovite and rauhaugite. The sovite is a medium- to coarse-grained, white, banded rock in which calcite is the dominant carbonate species and it includes accessory minerals such as phlogopite, magnetite, clinohumite, apatite, olivine, pyrrhotite, and amphibole. Apatite can reach 15% abundance in this rock type (Sage, 1988). In sharp contrast to the sovite, the rauhaugite appears as a massive, fine-grained, dense, beige to tan-coloured rock in which dolomite is the dominant carbonate species. Phosphate values can range to 14% P2O5 in the rauhaugite."

Jan 1, 2001

By J. F. Boux

"The study of the total utilization of fly ash has involved all of the known technology in the processing of this waste material into useful products. In addition, a complete knowledge of all the possible uses of fly ash and its products in the market area was probably the most important factor in evaluating the theory and practical feasibility of the total utilization of fly ash from a single large supplyLaboratory tests carried out on the separation of fly ash into different fractions were shown to improve its value and utilization. Four main fractions were studied: a fine pozzolanic low-carbon fraction; a coarse fraction for light-weight aggregate production by pelletizing and sintering; a high-iron fraction; and a carbon-rich fraction. The term ""beneficiation"" here refers to a process of separating fly ash into more useful components.Laboratory and pilot sinter strand tests were employed to optimize the sintering capability and the quality of the heat-hardened pellets through a study of the agglomeration cycle in four principal heat zones, under controlled conditions of air flow, temperature and atmosphere, and including the controlled sizing of pellets.The suitability of the heat-hardened pellets as light-weight aggregate was evaluated in test batches of concrete, which were compared with concrete containing commercial lightweight aggregate of established quality.A study of beneficiated fly ash pozzolan as a partial cementitious binder component in normal and high-temperature cured concrete was reported in a paper at the re-cent Second International Fly Ash Symposium.Samples of raw and beneficiated Lakeview ash were compared with samples of other established high-quality fly ash pozzolans. The evaluation indicated the usefulness of beneficiated Lakeview ash as a pozzolan. Economic studies indicated that to accomplish the primary objective of total utilization of any single source of fly ash (in this case. fly ash from the Lakeview Generating Station, producing approximately 400,000 tons per year), a broad knowledge of the technology of various mineral processes was essential.The design of the fly ash processing plant had to be based on the disposal of all the raw fly ash produced by the generating station. This is contrary to the normal design of a processing plant in which raw materials are supplied and produced according to product demand. The design, therefore, had to be of such flexibility as to pro-duce as wide a variety of products as possible, and the ability to market them had to be well researched and understood."

Jan 1, 1970

By John F. Gartner

"Traditionally, the geologists of Canada have been occupied with the tasks of finding new mineral bodies, locating gas and oil fields or hunting for economic deposits of industrial minerals. A very minor percentage of graduate geologists have applied their skills to solution of the ""urban blight"" or employing their understanding of ""Nature"" for the optimum use of land by mankind. However, things are changing quickly. The role of the geologist in the planning process is being established. It is an exciting time! Geologists are now being consulted on a wide range of urban planning problems. These vary, tor example, from assessment of the geological environment for the new communities of Erin Mills and Meadowvale, which will have total populations in excess of 100,000 people (truly a satellite city), to a complete geological/ geohydrological assessment of the new sanitary landfill for the city of Guelph.Use of geologic techniques and methods for urban studies must be enhanced with certain skills not taught, in the past, to the geologist. These include airphoto interpretation, soil mechanics, geohydrology, municipal engineering and highway engineering to mention a few. The geologist has the unique training to assess the natural environment and to discover, warn and explain the implications of man's attempt to command his environment."

Jan 1, 1972

By S. S. Yuan, Q. Z. Zhu, J. F. Shao

"This paper aims at enriching a homogenization-based anisotropic damage model for hard rocks under complex loading. A new damage criterion is proposed to capture material strain softening. Within the framework of irreversible thermodynamics, we are particularly concerned with two strongly coupled dissipative mechanisms: frictional sliding and damage by microcracking, which usually take place at cracks within cohesive geomaterials under compression. Focusing on the representative elementary volume containing multiple crack families, the free enthalpy of the matrix-cracks system is obtained. Importantly, a back-stress term is involved in the local stress applied to microcracks. This back stress plays the hardening/softening role in the friction criterion which is formulated at local scale. Strain hardening owns to the accumulation of frictional shearing and dilatancy while strain softening is caused by crack growth. The multiscale damage model is used to simulate laboratory tests on the Westerly granite under true triaxial compressions. INTRODUCTIONWhen subjected to compressive loads, hard rocks present nonlinear mechanical behaviors and induced material anisotropies. In that process, two main dissipative mechanisms have been largely identified: damage by crack growth and frictional sliding along closed crack faces, which are usually strongly coupled to each other on crack scale. Theoretical investigations have shown that the damagefriction coupling analyses allow explaining a large number of experimental phenomena involved in brittle or quasi-brittle materials. Concerning constitutive modeling, the standard Eshelby’s solution-based homogenization procedure for heterogeneous materials was recently applied successfully to describing the mechanical and poromechanical behaviors of cracked frictional solids."

Jan 1, 2015

The Santa Rita mine is located in north eastern part of Bahia in Brazil and is owned and operated by Mirabela Mineração do Brasil Ltda. Typical SABC circuit was designed as the preferred option for the 4.0 mtpa (500tph) to produce a P80 of 125um for flotation. Although the SAG was originally designed to operate with conventional radial pulp lifters, later it was fitted with Outotec?s Turbo Pulp Lifters ? TPL (Latchireddi, 2005). The milling circuit commenced commissioning on the 24th of October 2009 and the milling circuit achieved the nameplate capacity within days. with small and relatively simple measures to rectify. Since commissioning, the SAG mill has been working in fully autogenous grinding (FAG) mode with no balls (in contrast to the estimated 10% ball charge) and has been consistently treated up to 650tph. This paper examines the comminution design process, the operating philosophies, start-up experiences, post commissioning optimization and future development works. An evaluation of mill performance relative to the design criteria for the project life to date is also included.

Jan 1, 2012

By F. H. Samuel, J. E. Gruzleski, S. Valtierra, H. W. Doty, F. J. Tavitas-Medrano

319-type cast Al-Si-Cu-Mg alloys are commercially important due to their popular use in automotive applications. Artificial aging heat treatments are commonly performed in these alloys to achieve precipitation hardening and, therefore, improve their mechanical properties. The present work was carried out to investigate the effect of conventional (at a constant temperature, as specified by the standard T6 heat treatment regime), and non-conventional multi-temperature and interrupted aging cycles on the hardness, tensile and impact properties of two 319-type alloys (with and without Sr+ Mg additions). The results show that certain multi-temperature aging cycles have a more favourable effect in improving some mechanical properties than conventional cycles.

Jan 1, 2006

By F. Khomamizadeh

In this study, deep cryogenic treatment was applied to A319 cast aluminum samples. Although the cryogenic treatment didn&apos;t have any significant effect on mechanical properties of the well degassed and fluxed samples, but the tensile strength of the samples containing a considerable amount of gas and shrinkage defects was improved surprisingly, This improvement was attributed to the strengthening of the a-aluminum matrix which slows down the propagation of the existing defects. There was no significant increase in the hardness after cryogenic treatment, The abrasion resistance of the alloy was improved after cryogenic treatment, by developing a homogeneous protector shield, composed of abrasive grains penetrated into the soft aluminum matrix and kept tight.

Jan 1, 2005

By R. Khettabi

The mechanical, thermal and bioproperties of titanium alloys allow their wide use in different industries. Compared to aluminum alloys, titanium alloys are very tough, making them that much more difficult to machine than aluminum alloys. Most studies conducted on these types of materials have mainly covered and made comparisons in terms of cutting speed, cutting force and mechanical properties. Recently however, their sustainability and environment parameters have begun to attract significant interest, and it has been found that machining processes generate particles that can be harmful for health and the environment. In this paper, particle emission is investigated during the turning of the titanium Ti6A14V and 6061-T6 aluminum alloys.

Jan 1, 2011

By L. Chunpongtong

One of the challenges of mine planning is to determine the most cost-effective replacement time for aging equipment. The lifespan of equipment, such as haul trucks and shovels, deployed in mining operations varies due to the nature of the material and ground conditions in which it operates. For engineering economists dealing with aging equipment, the options become an economic trade-off between higher maintenance cost versus the cost of new equipment. The discount rate plays a significant role in this decision; the higher the rate, the longer the economically optimal lifespan. Therefore, the ultimate question is: ?How can the relationship between the discount rate and the economically optimal lifespan be expressed mathematically??

Aug 1, 2013

By E. P. Wiechmann, J. A. Henríquez, P. E. Aqueveque, L. G. Muñoz, G. A. Vidal

"The original segmented intercell Optibar succeeded in reducing the magnitude and occurrence of short circuits. It also improved the specific energy consumption of the process. This paper expands the load current source concept introducing a triple segmented bar. This new bar adds immunity to dirt contacts and open circuits. Moreover, it further improves the standard deviation of current densities. As compared with industrial practices this development should accomplish an 8% specific energy reduction. Also, a plant implemented with BBS should be able to work with 12.5% higher process currents than Walker without compromising the operation.INTRODUCTIONIn 2011 the technology based on current mode was implemented at industrial scale. The success of this technology moved CIM Magazine (Lanktree, 2011) to write in the Jan 2012 issue an upfront story of this technological innovation. To cover the story, the technical reporter Graham Langtree was appointed by Peter Braul Editor of the upfront section. The article tells that “More than 40,000 tonnes of copper have been refined in a year-long test run of Optibar Inc.’s new technology at Barrick Gold’s Zaldívar copper plant in northern Chile. The new segmented intercell bars being used in the Compañía Minera Zaldívar refinery have slashed energy costs, reduced short circuits during refining and allowed the production of heftier, purer sheets of copper – gains that all promise to boost the plant’s margins. A copper refining tank house containing the cell circuits typically consumes 2,000 kWh of electricity to produce a single tonne of grade-A copper. Yet, monitoring the energy efficiency of the Optibar technology after increasing the weight of harvested copper sheets, the project’s engineers recorded a 92 kWh-per-tonne cut in energy consumption, a savings of 4.6 per cent. “Today, with the power prices we have, Optibar technology represents a potential savings for the whole plant of US$1.5 million per year,” says Robert Mayne- Nicholls, executive general manager of Barrick Gold’s Chilean operations.”"

Jan 1, 2012

By S. E. Wolfe

AKNOWLEDGE of the density of a pulp or suspension is frequently required by the millman, to whom fluctuations in density, which occur in all mill circuits, are of importance and interest. There ,are many w.ays currently in use to determine density and probably the most common method is to take samples of the pulp. The proper sampling of the material is no easy matter, particularly when the pulp contains a sand fraction which settles rapidly. For example, when filling a liter container from the overflow of a classifier, it is al-most impossible to fill the can completely and yet prevent overflow. If there is an overflow, the pulp remaining in the can invariably has an excess of sand and the indicated density will be too high. To surmount such difficulties, and to obtain a continuous indication of the density of a pulp at any desired depth, the simple indicator shown diagrammatically in Figure l was designed by the writer in 1951. Its component parts, numbered as in Figure 1, are as follows.

Jan 1, 1958