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Oil-well driller with extensive experience in this line of work. Location, Bolivia, South America. Salary depends on experience. R.-789. Mining Engineer, with geological knowledge, who can locate suitable spots for drilling oil wells. Location, Bolivia, South America. Salary depends on man. R-788. Construction Engineer, mechanical or civil engineer with experience in installing oil plants for foreign field. Must be able to install entire equipment including tanks, piping, buildings, etc. Salary depends on experience. R-782. Geologist, competent petrographer for micropetrographic work and training of two assistant students under the direction of the Director of a Geological Institute. Engagement is for six months with option on the part of the Director for an equal period: Location, Mexico. Salary, 450 pesos Mexican gold ($225 per month). R-765. Operating Mechanical Electrical Engineer, with extensive experience in charge of the maintenance, repair, and betterment of all mechanical and electrical equipment on mining operations. Desirable that the man have had this experience in connection with phosphate mining. Applicant must be competent to direct shop repairs on motors and generators, including rewinding, the building and maintenance of transmission lines, etc. Must also have ample machine-shop experience to enable him to direct repairs of light locomotives, steam shovels, brown hoists, caterpillar tractors, and auto trucks. Duties will include the betterment and maintenance of phosphate-rock washers and rotary-work dryers. The applicant must also be competent to conduct efficiency tests on all such equipment and be enabled to interpret data collected. Splendid opportunity for the right type of man. Climate and living conditions excellent. The company will furnish house rent free, including light .and water. Location, Florida. Salary depends on experience. R-854.

Jan 7, 1919

Inflation, fuel shortages, environmental restrictions, and a worldwide recession that sharply curtailed the demand for goods and services, were the main causes for the poor performance & virtually all industrial minerals in 1975. This poor showing was not a surprise. As Felix Shay correctly predicted in his introductory remarks to last year's industrial Minerals Review (ME, Feb. 1975, p. 70), ". . . the minerals industry will soon be facing falling demand as a consequence of sharp declines in auto production, housing, appliances, and other consumer goods. Moreover, when sales weaken. the high-volume, low-priced industrial minerals will incur sharply.

Jan 3, 1976

At its meeting on February 21, 1933, the Board of Directors passed the following resolution defining and expressing the policy of the Institute with respect to official participation or action in controversial matters: WHEREAS, the Board of Directors at its last meeting passed the following resolution : "The Board of Directors, having been appealed to by several Local Sections for advice concerning the attitude and policy of the Institute relating to the endorsement of candidates for public office, the following statement of policy is formulated;

Jan 1, 1934

By S. Robinson Brainard

In 1957 the pay of chief executives in the nonferrous metals industry was well above average when compared with other major industries. Furthermore, it continued to rise last year while sales declined 8.2 pct and profits plummeted 32.7 pct on the average. Compensation of Chief Executives: One of the primary objectives of the survey is to measure year-to-year changes in top-management total compensation as it relates to company size and industry characteristics. Total compensation includes salary, bonuses, and the value of deferred contingent compensation awards.

Jan 10, 1958

By W. H. Eatock

In its infancy, the potash refining industry in Saskatchewan was heavily influenced by practices developed in Carlsbad, NM, resulting in modern, highly productive plants. The first 15 years has been a period of reduced production, due to excessive capacity, when improvements tended to be emphasized in the mining rather than the refining functions. However, some innovations have been developed and applied in Saskatchewan and the industry is entering a period of massive expansion which will produce further advances. This paper discusses, in general terms, some of the different approaches and recent trends.

Jan 1, 1983

By R. E. Steiner, A. F. Weinberg, R. J. Van Thyne

Uranium solubility in molten bismuth was determined in the temperature range 350" to 600°C, varying from 0.09 wt pct to near 2 wl pct, respectively. Zirconium and magnesium, simulated fission products, and sodium were found to increase or decrease uranium solubility in bismuth in the temperature range 370° to 420°C, depending upon the addition or temperature. Data were obtained by both chemical analysis of samples obtained by filtration from saturated melts and by measurement of the variation of electrical resistance with temperature. IN a study for the United States Atomic Energy Commission, a Liquid Metal Fuel Reactor Experiment (LMFRE) was proposed in which a solution of uranium dissolved in molten bismuth served as both the fuel solution and the primary coolant. It was proven necessary to add other elements to this solution for certain desirable properties: 1) zirconium acts to prevent reaction of the fuel solution with the graphite core (which would result in the formation of uranium carbide) and also to inhibit mass transfer of iron and chromium from the walls of the reactor tubing to cold spots resulting in blockage; and 2) magnesium acts as a deoxidant and prevents loss of uranium. In addition to these intentional additives, other elements entering the solution are: 1) fission products which are a by-productof reactor operation, 2) sodium (the secondary coolant) through possible small leaks in the heat exchange system, and 3) iron and chromium from the container walls. Each of these elements may affect the solubility of uranium in the fuel solution. Since the concept of this reactor is based upon a liquid solution, the relatively low solubility of uranium in bismuth will dictate the minimum temperature at which the reactor heat exchanger can be operated. The solubility of uranium in liquid bismuth and the effect of some additives on this solubility have pre- viously been investigated1-' (more recent results6" became avaliable after initiation of this investigation). However, some discrepancies between the various results have been noted, and also the cumulative effect of the several additions or impurities was not known. This investigation was commenced to obtain definitive results. MATERIALS Analyses of the materials used are presented in Table I. Although ostensibly of extreme purity (99.999 wt pct), the bismuth was found to contain a significant amount of impurities, probably oxides. Except for determination of the binary system, Bi-U, prior to use all bismuth was hydrogen-refined and

Jan 1, 1962

By C. C. McDermond

In reviewing petroleum development in Venezuela during the year 1936, it is well to bear in mind certain factors that affected progress, although not directly connected with the oil industry itself. At the start of the year, when the present Federal Administration took over the reins of government, reaction against the former regime resulted in some popular uprisings. Although these were entirely political in character, they were not without their effect on the oil industry itself. Such popular agitation really ended with a short general strike in Caracas, Maracaibo and other cities during June, these strikes being based on demands for certain changes in government policies. The strikes were duly investigated and their motives taken into consideration by the executive power or by Congress, and during the year many of the civil, political and administrative laws have been revised. In June and December, however, it was necessary to suspend activities in drilling and production work, particularly in the Lake Maracaibo Basin area. In June a strike caused a five-day shutdown in the main producing fields and on Dec. 14 labor difficulties resulted in a shutdown that continued to the end of the year, which necessitated suspension of all drilling and production in the Lake Basin area and curtailment of shipments to deep-water terminals. Actually, the strike lasted for a period of 42 days, until Federal intervention brought the dispute to a close with minor wage increases to workers hut with no loss of initiative or independence on the part of the oil companies. Operations in eastern Venezuela were not affected by the labor disturbances, production and exports having been reduced in December only in the Lake Basin fields. Well Completions On Jan. 1, 1937, a total of 3384 wells had been completed throughout Venezuelan fields, as compared with 3094 on Jan. 1,1936. Of these wells, 2005 were producers. The 290 completions effected during 1936 were by the following operating companies: Lago Petroleum Corporation, 123 completions; Dutch Shell group, 104; Standard Oil Company of Venezuela, 46; Mene Grande Oil Co., 15; British Controlled Oilfields, Ltd., 2.

Jan 1, 1937

The North American Coal Corp. Increasing demand for coal, stimulated by the national energy shortage, and complicating and often conflicting, demands by government and ecology groups for better land reclamation methods continued to propel advances in surface mining technology during 1974. To meet current demands for coal (estimated at more than 700 million t for 1975 and 1.5 billion t in 19851, equipment manufacturers and coal operators concentrated on increasing the productivity of all surface mining equipment. The trend towards larger equipment, particularly in overburden removal, loading, and haulage machinery, prevailed during the year, notwithstanding the perennial debate over the economics and practicality of using large, inflexible equipment. Increasingly, the industry called on computers to monitor productivity and help design more efficient production systems

Jan 2, 1975

By P. J. Conroy, E. A. Curth

INTRODUCTION In June 1962, the first attempt at longwall mining in Illinois was initiated by Old Ben Coal Company in their No. 21 Mine. Longwalling was continued intermittently using various supports until April 1970. During this period, longwall mining techniques were used on separate occasions at six faces within Mine No. 21. However, due to various problems that developed at each location the faces were eventually terminated. The most significant problems concerned the support systems and roof conditions that were present in the mine during each attempt. Between 1965 and 1972, similar conditions were met by Freeman Coal mining Company during four attempts at longwall mining in their Orient No. 5 and Orient No. 6 mines. In 1975, the U.S. Bureau of Mines and Old Ben Coal Company entered into a cost-sharing agreement to demonstrate the application of longwall mining in Illinois. The first phase of the demonstration was to conduct a premining investigation to review previous attempts at longwall mining, perform rock mechanics tests, and establish support requirements based on the lnvestigation results. The information obtained during the demonstration at Old Ben's No. 24 has been utilized to optimize subsequent face equipment and panel geometry. Mining of the first panel began in September 1976 and was successfully completed in May 1977, and two additional panels were mined under the cooperative agreement. Currently, Old Ben Coal Company is the only longwall mining operator in Illinois. In addition to the face in Mine No. 24, five longwall faces are being operated in four other mines.

Jan 1, 1981

By D. J. Carney, R. R. Burt, E. J. Whittenberger

Hardenability (multiplying) factors for carbon, mongonese, silicon, chromium, nickel, and molybdenum have been developed for hypereutectoid low-alloy steels in which bainite is the first subcritical transformation product. These factors permit the calculation of 95, 80, and 50 pct martensite hardenability from chemical composition when steels with spheroidized structures are quenched from 1475°, 1525°, and 1575°F. The strong contributions to hardenability of the less expensive elements, silicon and manganese, suggest their use to obtain additional hardenability in hypereutectoid low-alloy steels. DURING the past decade a number of investigators'"11 have carefully developed information which permits calculation of the hardenability of medium -carbon low-alloy steels from chemical composition and grain size. These data have been especially valuable in developing less costly low-alloy steel compositions with equivalent or Improved

Jan 1, 1957

Those in charge of the Second Pan-American Financial Conference say that the engineering profession will be well represented at the Janu-ary conference in Washington. Latin American engineers are more closely connected with important industrial projects and have a greater command in matters pertaining to the developments on which they are working than is the case in the United States. Our own engineering profession may. therefore do well to study the Latin-American plan of cooperation between capital and the engineers.

Jan 11, 1919

By C. B. Dudley

In a work published in 1838, De Morgan, the author of the article on " Probabilities," in the Encyclopedia Metropolltimn, says: " The method of least squares is not yet introduced iutb the affairs of common life,.....that many thi~gs which are denlonstrable only by the higher branches of mathematics are looked upon as useless." And he mentions an instance in which "a method was suggested for estimating the relative importance of boroughs, by considering their population and ~wntributions to the revenue con)-

Jan 1, 1881

By J. R. Thoenen

The Bureau of Mines has used various sizes of core barrels above 2 in. and below 10 in. in diameter to core manganese, potash, coal, brown iron ore and bauxite. The paper describes in some detail the methods and types of equipment used to obtain maximum sampling accuracy. Introduction On December 11, 1946, R. D. Longyear, in his capacity as Chairman of the Subcommittee on Exploration Drilling, wrote the author requesting him to prepare a paper presenting the collective ideas of engineers in the Bureau of Mines on the design, standardization and application of core barrels using diamonds or other hard cutting media for drilling holes larger than two inches and less than ten inches in diameter. In subsequent correspondence it was indicated that similar papers covering the experience of other government agencies would be solicited and all such papers received would be combined in a symposium on the subject for discussion at the March 1947 meeting of the Mining Methods Committee AIME. In soliciting such information from other Bureau engineers, it developed that most Bureau experience had been confined to standard core size, two inches or less in diameter, and that larger sizes had been used only for special purposes. It is hoped the data contained herein will be of help to other operators in solving problems encountered in the field. Acknowledgments This paper was made possible by the request of Lowell B. Moon, Chief, Mining Division, Bureau of Mines, to all Division engineers to send to the author any data they had on the subject. Engineers of the Mining Division contributing were: M. H. Kline, Chief, Raleigh Branch. Paul T. Allsman, Chief, Salt Lake City Branch. J. H. Hedges, Chief, Tucson Branch. C. H. Johnson, Chief, Rolla Branch. A. M. Evans, Mining Engineer, College Park Branch. Wing Agnew, Engineer in charge, Mount Weather, Virginia. Andrew Brown, Mining Engineer, Tus-caloosa Branch. In addition Albert L. Toenges, Supervising Engineer, Bituminous Coal Mining Section, Pittsburgh, contributed his experience in coring coal beds. The author's experience in the use of cores within the limits stated has been confined to the brown iron-ore work described by Brown and coring bauxite and clay in Arkansas. Design and Standardization of Core Barrels Bureau engineers are primarily interested in obtaining core that will best represent

Jan 1, 1949

By J. R. Thoenen

The Bureau of Mines has used various sizes of core barrels above 2 in. and below 10 in. in diameter to core manganese, potash, coal, brown iron ore and bauxite. The paper describes in some detail the methods and types of equipment used to obtain maximum sampling accuracy. Introduction On December 11, 1946, R. D. Longyear, in his capacity as Chairman of the Subcommittee on Exploration Drilling, wrote the author requesting him to prepare a paper presenting the collective ideas of engineers in the Bureau of Mines on the design, standardization and application of core barrels using diamonds or other hard cutting media for drilling holes larger than two inches and less than ten inches in diameter. In subsequent correspondence it was indicated that similar papers covering the experience of other government agencies would be solicited and all such papers received would be combined in a symposium on the subject for discussion at the March 1947 meeting of the Mining Methods Committee AIME. In soliciting such information from other Bureau engineers, it developed that most Bureau experience had been confined to standard core size, two inches or less in diameter, and that larger sizes had been used only for special purposes. It is hoped the data contained herein will be of help to other operators in solving problems encountered in the field. Acknowledgments This paper was made possible by the request of Lowell B. Moon, Chief, Mining Division, Bureau of Mines, to all Division engineers to send to the author any data they had on the subject. Engineers of the Mining Division contributing were: M. H. Kline, Chief, Raleigh Branch. Paul T. Allsman, Chief, Salt Lake City Branch. J. H. Hedges, Chief, Tucson Branch. C. H. Johnson, Chief, Rolla Branch. A. M. Evans, Mining Engineer, College Park Branch. Wing Agnew, Engineer in charge, Mount Weather, Virginia. Andrew Brown, Mining Engineer, Tus-caloosa Branch. In addition Albert L. Toenges, Supervising Engineer, Bituminous Coal Mining Section, Pittsburgh, contributed his experience in coring coal beds. The author's experience in the use of cores within the limits stated has been confined to the brown iron-ore work described by Brown and coring bauxite and clay in Arkansas. Design and Standardization of Core Barrels Bureau engineers are primarily interested in obtaining core that will best represent

Jan 1, 1949

By E. W. Felegy

THE need for improved mine communication to increase efficiency and to insure greater safety has long been recognized. General and unrestricted communication between all points underground, and between the surface and all points underground, is probably the least advanced phase of the mining industry. An ideal system of mine communication must re- quire no fixed wire installations. The equipment must be small, lightweight, and readily portable, and the power requirements low. A system that can be used not only under normal circumstances but also in an emergency, when the continuity of wires, tracks, and pipelines may be disrupted, must function independently of any aid furnished by standard installations.

Jan 5, 1953

By Jack L. Henry, R. D. Holliday

GASEOUS products of an aluminum reduction cell consist mainly of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Sulfur dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, and hydrogen sulfide have also been conc~usively identified. Carbon tetrafluoride has been observed only during the period when the anode is polarized.' This period, known as anode effect, occurs when the alumina content of the molten bath approaches depletion.= Increased resistance at the polarized anode results in a voltage rise from a normal 5 volts to as

Jan 1, 1958

At its meeting on February 21, 1933, the Board of Directors passed the following resolution defining and expressing the policy of the Institute with respect to official participation or action in controversial matters: WHEREAS, the Board of Directors at its last meeting. passed the following resolution: "The Board of Directors, having been appealed to by several Local . Sections for advice concerning the attitude and policy of the Institute relating to the endorsement of candidates for public office, the following statement of policy is formulated:

Jan 1, 1937

By Donald C. Barton

The elastic earth waves produced naturally by earthquakes have been used for a long time as evidence from which to draw conclusions in ; regard to the constitution of the interior and crust of the earth. The I elastic earth waves produced artificially by occasional explosions and ' recorded by seismological observatories were used to draw conclusions regarding the geology of the intervening area. Intentionally produced elastic earth waves in the past five years have come to be used extensively in the investigation of very local geologic structure. The scismic method of working geologic structure, which makes use of artificially controlled explosions and the resulting earth waves, has developed almost clairvoyant power in handling certain geologic situations; and, in the discovery of salt domes in the Gulf Coastal Plain region of Texas and Louisiana, it has scored the most brilliant success. The first proposal for the use of artificial earthquakes in the study of velocity of elastic earth waves in the surface formations of the earth's crust were made before 1888, by the English seismologists mallet and Abbot. Partly on the basis of their work, A. Schmidt in 1888 proposed the use of time-(Iistnncc graphs of artificial earthquakes to study the variation of vellocity with depth. Belar in 1902 proposed the practical 'application of such investigation in connection with boring tunnels. Galitzcn repeated1y (1912. I9IX) proposed the use of explosions to study the velocity of the longitudinal and transverse waves in the uppermost formations and pointed out that the velocity depended in a high degree on the physical character of the beds and that from changes in the velocity, conclusions could be drawn in regard to the composition of the beds. Somewhat the same thought was proposed by von dem Borne (1908), by Benndorf, Udden and others.' First Use of Artificially Excited Earth waves to Determine Local structure The first application of the use of artificially excited elastic earth waves to thc determination of local geologic structure was worked out,

Jan 1, 1929

By A. P. Coldren, V. Biss

SINCE the r ? a transformation rates of many carbon-free ferrous alloys and low-carbon alloy steels are relatively fast, conventional equipment is not suitable for the dilatometric determination of continuous cooling transformation diagrams. On the other hand, a method based on metallographic analysis of quenched specimens would not be practicable because the various products of shear-dominated transformation are essentially indistinguishable in low-carbon iron-base alloys. Both problems may be avoided by a thermal analysis method employing gas quenching of small specimens austenitized in vacuo. The laboratory equipment employed in the present study consisted of a Tektronix Type 564 Storage Screen Oscilloscope and a Kinney high-vacuum evaporator, modified as shown in Fig. 1, to permit heating a small specimen and cooling it slowly by programmed cooling or rapidly (up to about 8000°F per sec) by a controlled quench with helium gas. The oscilloscope records the electromotive force of a 40-gage (0.003-in.-diam) Chromel-Alumel thermocouple in the specimen during cooling. The temperature at which the cooling curve begins to show the influence of the heat produced by the phase change in the specimen was arbitrarily taken as the transformation-start temperature.*

Jan 1, 1970

By C. N. Reid

In the course of annealing studies on molybdenum, it has been observed that a carbide precipitates preferentially on internal and external surfaces. The evidence for this is as follows. Electropolished bend specimens prepared from two grades of commercial molybdenum were loaded in a closed but unsealed tantalum can, and were annealed for 1 hr at 2000°C under a vacuum of 1 x 10-4 torr. The compositions of these materials are summarized in Table I. The samples were then slowly cooled at an average rate of 10°C per min, and were examined when cool. The surfaces of specimens prepared from Molybdenum A were consis- tently clean and featureless, except for thermally etched grain boundaries, see Fig, l(a). On the other hand, Molybdenum B had surfaces containing many needle- and featherlike markings, see Fig. l(b). These features were present in all surface grains, and within a given grain belonged to families

Jan 1, 1965