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By Ned Baker

Details are given of a Hydride Fuel System to provide 5 kg of HZ to fuel a Caterpillar 3304 engine previously modified to operate on hydrogen fuel and intended to power an underground mining vehicle. The Fuel System was installed onto the engine and the Engine/Fuel System tested under cold start conditions and a full range of engine loads and speeds. Refueling tests were also performed. The fuel system tested will support full engine power and allow delivery of at least 3/4-power on a continuous basis, from cold start conditions.

Jan 1, 1983

By M. A. Schellhardt

The Bureau of Mines has made periodic back-pressure tests on numerous gas wells in the Texas Panhandle field during the past several years to study the delivery capacities of the wells under different pressure and operating conditions and to determine the relationships between pressures and rates of delivery from gas wells.4/ However, information regarding the intake capacities of gas-well systems is meager, end in projects involving the flow of gas into porous-rock reservoirs it has been necessary to determine intake capacities of gas wells by trial. Accordingly the fundamental intake characteristics of natural-gas yells have been studied to develop a method for determining intake capacities under different wellhead pressures from data descriptive of the "output" or producing characteristic of the wells.

Jan 1, 1936

By F. W. Wood

The use of consumable.-electrode arc melting as a production technology is growing. One advantageous feature of this process is that it avoids ingot contamination by soluble crucible materials by employing a chilled metal crucible. Because the thermal balance under these conditions is rather delicate and does not necessarily provide a favorable environment for solidification, catastrophic imbalances can occur. The effectiveness and mechanistic roles of various factors are mostly unknown, and more intelligent insight regarding the distribution of temperature and heat is needed. Experience has provided several pertinent observations, some of which are quite superficial. The most meaningful data have resulted from studies of molten pool shapes and sizes and from measurements of heat flow through crucible walls. Overall experience, intuitively interpreted and supplemented, is sufficient nevertheless as a basis for a boundary-value treatment of the problem. A mathematical analysis based on a separation of variables, using conventional differential equation methods, provides a useful solution. For a cylindrical ingot, the temperature varies as a Bessel function of an argument proportional to the radius and as an exponential function of longitudinal position. Trial calculations using the problem solution seem to verify the general correctness of the result as compared with experience. The role and nature of solution parameters are also clarified, though not entirely resolved. It is revealed that the barrier to heat flow at the ingot-crucible surface has a prominent influence. Utility of the model embodied in the problem solution is readily demonstrated by considering a variety of contemporary questions about arc melting, and it is hoped that utility can be enhanced by improvement of the model.

Jan 1, 1968

By Alfred E. Schwaneke

A new high-temperature soft soldering system has been developed by the Bureau of Mines for use on copper, copper alloys, and low-carbon steel; the method is applicable to automobile radiators and home appliances. The system uses a unique sacrificial metal coating method to promote spontaneous wetting and spreading of zinc and zinc alloy solder: on metallic substrates. The 10-5 to 10-6 cm thick, electroplated or sputtered, sacrificial nickel coating is absorbed by the molten filler alloy during soldering and produces a direct solder-substrate metallic bond. Preliminary measurements on butt joints with copper members give tensile strengths up to 22,000 psi at room temperature using 95 Zn-5 Al alloy as solder. Spontaneous wetting, spreading, and capillary penetration are extremely rapid and produce joints as easily as 50-50 tin-lead solders. Recrystallization or annealing of the wrought copper joint members is negligible at the soldering temperatures of 450° to 490° C and lower. A list of fluxes and solder alloys is included in the report.

Jan 1, 1970

By C. J. Cohen, L. A. Dahners

"SUMMARYA method has been developed for surveying, drill holes without lowering into the hole any surveying equipment other than an etch tube. The orientation of the rods at the collar of the hole is maintained as the etch tube is lowered. The attitude of the etch ellipse in depth with respect to the rod orientation at the collar can then be observed. This relationship permits the bearing of the hole in depth to he calculated. The rod orientation is maintained during the lowering by means of a pair of alinement clamps. One clamp is fastened to the top of each rod as the rod is coupled and is removed when the alinement has been transferred to the other clamp at the top of the next succeeding rod. A particular advantage of this survey technique is that surveys can be readily made in magnetic country rock.PRINCIPLE OF THE TECHNIQUEAn axial lamina of the column of drill roes is the lamina in which one fiber would be the centerline of the rods. In the new survey technique, the rods are fed into the hole in such a manner that the axial lamina of each successive rod maintains its position at the collar of the hole. In depth, as the rods bend in following the drill hole, the axial laminae also bend. The lamina that was originally vertical will, in general, be tilted away from the vertical. The trace of this lamina is marked on the glass etch tube before the tube is lowered in the hole. The axial lamina that becomes vertical at the survey station is recognized as that axial lamina which contains the long axis of the etch ellipse. The angle between the lamina originally vertical and the lamina vertical at the survey station is thus measurable. When the vertical axial lamina at one survey station has been determined by the etch ellipse at that station, angle R between this lamina and the vertical axial lamina at the next survey station becomes measurable also. By moans of angle R, and dip angles D1 and D2 at the two stations, the change in bearing (z) of the drill hole between the two stations can be calculated."

Aug 1, 1944

By M. A. Schellhardt

The Bureau of Mines has made periodic back-pressure tests on numerous gas wells in the Texas Panhandle field luring the past several years to study the delivery capacities of the wells under different pressure and operating conditions and to determine the relationships between pressures and rates of delivery from gas wells.4/ However, information regarding the intake capacities of gas-well systems is meager, end in projects involving- the flow of gas into porous-rock reservoirs it has been necessary to determine intake capacities of gas wells by trial. Accordingly the fundamental intake characteristics of natural-gas wells have been studied to develop a method for determining intake capacities under different wellhead pressures from data descriptive of the "output" or producing characteristic of the wells.

Jan 1, 1936

This manual provides instructions for installing, operating, and maintaining a protective canopy on the Galis Mfg. Co. face drill. The instructions are based upon an actual installation made in the mine on face drill model 460-S. The parts list and engineering drawings for the protective canopy are included at the end of the manual. And a discussion of some alternative design concepts is also included. The manual can also be used for retrofitting other face drills with similar protective canopies. Skilled mechanics can determine if the instructions herein would be applicable to the other face drills and can determine any necessary modifications if they are not.

Jan 1, 1973

By G. M. Martinez

The Bureau of Mines has investigated methods for the recovery of byproduct heavy minerals from sand and gravel operations in Oregon and Washington. These heavy minerals are not currently recovered except for gold in a few areas. The recovery of byproduct heavy minerals would provide a domestic source of minerals presently imported, and a more efficient use of domestic resources would be accomplished. Samples from more than 40 locations were treated by gravity separation to yield heavy mineral concentrates (black sands). Magnetite, ilmenite, zircon, rutile, chromite, platinum-group minerals, radioactive minerals and gold were identified in the concentrates. Individual zircon, ilmenite, chromite; magnetite, and gold products were recovered from selected concentrates by low-and high-intensity magnetic, high-tension, and heavy-medium separation techniques. The recovery for the individual mineral products ranged from 67 to 95 pct.

Jan 1, 1981

The principal activities of the Bureau of Mines Explosives Research Center from July 1, 1962, to June 30, 1963, are described briefly in part 1. Part 2 gives short abstracts of publications that appeared during fiscal year 1963; in general, the research reported in these publications antedates the report period.

Jan 1, 1965

By G. W. Jones

During the course of an investigation by the Bureau of Mines into the causes, behavior, end control of anthracite-line fires, it was observed that the carbon monoxide disappeared from a scaled fire area much more rapidly than could be explained oil the basis of leakage of gases. Two suggestions were offered for this high rate of disappearance; (1) That the carbon monoxide was oxidized at temperatures below 150° C, by either the anthracite or its ash (tests on many anthracites have shown that at temperatures above 150° C carbon monoxide is liberated in the oxidation products when air is passed through it); (2) that the carbon monoxide was oxidized by micro-organisms present in the sealed area.

Jan 1, 1939

The principal activities of the Bureau of Mines Explosives Research Center from July 1, 1962, to June 30, 1963, are described briefly in part 1. Part 2 gives short abstracts of publications that appeared during fiscal year 1963; in general, the research reported in these publications antedates the report period.

Jan 1, 1965

By W. K. Overbey

The Bureau of Mines conducted surface joint and stress measurements, airborne remote sensing imagery studies, compass-oriented borehole televiewer surveys, numerical simulation of fractured wells, and well productivity studies in a four-quadrangle study area of Ohio, to determine the effects of earth fracture systems on the deliverability of gas storage fields. The results of these studies indicate that much useful information about a gas storage reservoir can be obtained and put to practical use by studying--(1) oriented cores for fractures and directional permeability, (2) orientation of induced hydraulic fractures for alignment of well patterns, and (3) aerial photos and multispectral scanner imagery for general surface geology comparison and to determine if some, development patterns can be generated by such results. The absence of known tectonic elements associated with flat-lying sediments, such as faults or fracture zones that can be seen on the surface, indicates that the use of remote sensors such as radar or aerial photography is not likely to be useful in picking well locations for drilling. Studies similar to those discussed here should be conducted in gently folded and strongly folded sedimentary formation areas to determine if the increased knowledge of earth fracture systems under these conditions might be beneficial in gasfield and gas storage reservoir development.

Jan 1, 1974

By P. M. Johnson

A design for a laser-powered optical interferometer, using a specimen whose thermal expansion is to be measured as part of the optical system, was conceived and applied in a prototype dilatometer. The object of thin work was the development of an absolute dilatometer capable of use at elevated temperature, particularly above 1,000° C. The prototype has been operated at temperatures exceeding 1,510° C. Results obtained with this device agree within 2.5 percent with the published data for the coefficient of expansion of columbium.

Jan 1, 1968

By R. J. Fantel

The Bureau of Mines investigated the resources, costs, capacities, market relationships, and short- and long-run supply of phosphate rock and phosphoric acid. The 206 mines and deposits evaluated in 30 market economy countries contain an estimated 35.1 billion mt of recoverable phosphate rock (demonstrated resource level). U.S. resources are sufficient to satisfy the domestic and export markets for phosphate products well beyond the year 2000. Because of resource depletion at current producers, however, new properties (with higher cost levels) need to be developed if U.S. production levels are to be maintained. Existing worldwide capacity can satisfy expected demand through the early 1990's. Expansion at existing mines or low demand growth could mean that no new property development will be needed before the late 1990's. Worldwide, almost $8 billion could be required for development of new phosphate rock properties between now and the year 2000, given 3-pct annual growth in demand. Most properties that could develop in the 1990's would require price increases of 20 to 50 pct to break even. To earn a 15-pct rate of return on investment, prices must rise to nearly double the present level of $24 to $29 per metric ton.

Jan 1, 1988

By W. E. Wallace, C. A. Hill, M. J. Keane

"Diesel exhaust particulate material from exhaust pipe scrapings of two trucks, diluted automobile diesel exhaust particulate material collected on filters, and two oil shale ores were prepared for the Ames mutagenrcity assay by dichloromethane OOP ex¬traction, by dispersion into 0.85% saline, or by dispersion into dipalmitoyl lecithin (DPL) emulsion in saline. Salmonella typhimunum TA98 was used to detect frameshift mutagens in the samples. Samples of diesel soot gave positive mutagenic responses with both DCM extraction and DPL dispersion, with the DPL dispersion giving higher results in some cases. The results suggest that possible mutagens associated with inhaled particles may be dispersed or solubilized into the phospholipid component of pulmonary surfactant and become active in such a phase.INTRODUCTIONThe Ames Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames et al., 1975) has been shown to be a useful test for detecting genotoxic properties of various agents. Hundreds of specific chemicals have been screened (McCann et al., 1975), and the test has been applied for many types of environmental samples. Airborne mutagenic agents, for example, have been found in urban air (Chrisp and Fisher, 1980; Hughes et al., 1980; Ro· senkranz et al., 1978), in diesel engine exhausts (Huisingh et al., 1978), and in the by-products of coal combustion processes (Chrisp et al., 1978).Samples of airborne particles are typically collected on membrane filters, and undergo a rigorous extraction procedure with organic solvents and/or ultrasonic agitation (Clark and Hobbs, 1980). Often extracts are transferred to another solvent that is compatible with the assay system. These extraction procedures, while efficient from an analytical perspective, are not physiologically plausible. The questions that present themselves are whether a demonstrated mutagen can be taken up in vivo and whether the process is quantitatively or qualitatively different from the above laboratory procedure (Wallace et al., 1984).When a particle of respirable size is inhaled to the alveolar region of the lung, its first physiological contact is with pulmonary surfactant that lines the inner surfaces of the alveoli. This surfactant is an aqueous fluid containing proteins, phospholipids, and other components (R. J. King, 1982). The principal phospholipid constituent is L·alpha-phosphatidylcholine, beta,gamma-dipalmitoyl, or dipalmitoyl lecithin (OPL) (l. C. King et al., 1981)."

Jan 1, 1989

By Leslie S. Rubin

A ventilated helical boost pump was developed that can handle varying flow rates and/or solids concentrations while operating at a single rotational speed and without computer assisted feedback controls. The boost pump developed and briefly tested during this program was designed to accomodate flows suitable for a 3-in. diameter pipeline. The boost pump's ventilated design provides the automatic pressure regulation needed to meet the system's requirements for supporting transient pipeline flow.

Jan 1, 1984

By Joseph D. Davis

Selection of a suitable coal or coals for the manufacture of coke of desired quality with due consideration of the purpose for which the coke is intended requires careful thought, and often it will pay to go to considerable expense in testing such coals as may be available. In general it will

Jan 1, 1942

Three complete connector assemblies and ten separate contacts were submitted to a series of tests to establish the connector permissibility and compliance with the Bureau of Mines' research Contract H 0110423. Test Procedure TPC-0100 was coordinated, and the test plan approved by the Bureau as fully complying with the intent of the contract for the low voltage, medium voltage and high voltage A.C. connectors. The components and connector assemblies have been demonstrated in testing that they meet or exceed all the requirements of the test procedure.

Jan 1, 1972

By P. G. Pigott

This Bureau of Mines laboratory research demonstrated that building bricks meeting ASTM specification C62-66 for grades SW and MW of FBS-type bricks can be produced from waste copper mill tailings. Waste tailings from accumulations at Magna, Utah, Anaconda, Mont., and Hayden, Miami, and San Manuel, Ariz., were dry-pressed into bricks, and the products were tested in accordance with ASTM Designation C67-66 on sampling, and testing of brick. An evaluation derived from pilot-plant production of similar brick at the Coal Research Bureau of West Virginia University indicated the production cost to be about $34 per 1,000 bricks. Utilization of such mill tailings on a commercial scale would eliminate the need for digging new pits for brick raw material production, conserve natural resources, and simultaneously remove potential sources of air pollution.

Jan 1, 1971

By J. B. Elizondo

This paper, which describes mining methods and practices at the Piokee mining unit and the Piokee expertmental mining project of The Eagle-Picher Co. in northeast Oklahoma, is one of a series being prepared by the Federal Bureau of Mines on mining methods, practices, and costs in various mining districts of the United States. The Piokee unit, comprising the Piokee, Rowe, Lucky Syndicate, and parts of the Netta White and Otis White leases, is in the SW1/4, W1/2NW1/4SE1/4, and W1/2SW1/4SE1/4 sec. 17, T. 29 N., R. 23 E., Ottawa County, Okla. (figs. 1 and 2), The 200-acre tract is adjacent to the town of Picher and near the heart of the Picher field of the Tri-State zinc-lead mining district.

Jan 1, 1959