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By B. G. Russell

A wide range of minerals is found within the Republic of South Africa, many of which are exploited to a greater extent than in similar deposits found elsewhere. It is often asked whether this is atributed to the high grade of the ores encountered in this country, or whether such factors as fiscal and Infrastructural incentives create an economic climate that has en bled the mining industry to successfully extract and market minerals at a profit. This paper views South Africa's mineral resources in a regional and global context In an attempt to place the country's geological wealth in perspective. It represents the author's own Views, and not necessarily those of the Department of Mine al and Energy Affairs.

Jan 1, 1986

By R. E. Murray

"It is a gloomy moment in the history of our country. Not in the lifetime of most men has there been so much grave and deep apprehension; never has the future seemed so incalculable as at this time. The domestic economic situation is in chaos. Our dollar is weak throughout the world. Prices are so high as to be utterly impossible. The political cauldron seethes and bubbles with uncertainty. Russia hangs, as usual, like a cloud, dark and silent, upon the horizon. It is a solemn moment. Of our troubles, no man can see the end." By now you, no doubt, are asking, 'Where did Murray get this bit of philosophy?' Well, I obtained it from an editorial entitled. "The Worst of Times", which was published in the Harper's Magazine in 1847. That's right, 1847! The parallelism between the situation in our country at this time and in 1847 is un- canny. But wait, there is one major exception the size of government. To my knowledge, the citizens of 1847 were not stifled by the extreme governmental excesses that we are experiencing today.

Jan 1, 1980

By Charles E. Locke

CONTINUED expansion of gold mining in 1935 led to further developments in treatment methods. In base metals and non-metallics progress is also noted, coincident with greater activity. Statistics are not available yet for 1935 but the trend is shown by 1934 when nonferrous ore mined in the United States was 35,840,737 tons, or 45 per cent more than in 1933. The amount concentrated was 27,167,530 tons or 75.80 per cent of the ore mined, and flotation was used in whole or part on over 96 per cent of the ore subjected to concentration. In the crushing field a new model of the Fahrenwald crusher is promised soon. The Symons fine-reduction cone crusher and Traylor secondary crusher continue to gain as intermediate crushers. A new book entitled "Crushers for Stone and Ore" by William T. W. Miller appeared. The Hadsel mill has been improved still further and a number of installations are in satisfactory operation showing economical power consumption and low wear. An attempt in a

Jan 1, 1936

1. Domestic Production and Use: In 1974 twelve companies operated 31 primary aluminum reduction plants, three firms accounting for 64% of production. Washington, Oregon, and Montana accounted for 32% of the total production; Gulf Coast States, 24%; Northern States, 33%, and other Southern States 11%. Output of primary metal in 1974 was valued at $3.4 billion. About 80% of the secondary recovery was from new aluminum base scrap and 20% was from old scrap. Aluminum consumption by 25,000 firms was centered in the East Central United States. Of aluminum consuming industries in 1974, building accounted for about 27%; transportation 19%; electrical, 13%; packaging, 15%; and consumer durab1es, 9%.

Jan 1, 1975

By Louis D. Huntoon

AFTER the completion, in 1905, of the Hammond Mining and Metallurgical Laboratory of the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University, it became necessary to secure and assay a large assortment of ore-samples, and to arrange the results in such a manner as to admit of use with the least amount of work on the part of the instructor. At first, pulp-samples, together with their respective assays, were secured from the mines, smelters, and public assayers, but this practice did not prove satisfactory. It was not only difficult to secure a sufficiently large supply of material, but it was also impossible to secure the proper assortment required for instructing students. It involved considerable work for the donors to select the samples and furnish a record of the assays, and also for the instructors to examine each pulp and determine its character. Some of the samples did not contain a sufficient quantity of pulp for the student to check his work in case his first assay did not correspond to the record. In order to increase the number of samples and to vary the character of the material, pulp-samples were later mixed with barren rock and with sulphides, but this method also was unsatisfactory and has been discontinued. At present., small lots of ore are secured by gift or purchase from engineers, public assayers, and the managers of mines, mills, and smelters. These lots weigh from 10 to 100 lb. each, and are rarely finer than 0.25 in. in size. The larger samples permit of a careful study by the instructor in order to determine the best method of assaying to be followed. In universities in which assaying is taught the record of the samples should fulfill the following requirements

Nov 1, 1909

By P. D. Chamberlain, R. M. Nadkarni, D. J. Kinneberg

Introduction The relationship between precious metal miners and gold refiners has been uneasy over the years. Reasons for this uneasiness and lack of trust include technical factors, economics of scale, and cultural differences. Technical factors take two forms. First, concentrates, precipitates, and sponge produced at the mine site are notoriously difficult to sample. A nonrepresentative sample can be the cause of misunderstanding and distrust. Dote, however, is relatively homogeneous and can be correctly sampled and analyzed with greater reliability. Second, the technology and chemistry of fine gold and silver production is complex and quite different from dote production. Most mining companies are content not to be involved with additional processing steps. From the standpoint of process economies, it is easy to see why miners and refiners are separate groups. Mine location is dictated by the natural occurrence of ore bodies. Heavy capital investment requirements for infrastructure in remote locations usually limits companies to produce the first marketable product from a mine. Beyond that point, the economies of scale and large capital investments for refineries generally dictate that the outputs of several mines be combined to feed a single refinery. The refin¬ing process is so complex that refineries are generally built in larger cities with a skilled labor pool. Therefore, only the largest mines can afford to refine their own output. Lastly, there are cultural differences between the miner and the refiner. The miner, particularly the small gold miner, is by definition a risk taker in a risky business. Refineries, on the other hand, have historically been operated under legal or implied monopolies approved by the government. The government is interested in owning gold, either for currency reasons or because many national mints are major users of gold coins. It is not surprising, then, to find that miners may regard refiners as part of an unresponsive government bureaucracy or, worse, as "city slickers." It is easy for the two groups to distrust each other with these different backgrounds. The interface between miner and refiner does exist and affects nearly all precious metal mining companies and most refineries. This paper discusses the technical and economic aspects of the interface. It points out how both parties can improve the relationship. Technical interface Precious metals selectively dissolve to produce a pregnant solution. They are then recovered from solution by zinc precipitation (Merrill-Crowe process) or by absorption onto activated carbon. This is followed by stripping and electrowinning. At this point, the mining company must decide whether to ship precipitates (or sponge) to refiners or to produce a dote. Some factors the company must consider are the ability to sample precipitates, concentrates or sponge, security of storage, and production rates. An important factor is the incremental cost (capital and operating) of converting precipitates or sponge into dote at the mine. Generally, mines prefer to melt precipitates or sponge to dote to avoid prob¬lems associated with sampling them. There are three types of fur¬naces used by mining operators to melt precipitates to dote. The first and most widely used is a sil¬icon carbide crucible heated ex¬ternally with a gaseous liquid fuel. The crucible is easy to use and slag can be skimmed before pouring dote. This simple system is capable of handling 1 t/a (32,000 oz per year) gold. It could cost as little as $20,000. More complex systems could cost up to $200,000. The second type of furnace is the gas- or propane-fired rever¬beratory furnace. This is usually used only by large-scale opera¬tors in the silver business. Precip¬itates in reverberatory furnaces come in direct contact with the flame. The large volumes of flue gas can carry significant amounts of dust and fume that must be re¬moved from the gas before dis¬charging it to the atmosphere. In the days when the Rand re¬finery in South Africa used reverberatory furnaces, the silver leaving the furnace in the form of vapor and fume was estimated at 2.2% of the total silver charged to the furnace. The gold in the gases was about 0.03% of the gold charged. Most of this silver and gold was recovered in the exhaust gas scrubber system. These scrub¬ber systems can be more costly than the furnace itself.

Jan 10, 1986

By A. J. Weinig

IN the accompanying figure consider the classified AB in closed circuit with a ball mill, wherein T = Tonnage of new feed C = Ratio of circulating load Now consider that the circulating load is made up of two portions of ore. One portion is due entirely to the characteristics of the ball mill and the tonnage of new feed impressed on the ball mill. This portion of the circulating load in no way is to be blamed on the characteristics of the classifier and is all composed of oversize. Consider, for illustration, that this portion of the circulating load is handled in the A division of the classifier, assuming that the classifier is divided longitudinally into two divisions by an imaginary line. Because the classifier does not usually make a perfect separation of the undersize, a certain portion of the total circulating load is to be directly blamed on the efficiency of the classifier. Let this portion of the circulating load be considered as being handled in the B division of the classifier. Now if the classifier is operating perfectly (100 per cent efficient), the width due to the B division becomes zero and correspondingly the efficiency of the classifier diminishes as B becomes wider in proportion to A. If E is the mechanical efficiency, then

Jan 1, 1934

By H. T. Rall

This report summarizes a systematic 20-year study of the organic sulfur compounds in Wasson, Texas, crude oil and, to a lesser extent, of three other crude oils, that has culminated in some 200 individual sulfur-compound identifications. The development and application of special separation and identification techniques generally suitable for the characterization of sulfur compounds in any crude oil are discussed. This report reviews early sulfur literature covering petroleum sulfur compound identifications completed before this study was begun, and cites 58 papers resulting from this work. The sulfur compounds in petroleum, both as to type and quantity, have long been of concern to the petroleum industry, and such compositional data are not only of theoretical interest, but also of practical value.

Jan 1, 1972

By J. D. Bardill

"The Stoddard mine, Cheshire County, N. H., was explored by the Bureau of Mines in 1944 as a source of the strategic fluorite. It was reported that the vein persisted in the bottom of old workings and the geology of the immediate area indicated the possibility of finding additional lenses.In its program of exploration of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Nines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each exploratory project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts pre¬liminary examinations, performs the actual exploratory work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Branch, R. G. Knickerbocker, chief, analyzes samples and performs beneficiation tests. Both these branches are under the supervision of Dr. R. S. Dean, assistant director.Special acknowledgment is expressed for the cooperation and assistance given by Robert F. Sherwood of the United Feldspar & Minerals Corp.; by McHenry Mosier, chief, College Park Division, Mining Branch, who aided in re¬vising this report; and by J. B. Zadra, chief, College Park Division, Metallurgical Branch, and others of his staff, who assisted in performing the beneficiation tests and analyzing samples. The field work was under the direction of Harry P. Hermance.The property lies on the southern boundary of the town of Westmoreland, Cheshire County, N. H., at approximately 72° 39’ west longitude, 42° 27’ north latitude, in the Keene, N. H. (G.S.) quadrangle.Good gravel roads lead from paved State Highway 63 to the property. A dirt road in fair condition suitable for truck leads to the nine.Dwight H. Smith, Putney, Vt., is the owner and has leased the property to the United Feldspar & Minerals Corp., 10 East 40th Street, New York 16, N. Y.Property titles were not investigated.The fluorite deposits of Cheshire Count', H. H., have been known for many years, being reported by Jackson, (Geology and Mineralogy of New Hampshire, by Charles T, Jackson, 1844) and by Hitchcock, in1878 (Geology of Now Hampshire, vol. 3, 1878, by Charles H. Hitchcock). A large pit on the largest or east vein was mined by Lovat Frazer from about 1908 to 1917, This operation is reported to have produced approximately 3,500 tons of fluorspar. In 1917, the American Steel & Wire Co, took over the mine end is said to have produced 3,500 tons of fluorspar before relinquishing the lease in 1923.From 1935 to 1937 the New Hampshire Fluorspar Cc. operated the Stoddard mine, working chiefly on the most westerly of the three known veins on the property, as well as doing some preliminary work on the small central vein. In 1938, the United Feldspar 6 Minerals Corp. leased the mine, and less than 100 tons of fluorspar was produced from exploration and development work, No mining has been done since that time."

Sep 1, 1946

By Frederick Bird

This paper is based upon a review of studies of mostly Canadian mining companies in Chile, northern Canada, Tanzania, Guatemala, Ghana, Sierra Leone, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. In spite of often well-meaning efforts most mining firms produce wealth in developing areas that largely benefit those immediately involved, sometimes neighboring communities, and often those in the governing strata. Typically mining takes place in enclaves and fosters enclave development, rather than the kind of inclusive wealth development favored by the recently UN published Inclusive Wealth Report. One way by which mining operations can foster more inclusive wealth development is to adopt much broader approaches towards the construction of the various physical and social infrastructures ? roads, water, electricity, health services, schools, security ? required for their own operations by collaborating with diverse regional, provincial, and/or national agencies and businesses to develop these infrastructures for larger populations and areas beyond the immediate sites where they are operating. Established mining firms can also foster more inclusive wealth development by establishing more formal, collaborative relationships with artisanal miners.

Aug 1, 2013

By George F. Becker

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) A MERE record of Emmons's professional career would very inadequately represent the man. That he was eminent we know, and our successors will realize in due time; but they must depend upon us for knowledge of a singularly wholesome, modest, unselfish personality, and of a character that did honor to a profession in which trustworthiness is indispensable: Those members of the Institute who met Emmons are his friends, and I never knew one of these who was not the better for that friendship. Emmons was born in Boston, Mar. 29, 1841, the son- of Nathaniel H. and Elizabeth (Wales) Emmons, and was named Samuel Franklin after an ancestor who was of the same family as Benjamin Franklin. He took the degree of Bachelor of Arts at Harvard in 1861, and soon afterwards went abroad to complete his education. From 1862 to 1864 he attended the courses at the École Impériale des Mines at Paris, lie e Beaumont and Daubrée being among his professors. The year 1864-1865 he spent at Freiberg under Cotta and other famous teachers; after which he spent another year in traveling through Europe. Like many other renowned geologists, he approached his ultimate profession from its economic side, and was thus from the first imbued with a sense of high responsibility in the promulgation of scientific opinions or conclusions. With hypotheses which were interesting merely because. they were ingenious or even plausible, he would have nothing to do. In 1867 he joined the Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel at its organization under Clarence King, serving at first as a volunteer, but soon receiving a regular appointment. This expedition was the first one of purely geological character sent out by the United States Government. As Emmons has shown in his admirable presidential address on " The Geology of Government Explorations," its work was founded on a com-

Sep 1, 1911

By TENNEY C. DeSOLLAR

TRADITION tells us that the earliest use of Alabama iron was to make shoes for the horses of General Andrew Jackson and his men during the first part of the nineteenth century. The first recorded incident in the making of iron was the request of U. S. Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins "that a crew of blacksmiths be sent to the Creek Nation in the lower Mississippi territory." These frontiersmen made up the first body of pioneer iron makers in the territory. The first known blast furnace was built by Joseph Heslip in 1818 at Russellville, named after Major William Russell, who was General Jackson's chief of scouts. The Tannehill furnace was built in 1830 in what is now Tuscaloosa County and its ruins, as shown above, can be seen today.

Jan 1, 1937

By A Golsby

Although much talked about, social licence to operate (SLTO) is a relatively new concept that has been deemed as one of the four biggest business risks to a mining project over the life-of-mine. There is no accepted single definition of SLTO and this author understands SLTO to be stakeholder perception of the legitimacy of a project, a company or an industry. At a specific site, and across different sites within the same organisation, SLTO ranges through different levels according to stakeholders’ degrees of acceptance in time and space. Management of SLTO is vital for the mining sector but is difficult as it is informal and intangible. Although there are no key performance indicators, there are certain indicators that enable relative measurement of the ‘level’ of the SLTO. Because of the importance of the SLTO, information management during the entire life-of-mine, from exploration to rehabilitation, becomes crucial for the continued operation of a project. This paper identifies ten basic principles for the management of information to support the SLTO.CITATION:Golsby, A, 2014. Managing information to support a social licence to operate, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2014 , pp 389–398 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 16, 2014

By Richard E. Chism

Jan 1, 1902

By H. D. B. Wilson, W C. Brisbin

The Thompson-Moak Lake nickel belt lies along the root of a Precambrian mountain range of the island-arc or alpine type. This range coin-. cides with the boundary between the Superior and Churchill blocks of the Canadian Precambrian shield. The nickeliferous peridotites and nickel ores occur along a negative gravity strip, which also coincides with strong thrust faulting and the axis of greatest deformation of the mountain range. Similar structures and highly nickeliferous peridotites occur in present-day island arcs. Much of the belt is covered by Paleozoic rocks, but a length of 270 miles may be explored by present-day methods. Nickel deposits have been located along 60 miles of the belt. The length of the favorable structure and the size of the known deposits suggest that this will be one of the world's major nickel regions. The regional gravity anomalies, which consist of a branching negative strip bordered by two positive strips, are best explained by major warps of a crust consisting of a granitic and basaltic layer. The ore deposit

Jan 1, 1961

By J. Patrick Ryan, Thor H. Kiilsgaard, Charles W. Merrill, E. T. McKnight

The U.S. Treasury stocks of silver have been reduced at such a rapid rate to meet industrial and coinage requirements that they face exhaustion in 3 or 4 years. Alleviation of the silver problem will require increasing supply or reduc ing demand. This paper examines poss ible long-range resource development and research programs and improved secondary recovery. The possible reduction or elimination of silver in coinage and development and introduction of substitutes in the arts and industry are also discussed.

Feb 1, 1965

By M. Bunch

"THE SUPER CYCLE IS GONE The utopia of the rising sales volume, for mining companies from 2002-2011, was entirely due to rising production volume and prices. The Australian mining sector experienced an 18 percent annual growth rate in revenues, and 11 percent growth in prices. (1) However, EBIT remained flat during the same time period. In addition, Australian mines saw a 7 percent annual decline in both labor and capital productivity. (2) Mines in the U.S. and Canada produced similar results, whereas the world-wide mining industry has seen a productivity drop of 40% since 2001. (3) The decade “Bull Run” of rising prices was trashed by companies that chased low-quality assets while increasing debt on their balance sheet. It seemed everyone believed the “super cycle” would last forever, while completely ignoring the history of cycle downturns. Worldwide mining operations are as much as 28 percent less productive today than a decade ago, according to new McKinsey research. The results from McKinsey’s new MineLens Productivity Index (MPI), which adjusts for declining ore grades and mine cost inflation, show that the pronounced decline in productivity is evident across different commodities and is seen in most mining players and geographies. (4) McKinsey sees three important areas of focus to address the root causes of productivity decline. 1) Embed effective management operating systems at mines 2) Prioritized operational excellence and capabilities development 3) Focus on innovation Reality has now settled back in and companies are struggling to make ends meet. The basic management staple of controlling costs and improving the production/productivity that was lost in the excitement is now back in play. Traditional cost-cutting approaches, such as across-the-board spending cuts, layoffs, and hiring freezes are only short-term initiatives and will not permanently improve a company’s cost structure or improve long- term competitiveness. This can only be accomplished by engaging front-line employees and empowering them to make necessary improvements in their daily work. It is time for leaders to lead and develop cultures of continuous improvement within their organizations in order to sustain their mining project to the end of mine life. Successful operating managers require two different skill sets of Leadership and Management; knowing how to lead people in their organization and how to manage the work they do."

Jan 1, 2016

By I Thomson, L D. Black, R G. Boutilier

The social license to operate (SLO) began as a metaphor for the ability of communities to stop mining projects. Soon people began to speak of levels of social license and the ability of communities to raise costs without completely stopping exploration or mining activities. Today the concept has spread to other industries and is evolving towards becoming a general management perspective on the socio-political rights and responsibilities of the corporation. The business case underpinning the SLO perspective on management is the need to assess and manage socio-political risk. For mining companies, socio-political risk has been steadily rising for several reasons, including the efforts of non-government organisations (NGOs) to pre-empt government policy options; the entry of mining companies into jurisdictions weak in the rule of law; and the weakness of global economic and financial regulation. In this perilous world beyond the comfort zone of effective government, mining companies must build their own socio-political stability by engaging directly with stakeholders to develop a strong SLO. In order to become a practical management perspective, the SLO needs to be measurable, which amounts to measuring the socio-political risks and opportunities presented by stakeholders. We present the results of efforts since 2009 to develop a globally reliable and valid measurement tool at the project and industry levels, validated in studies in Australia, Bolivia, Mexico and the USA. A factor analysis suggested four factors that mine management can address to raise their SLO level. The most chronically neglected factor involves the political right of the corporation to foster more equitable social contracts locally and regionally in both developed and developing countries. We conclude with recommended steps to earn and maintain the social license at the project and industry levels.CITATION:Boutilier, R G, Black, L D and Thomson, I, 2012. From metaphor to management tool - How the social license to operate can stabilise the socio-political environment for business, in Proceedings International Mine Management 2012, pp 227-238 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 20, 2012

By J. S. UNGER

A LARGE proportion of the coke used is made in the by-product oven from the high-volatile coals mined in the adjacent district. At the beginning it was feared good by-product blast-furnace coke could not be made with our coals. By experimenting with various mixtures of coals, coking time, oven design, and coking temperatures, much has already been accomplished. The results show that a hard, dense coke, not easily broken by handling, can be produced. In its present state it is not all that could be desired, but it is being constantly improved. Such coke has been used alone as the fuel on several of the blast furnaces producing the highest daily production in the Pittsburgh district. Many of the coals in the Pittsburgh district when coked in the by-product oven yield a gas which contains a high percentage of sulfur, which is objection- able for many metallurgical operations. As this fuel is gradually replacing the ideal fuel, natural gas, which is becoming less plentiful, studies are being made of the best methods for purification. Some metallurgists believe sulfur to be a very injurious element in steel. Recent investigations by Government bureaus, scientific bodies and private firms, seem to indicate that a reasonable amount of sulfur may exist in steel without detriment. Without wishing to provoke any metallurgical controversy on the subject of sulfur, the fact remains that the daily purification

Jan 1, 1926

By Daniel Harrington

For several years the United States Bureau of Mines has been making a study of ventilation in metal mines, this study covering practically all the important mining districts of the country. One of the districts where a close and extended study was made was that of Butte, Mont., with its numerous interesting problems and conditions. In February, 1916, Daniel Harrington, mining engineer of the United States Bureau of Mines, was detailed to investigate the circumstances surrounding the death of 21 men in the fire at the Pennsylvania mine at Butte, and during that investigation he made underground visits to several of the large mines through the courtesy of the mine operators, and became much interested in the ventilation conditions. In May, 1916, Mr. Harrington was detailed te work in cooperation with Dr. A. J. Lanza of the United States Public Health Service in an investigation of the prevalence and causes of miners' consumption in the district. This work broadened so much that the investigation was not completed until late in 1918, the investigators making a detailed inspection of all working places in four large mines and a more or less extended examination of conditions in about 20 other mines. Ventilation was recognized immediately as being an important factor in the health of miners, and from the outset of the investigation a large part of the work consisted in obtaining and compiling data relative to the flow of air, humidity, and temperature. The officialsof the North Butte mine were engaged in making a study of ventilation problems before the coming of the investigators, so that opportunity was given to work with those officials for several months. Detailed data on air flow, temperatures, humidities, and an analyses had been obtained before the fire in the North Butte mine June 8, 1917, which resulted in the loss of 163 lives. Much information was obtained during the progress of the fire, and a detailed examination was conducted after the fire, hence an exceptional opportunity existed to study conditions relating to ventilation. This bulletin is a result of studies made from the data collected during the two and one-half years of study and observation a-boveoutlined. Its publication has been delayed through lack of funds for printing. Other publications relative to metal mine ventilation -in other parts of the United States are expected to follow.

Jan 1, 1923