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By Rex D. Thomas

Concentration of the kerogen (organic material) in oil shale was accomplished by centrifuging after pretreating the oil shale with carbonic acid to remove the carbonates and pretreatment with sodium hydroxide (pH 11.5) to remove the claylike minerals. Analysis of the materials obtained showed that the concentrations of organic sulfur and organic nitrogen compounds were not affected by centrifuging. These compounds are evenly distributed in the kerogen and are not strongly bound to the mineral constituents. Organic oxygen compounds, however, were concentrated in the light fraction. These compounds are more closely associated with the kerogen and are not bound to the mineral constituents. Iron compounds other than pyrite apparently are closely associated with the organic material.

Jan 1, 1970

By C. A. Pearson, W. D. Dietzman, M. E. Hawkins

Results of chemical analyses and electrical resistivity measurements of 422 samples of oilfield brines from 120 east Texas fields in Railroad Commission of Texas Districts 5 and 6 are presented in tabular form . These samples represent water from all of the major petroleum- productive formations in the area . Water analyses and electrical resistivity data , when fully utilized by proper study techniques , are useful tools in the solution of many engineering problems such as detection of well leaks , identification of water sources , and interpretation of electrical well logs . In the area included in this study , these representative data should facilitate the solution of problems in which water analysis and water resistivity are factors .

Jan 1, 1964

By T. Estelle Gardner

The Bureau of Mines made enthalpy measurements on sodium bromide and sodium iodide in the temperature range 400° to 1,200° K using an ice calorimeter. Equations representing enthalpy as a function of temperature were derived from the data by the method of least squares. These equations were used to calculate smooth values of heat capacity, enthalpy, and entropy at 50° K intervals from the ice point to 1,200° K. The melting point determined for sodium bromide was 1,020° K; the melting point of sodium iodide was 934° K. The heats of fusion of sodium bromide and sodium iodide were calculated to be 6,270 and 5,680 cal/mole, respectively.

Jan 1, 1967

By R. E. Head, Virgil Miller

"Under existing conditions in the treatment of oxidized lead ores containing small quantities of molybdenum no provision is made for the recovery of the molybdenum. Considerable quantities of this important element are lost in the slags of the lead smelters and constitute an economic waste. There is little or no probability that slag dumps containing molybdenum in small quantities could be economically treated for the recovery of the element, and steps for the prevention of waste in this respect must be taken prior to smelter treatment.Wulfenite, lead molybdate (PbMo04), and molybdite, molybdic ocher (Mo03), are the molybdenum minerals most abundantly found in deposits of oxidized lead ores. Wulfenite contains 39.3 per cent molybdenum trioxide and 60.7 per cent lead oxide; molybdite contains 66.7 per cent molybdenum and 33.3 per cent oxygen. Plumbojarosite, argentojarosite, cerussite, and occasionally anglesite are commonly associated with wulfenite ores, and the oxidized iron content is usually fairly high.The recent discovery and development of a body of wulfenite ore in the Star district near Milford led to a cursory microscopic examination of samples of the ore, followed by a few preliminary tests which had for their object the separation and recovery of the lead and molybdenum in separate products.The microscopic examination showed that the samples used in the work were composed of wulfenite, plumbojarosite, and a small quantity of cerussite, and indicated that the iron content was quite high. The ore was porous and yellowish-brown; crystals of wulfenite appeared to be quite uniformly distributed through it, and this mineral and plumbojarosite (Pb0.3Fe203.4S03.6H20) apparently accounted for the major part of the lead content, although lead"

Sep 1, 1928

By W. A. Haley

The purpose of this investigation was to develop and improve mining methods for mining thin coal beds, to increase productivity, and to increase the recovery of coal. German coal planers and a modified longwall system of mining were introduced into American mines and are bringing about increased productivity and better recovery as compared with the conventional methods displaced. Since the first installation, 4 additional planers have been purchased by coal companies and over 1-1/2 mil¬lion tons of coal has been mined by them, using the modified longwall mining method. INTRODUCTION Except from 1932 to 1934, the growth of mechanical loading in underground bituminous-coal and lignite mines in the United States has increased steadily. The amount of coal loaded mechanically in underground mines has increased from 0.3 percent in 1923 to 79.6 percent of the total underground production in 1953.3/ The use of new and improved mining machines and auxiliary equipment, together with new techniques in mining methods, usually has resulted in increased productivity.

Jan 1, 1957

By H. Kenworthy

A zinc-pyrite ore from the Gray deposit in Jo Daviess County, Ill., was successfully concentrated on a laboratory scale. Initially, drill cuttings were submitted for separation of zinc and iron concentrates. Subsequent to mine development, a large sample of coarse ore was submitted to ascertain its amenability to sink-float treatment to produce a low-grade zinc-iron concentrate and discard a clean tailing. The samples of ore were submitted to the Rolla Metallurgical Branch by the Mining Division of the Federal-Bureau-of Mines. They were obtained during the recent war as a part of the extensive government program to increase metal production through exploration for new mineral deposits and investigation of old mineralized areas. The first sample consisted of about 3,000 pounds of drill cuttings collected, during the Bureau?s churn and diamond- drilling program. The second sample was taken at a later date, after Tri-State Zinc, Inc., had opened the deposit and commenced milling the ore. This sample consisted of a ?ton-of mill feed crushed through 2 inches and collected over a period of 3 days.

Jan 1, 1949

To provide a simple means for rapidly checking methane concentrations at working faces in coal mines while remaining under permanently supported roof. The Approach: A light telescopic probe, through which a gas sample can be pumped Into a methanometer, has been developed. See Figure 1 [ ] How It Works: The telescopic probe consists of sections of small stainless steel tubing encased in sections of lightweight fiberglass tubing. When fully extended the probe is almost 19 ft. long; fully closed it is approximately 5-1/2 feet long. It can be used In either of these positions as well as at intermediate extensions. An approved methanometer is clamped to the probe by a support bracket.

Jan 1, 1975

By L. Cheng

This Bureau of Mines report summarizes an investigation of the amount of respirable dust adhering to the surfaces of seven run-of-face broken bituminous coals. The number of respirable-size (0.9 to 10 micrometers) particles adhering to the run-of-face coal ranged from 1011 to 1012 particles per pound of coal and was approximately inversely proportional to the mean lump size of the coal sample, otherwise it did not vary significantly with the coal seam, mining method, or winning machine. Based on these results, about 16 lb of ordinary run-of-face broken coal would have enough respirable-size adhering dust to contaminate 1,000,000 ft3 of air up to the 2 mg/m3 level, if this adhering dust should become airborne. Although brief studies here suggest that a negligible amount of new respirable dust is formed due to fracture of the broken coal during dropping, dislodging of old adhering particles during secondary handling operations is a potentially dangerous source of airborne respirable dust.

Jan 1, 1973

By William P. Diamond

A 3-inch pilot hole was directionally drilled to intercept the Freeport coalbed horizon horizontally at Mather, Pa., as part of a Bureau of Mines degasification project. The original concept was to continue the horizontal drilling into the coalbed, after the initial intercept, with a total of three horizontal holes eventually being completed. However, the erratic thickness (0.0 to 4.3 feet) of the Freeport coalbed at Mather was not sufficient to support the horizontal drilling degasification technique, and the site was abandoned after six attempts to locate adequate continuous coal thicknesses. The drilling of coreholes in the immediate vicinity of proposed well paths to evaluate coal thickness is essential prior to future slant hole operations. Although mechanical failures of the new directional drilling equipment, mud pump and rig breakdowns, directional control problems, and exploratory horizontal drilling in the Freeport horizon more than doubled the anticipated cost of the pilot hole, continuing improvements in directional drilling equipment and techniques should significantly reduce the time and costs of future drilling operations.

Jan 1, 1977

By S. E. Khalafalla

The Bureau of Mines investigated the metallothermic reduction of copper oxide as a function of temperature, reactant proportions, form of reductant, and gaseous environment, using iron and steel scrap reductants. The reaction proceeded rapidly with powdered iron at temperatures above 560° C, attaining over 95 percent copper metallization within 3 hours. The importance of inter-reactant contacts on the extent of the reaction was evident from the variable, but usually lesser, degree of metallization obtained with iron from tin cans and automobile steel scrap. Reduction decreased as the molar ratio of copper to iron increased between 1 and 3. The most favorable gaseous environment for the reaction was a static helium atmosphere containing about 0.6 percent water vapor. Ferrothermic extraction of copper from its oxides appears to be essentially a "solid-state cementation" process. While ordinary cementation processes must be preceded by leaching, the ferrothermic method avoids this generally slow step and also the water pollution caused by the leaching agents. Sulfidic copper concentrates could likewise be reduced with metallic iron following their complete oxidative roasting.

Jan 1, 1969

By David C. Oyler, Herbert H. Fields, William P. Diamond

A 3-inch pilot hole was directionally drilled to intercept the Freeport coalbed horizon horizontally at Mather, Pa., as part of a Bureau of Mines degasification project. The original concept was to continue the horizontal drilling into the coalbed, after the initial intercept, with a total of three horizontal holes eventually being completed. However, the erratic thickness (0.0 to 4.3 feet) of the Freeport coalbed at Mather was not sufficient to sup- port the horizontal drilling degasification technique, and the site was abandoned after six attempts to locate adequate continuous coal thicknesses. The drilling of coreholes in the immediate vicinity of proposed well paths to evaluate coal thickness is essential prior to future slant hole operations. Although mechanical failures of the new directional drilling equipment, mud pump and rig breakdowns, directional control problems, and exploratory horizontal drilling in the Freeport horizon more than doubled the anticipated cost of the pilot hole, continuing improvements in directional drilling equipment and techniques should significantly reduce the time and costs of future drilling operations.

Jan 1, 1977

By Will H. Coghill

Titanium is a well-known component of bauxite ores, sometimes occurring in sufficient quantity to mace its recovery worth considering. This question has been raised by some of the companies lixiviating bauxite ores. At the East St. Louis plant of the Aluminum Ore Co., a subsidiary of the Aluminum Co. of America, the waste sludge discharged daily contains over 75,000 pounds of Ti02. The sludge is all through 20-mesh, and a large proportion is slime. A supple of the waste was deslimed so that a gravity-concentration test of the "sand" could be made. The Aluminum Ore Co. cooperated in the work and made the chemical determinations In order to anticipate the results of table concentration a series of specific gravity fractions (float-and-sink) was made with heavy liquids. Acetylene tetrabromide was used for a density of 2.95, methylene iodide for 3.33, and thallium formate for 3.78, and the double salt of thallium formate-malonate made the separation at slimed sample appears in Table 1.

Jan 1, 1928

By David Hoadley, Kenneth R. Maser, Ashok B. Boghani, James E. Billar, D. Randolph Berry, Mackenzie Burnett, Robert H. Trent

2, Survey of Representative Group of Metal and Non-mental Mines Before proceeding to develop and analyze Emergency Escape System Guidelines, it was necessary to obtain a broad range of information, including both fact and opinion. Although there were many areas to consider, the surveys had three primary goals 1. To determine the current state of underground escapeway planning and execution in American, metal and non-metal mines. 2. To determine, for a wide range of mining conditions, what difficulties can be encountered in complying with present and proposed escapeway regulatory standards. 3. To determine what improvements could be made and what equipment and technology was available to aid in implementing these improvements. To accomplish these goals, three major surveys were undertaken¬ 1. Survey of MESA and State Mining officials, discussed in Section 2. 1. 2. Survey of representative U S metal and non-metal mines, discussed in Section 2. 2. 3. Survey of manufacturers supplying equipment, primarily hoisting, suitable for use in escape systems, the product information which was obtained is discussed in Section 7.

Jan 1, 1976

Reduce respirable dust in coal preparation plants. Approach Survey a representative sample of coal preparation plants to (1) determine the dust problem extent, and (2) evaluate practical dust control techniques. Coal Preparation Plant Survey Results Of the approximately 500 coal preparation plants in the United States, 18 plants in six States were randomly selected for survey. The raw hourly capacities ranged from 250 to 1,250 tons, plant construction dates ranged from 1037 to 1982, and usually 3 to 10 workers were required per shift. Respirable dust concentrations within the plants surveyed ranged from very good (less than 1 mg/m') to very poor (14 mg/m3). No relationship was found between dust concentration and age or capacity of the plant. Six of the plants had long-term respirable dust concentrations between 7 and 14 mg/m' in specific areas; six had concentrations between 2.2 and 6.2 mg/m'. Except fur ventilation, only 4 of the 18 plants used operating dust control devices with mixed effectiveness.

Jan 1, 1989

By Thomas J. Fisher, Christopher C. Jobes, Edward F. Fries

This report (Software Safety 2.2) is the third in a nine-part series of recommendations addressing the functional safety of processor-controlled mining equipment. It is part of a risk-based system safety process encompassing hardware, software, humans, and the operating environment for the equipment’s life cycle. Figure 1 shows a safety framework containing these recommendations. The reports in this series address the various life cycle stages of inception, design, approval and certification, commissioning, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning. These recommendations were developed as a joint project between the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Mine Safety and Health Administration. They are intended or use by mining companies, original equipment manufacturers, and aftermarket suppliers to these mining companies. Users of these reports are expected to consider the set in total during the design cycle. • 1.0 Safety Introduction.—This is an introductory report for the general mining industry. It provides basic system/software safety concepts, discusses the need for mining to address the functional safety of programmable electronics (PE), and includes the benefits of implementing a system/software safety program. • 2.1 System Safety and 2.2 Software Safety.—These reports draw heavily from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard IEC 61508 [IEC 1998a,b,c,d,e,f,g] and other standards. The scope is “surface and underground safety-related mining systems employing embedded, networked, and non networked programmable electronics.” System safety seeks to design safety into all phases of the entire system. Software is a subsystem; thus, software safety is a part of the system’s safety .• 3.0 Safety File.—This report contains the documentation that demonstrates the level of safety built into the system and identifies limitations for the system’s use and operation. In essence, it is a “proof of safety” that the system and its operation meets the appropriate level of safety for the intended application. It starts from the beginning of the design, is maintained during the full lifecycle of the system, and provides administrative support for the safety program of the full system. • 4.0 Safety Assessment.—The independent assessment of the Safety File is addressed. It establishes consistent methods to determine the completeness and suitability of safety evidence and justifications. This assessment could be conducted by an independent third party. • 5.0 Safety Framework Guidance.—It is intended to supplement the safety framework reports with guidance providing users with additional information. The purpose is to assist users in applying the concepts presented. In other words, the safety framework is what needs to be don and the guidance is the how it can be done. The guidance information reinforces the concepts, describes various methodologies that can be used, and gives examples and references. It also gives information on the benefits and drawbacks of various methodologies. The guidance reports are not intended to promote a single methodology or to be an exhaustive treaty of the subject material. They provide information and references so that the user can more intelligently choose and implement the appropriate methodologies given the user’s application and capabilities. [ ]

Jan 9, 2001

By John J. Sammarco, Edward F. Fries

This report (Independent Functional Safety Assessment 4.0) is the fifth in a nine-part series of recommendations addressing the functional safety of processor-controlled mining equipment. It is part of a risk-based system safety process encompassing hardware, software, humans, and the operating environment for the equipment’s life cycle. Figure 1 shows a safety framework containing these recommendations. The reports in this series address the various life cycle stages of inception, design, approval and certification, commissioning, operation, maintenance, and decommissioning. These recommendations were developed as a joint project between the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Mine Safety and Health Administration. They are intended for use by mining companies, original equipment manufacturers, and aftermarket suppliers to these mining companies. Users of these reports are expected to consider the set in total during the design cycle. • 1.0 Safety Introduction.—This is an introductory report for the general mining industry. It provides basic system/software safety concepts, discusses the need for mining to address the functional safety of programmable electronics (PE), and includes the benefits of implementing system/software safety program. • 2.1 System Safety and 2.2 Software Safety.—These reports draw heavily from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard IEC 61508 [IEC 1998a,b,c,d,e,f,g] and other standards. The scope is “surface and underground safety-related mining systems employing embedded, networked, and nonnetworked programmable electronics.” System safety seeks to design safety into all phases of the entire system. Software is a subsystem; thus, software safety is a part of the system’s safety. • 3.0 Safety File.—This report contains the documentation that demonstrates the level of safety built into the system and identifies limitations for the system’s use and operation. In essence, it is a “proof of safety” that the system and its operation meets the appropriate level of safety for the intended application. It starts from the beginning of the design, is maintained during the full lifecycle of the system, and provides administrative support for the safety program of the full system. • 4.0 Safety Assessment.—The independent assessment of the safety file is addressed. It establishes consistent methods to determine the completeness and suitability of safety evidence and justifications. This assessment could be conducted by an independent third party. • 5.0 Safety Framework Guidance.—It is intended to supplement the safety framework reports with guidance providing users with additional information. The purpose is to assist users in applying the concepts presented. In other words, the safety framework is what needs to be done and the guidance is the how it can be done. The guidance information reinforces the concepts, describes various methodologies that can be used, and gives examples and references. It also gives information on the benefits and drawbacks of various methodologies. The guidance reports are not intended to promote a single methodology or to be an exhaustive treatment of the subject material. They provide information and references so that the user can more intelligently choose and implement the appropriate methodologies given the user’s application and capabilities. [ ]

Jan 5, 2003

By Alla D. Mah

The heat of combustion of aluminum carbide (Al, C3 ) , obtained directly by combustion calorimetry , was AH298.15 -1,029.6 ± 1.9 kcal / mole . == The heat of formation of aluminum carbide corresponding to this value was AH298.15 = -53.4 ± 2.0 kcal /mole .

Jan 1, 1964

By O. C. Blade

Sales of diesel fuel in the United States exceeded 150,000,000 barrels during 1953 and 140,000,000 barrels during 1952. Following are some figures on the distribution of this fuel computed from data issued by the Bureau of Mines. 2/ [ ] Deliveries of diesel type fuel from refineries totaled 91,170,000 barrels during the first six months of 1954, 3/ a corresponding figure for 1953 was 86,284,000 barrels.

Jan 1, 1954

By J. J. Hoeppner

Lignite samples were collected so as to be widely representative of the extensive deposits in the western north-central area. These were carbonized at temperatures ranging from 450° to 550° C., according, to a standardized procedure. In general, product yields varied; extremes obtained on selected samples show char recoveries on the moisture- and ash-free basis as 56.7 percent for slack lignite or "leonardite" to 80.8 percent for a concentrate of the fusain component from a typical face sample; normal lignite samples averaged approximately 70 percent. Tar-plus-light-oil yields ranged from 3.3 percent for the fusain concentrate to 11.0 percent for a normal sample, averaging approximately 8 percent; gas recoveries varied more widely both in yield and in composition, ranging, from 10.0 percent to 27.7 percent, the latter being from leonardite and quite high in carbon dioxide. Sampling was conducted with the view of representing, as nearly as possible, all beds delineated by Brant (2);4/ many are necessarily missing since collection was confined largely to worked deposits. Data presented in this report indicate a general uniformity of North-Central lignite in respect to low-temperature carbonization, with a few possible exceptions of a local nature. When processed according to the indicated conditions, maximum tar yield may be realized with minimum loss of recoverable heating value of the original coal. Natural weathering of lignite, however, does affect tar yield adversely and should be held to a practical minimum in any commercial operation.

Jan 1, 1956

By M. C. Malamphy

A general description of the activities and results of bauxite investigation by the Bureau of Mines at its bauxite project in Saline and Pulaski County, Ark., has been given in Report of Investigations 4251. The factual data obtained during the project are reported in a series of Reports of Investigations beginning with No. 4251, of which this is the eighth. The data are accompanied by maps showing the location of holes drilled and the deposits developed. Each area upon which work was done is reported by half townships. Each bauxite deposit investigated was assigned a name and a number for ready reference and identification, and its location and name are shown on the appropriate half-township map. The description of each half township is no followed by a description of each deposit developed in that half township. The 14 half township maps and 77 detail maps of the bauxite deposits in this series of reports give the locations and numbers of all the holes drilled on the project, except the deep holes drilled to test the geophysical anomalies. The locations at those holes show on figure 13 in volume I. The descriptions of the deposits developed are followed by complete detailed logs at the drill holes. Many at the widely spaced exploratory holes did not discover bauxite of minable thickness and gra.de. The pertinent information obtained from the widely spaced exploratory drill holes has been summarized and tabulated, and a table for each halt township is given with the discussion covering that area.

Jan 1, 1948