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CARL E. SWARTZ, Chairman D. K. CRAMPTON, Past-Chairman CYRIL S. SMITH, Vice-Chairman ARTHUR PHILLIPS, Vice-Chairman FRANK T. SISCO, Secretary 29 West 39th Street, New York, N. Y. H. A. MALONEY, Treasurer Executive Committee 1943 1944 ERIC R. JETTE WILLIAM C. ELLIS LOUIS W. KEMPF ALAN MORRIS GEORGE SACHS KENT R. VAN HORN

Jan 1, 1942

EASTERN VENEZUELA PETROLEUM Established December 15, 1954 Meets fourth Thursday each month at Chepa's Ice House in Anaco Glenn N Murchey, Chairman Jerome C Kearby, First Vice-Chairman J L Thompson, Second Vice-Chairman Thomas G Wall, Treasurer G J Clarke, Secretary Mene Grande Oil Co Apartado 3974 Caracas, Venezuela S K Wilkie, '58, Section Delegate

Jan 1, 1957

New zinc fuming plant of the Cia. Metalurgica Del Norte S.A., a subsidiary of the American Smelting & Refining Co., nears completion at the Avalos Smelter, near Chihuahua City, State of Chihuahua, Mexico. The plant is scheduled for completion on July l, 1952. The erection contractor is Utah Construction Co. Supervising engineer for Asarco is Leslie E. Harris, AIME. [ ]

Jan 1, 1952

New York LOUIS D. HUNTOON, Chairman. ARTHUR S. DWIGHT, Vice-Chairman. THOMAS T. READ, Secretary, Woolworth Bldg., New York, N. Y. E. MALTBY SHIPP, Treasurer. GEORGE F. KUNZ, W. De L. BENEDICT. Boston ROBERT H. RICHARDS, Chairman. ALBERT SAUVEUR, Vice-Chairman. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston. Mass. TIMOTHY W. SPRAGUE, HENRY A. WENTWORTH.

Jan 1, 1917

De la pirotechnia. Libri .X. dove ampiamente si tratta non solo di ogni sorte & diuersita di miniere, ma anchora panto si ricerca intorno á la prattica di quelle cose di quel the si appartiene á l'arte de la fusion ouer gitto de metalli come d'ogni altra cosa simile I questa. Composti per it S. Vanoccio Biringuccio]

Jan 1, 1942

By William B. Plank

THE growing dependence of our vast industrial civilization (:n mineral products demands today, as never before, the highest technical skill in those who produce these product-;. That the duty of training the engineers, whose responsibility it is to produce these mineral products efficiently and in sufficient amount, falls directly on the schools of mining is beginning to be more fully recognized. The Institute, realizing this fact and that its future membership depends largely on the annual accretion of young men, is showing a keen interest in the problems of the mining schools and in the work of its Committee on Engineering Education. The Committee has, during the past several years, considered the problems connected with the training of men for the mineral industry, whether these have been problems of college training, or placement of the young engineer in the industry, or personnel training after he enters the industry. The field of interest and discussion has been as broad and varied as the mineral industry itself. Coal mining, metal mining and metallurgy have been discussed and the papers on these subjects have been outstanding contributions to the literature on mineral education.

Jan 1, 1931

By AIME AIME

MANY of the important papers to be presented at the World Congress of Engineering at Tokyo, in November, 1929, are being furnished by members of A.I.M.E. and a list of them is given below: "Fifty Years of Physical Metallurgy,,-by H. M. Boylston, Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio.

Jan 1, 1929

By R. F. Mehl, J. T. Ransom

For many years the Metals Research Laboratory of Carnegie Institute of Technology has been concerned with the statistical nature of the engineering properties of steel from an experimental viewpoint, particularly those properties representing ductility.' In the past three years new work has been directed toward evaluating the statistical nature of the endurance properties. It has been shown that both the fracture curve and the endurance limit in fatigue are markedly statistical in nature. The S-N curve (and the endurance limit) of ferrous materials is often determined with specimens which number as few as ten. The common procedure is to test the first specimen at a stress well above the expected endurance hmit. Each succeeding specimen is then tested at a progressively lower stress, until, after five or six tests, a specimen runs ten million or so cycles without failing. Two or three more specimens are then used to find the highest stress at which failure will not occur; the limiting stress determined in this way is called the endurance limit. It has now been found, however, that the variability in the fracture curve and in the endurance limit in heat-treated alloy forging steels is so great that S-N curves must be drawn on the basis of distribution curves which can be appraised only by statistical methods. Two methods have been adopted in this study: (1) straightforward statistical studies of cycles to fracture of a number of specimens at each of a series of stress levels, and (2) a new abbreviated statistical method, known as "staircase testing."2 The latter corisists in testing a series of specimens, one by one, with the test stress for any given specimen automatically

Jan 1, 1950

By J. W. Evans

ONE possible method for the separation of hafnium from zirconium is by the vapor phase oxidation of the purified mixed chlorides. An important factor for success depends on the difference in free energies of the following reactions: ZrCl(g) + O2 = ZrO2(s) + 2C12 [1] HfCl4(g) + O2 = HfO2(s) + 2C12. [2] Prakash and Sundaram1 have calculated these values from certain data and carried out experimental work with partial success. However, their free energy values for reaction 2 diverge rather widely from other data which are presented here. The possibility of successful separation is briefly considered in the light of these alternative values. Table I shows the free energy values (?F°) for reactions 1 and 2 derived from the recent compilation of data on oxides and chlorides by Glassner.2 The corresponding values of Prakash and Sundaram for the same temperatures are also shown. The alternative values to those of Prakash and Sundaram for reaction 2 are substantially confirmed by the data of Kubaschewski and Evans" and Cough-lin' on heats of formation, entropies, and heats of vaporization. In spite of the considerable uncertainty in the hafnium data it is reasonable to suppose that the oxide-chloride free energy difference for two such chemically similar elements would not be very far apart. These figures indicate clearly that the oxidation of hafnium chloride is appreciable at all temperatures. Nevertheless, there is a significant difference between the values for reactions 1 and 2

Jan 1, 1959

By AIME AIME

The following persons have been proposed for election as members or associates of the Institute during March and April, 1908. Their names are published for the information of members and associates, from whom the Committee on Membership earnestly invites confidential communications, favorable or unfavorable, concerning these candidates. A sufficient period (varying in the discretion of the Committee, according to the residence of the candidate) will be allowed for the reception of such communications, before any action upon these names by the Committee. After the lapse of this period, the Committee will recommend action by the Council, which has the power of final election.

Jan 5, 1908

By AIME AIME

HENRY DAYTON WILDE-"Date," informally- manager- of the technical and research department of the Humble Oil & Refining Co., was born at Aguascalientes, Mexico, Sept. 25, 1900. He is a graduate in chemical engineering: M.S. from the University of Texas and I Sc.D. fro111 the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. t For a year and a half in 1926 and 1927 he was a research : associate in the research laboratory of applied chemistry at M.I.T., under W. K. Lewis. In the latter year Dr. Wilde went with the Humble as head of the laboratory experimental division of its refining development department. In 1929 he was made director of production research. Dr. Wilde is the author of important papers in the TRANSACTIONS of the Institute, wherein are also mans dis-

Jan 1, 1938

By F. D. Delve

RECENT studies by the author on the reduction of titanium from TiO2-bearing slags have been accompanied by difficulties that are attributed to

Jan 1, 1959

[FUQUA, H. B. and Thompson, B. E.: Oil and Gas Development and Production in North Texas for 1933, 107, 320; for 1934, 114, 417 Oil and Gas Development in West Texas 114, 438 FURMAN, W. F.: Heat and Corrosion-resisting Alloys. Printed in Oil & Gas Jnl., June 13, 1935 Furnace-bottom sand, uniformity, 73, 390 Furnace control, Isley apparatus, M27, 502 Furnaces (See also Holt-Dern; Blast Furnaces; Roasters; Wirebar, etc.): annealing: electric, 89, 424 gas-fired, 89, 425 gas vs. wood for nonferrous metals, 89, 422]

Jan 1, 1936

By A. Patton, F. N. Speller

The use of roll scale in the Bessemer process dates back, to the best of our knowledge, at least 20 years. It was first used by the Ohio Steel Go., Youngstown, Ohio (now the Ohio Works of the Carnegie Steel Co.) under the direction of Sam McDonald, Superintendent of the Bessemer Department at these works. Two 10-ton vessels and one blowing engine capable of blowing one heat at a time were employed. The object of using the scale was to shorten the length of the blow, or in other words, to increase the production with the same equipment. Various means were tried out for introducing the roll scale into the bath of molten iron: It was shoveled into the vessel before the heat was charged, so that the metal would flow over the scale; it was shoveled into the bath after the vessel was turned up; it was dumped into the empty iron ladle by the wheelbarrow-load, and at times was dumped on top of the molten metal in the iron ladle. But the practice of introducing the scale into the iron ladle had to be abandoned on account of danger from explosions and of skulling the ladles. It was soon learned that the proper place to charge the scale was in the empty vessel, so that when the molten iron was poured into the vessel it flowed over the scale, causing a considerabIe reaction to take place before the heat was turned up. Eventually, cylindrical chutes similar to those now in use were installed. Into these chutes the scale is dumped and carried into the empty vessel. Before this convenient means of introducing the scale was adopted, the Ohio Works had satisfactorily demonstrated that roll scale would increase production, by blowing 107 heats in one 12-hr. turn (1,087 tons) with one blowing engine, blowing one heat at a time; whereas, prior to the use of scale, the best practice at these works was about 80 heats under the same conditions. In using roll scale and other oxides of iron to facilitate and control the refining of pig iron in the converter, the Bessemer plant has borrowed one of the most active agencies used in the open-hearth process with, as would be expected, much the same results. The effect of such additions to the Bessemer charge may be discussed as to the influence of this practice on quality, production and cost.

Jan 1, 1917

By B. N. Whittaker, C. J. Bonsall

The paper gives an account of the factors influencing the stability of coal mining tunnels and goes on to examine various bases of support and lining design of such tunnels in relation to geological and mining conditions. The different types of coal mining tunnels are compared and comments made regarding the factors influencing their choice and basic design features. Foremost amongst design considerations is the design method and special thought has been given to the validity of different formulae as related particularly to UK Carboniferous geological conditions. Emphasis is placed on the role of the stress field in relation to tunnel stability. Shape of mining tunnel has been investigated and conclusions drawn regarding the merits of different commonly excavated geometries from a stability point of view. Detailed design aspects pertaining to determination of tunnel lining strength and resulting stability are critically examined and current design methods are compared. Data from UK mining tunnels are included as the basis for comparison of these design methods.

Jan 1, 1983

The resin-in-pulp (RIP) ion exchange process was originally conceived by the Atomic Energy Commission in the early 1950's. However it was developed to commercial success by the Anaconda Co. at its 3000-tpd ore processing mill in Grants, N. M. Essentially, the Anaconda mill's crushing, grinding and acid leaching operations are the same as at the nearby Kerr-McGee mill, except that Anaconda uses manganese dioxide instead of sodium chlorate as oxidant during acid leaching. The real differences between the two mills become evident when considering how Anaconda treats its leached materials.

Jan 8, 1974

By Quentin Singewald

SOME of the broader relations between structure and ore deposition along the London fault, deduced from a thorough study of the geology of the eastern part of the Mosquito Range, should be of general interest to economic geologists. The first part of this paper is a generalized state-ment of the geology of the region in which the London fault is located; it may be supplemented by reference to several earlier publications by the writers and to the U. S. Geological Survey's Professional Paper 148, on the Leadville district. The second part deals with the structure of both the fault and the disturbed zone adjoining the fault. The third part dis-cusses the salient features of the ore deposits, particularly emphasizing structural control. The two generalized maps are complementary to one another but contain too many data to show on a single small map. The London fault is between Leadville and Alma, and the ore deposits along it are said to lie in the Alma district. Field work in this district, during six summers since 1927, has been a part of the cooperative work of the U. S. Geological Survey, the State of Colorado, and the Colorado Metal Mining Board. The writers have made use of work by R. D. Butler, J. W. Vanderwilt and R. E. Landon. G. F. Loughlin and C. H. Behre, Jr., who have worked on the west side of the range, have con-tributed valuable suggestions. Mining men of the district have aided in many ways.

Jan 1, 1936

By Dan White

Stress measurements taken at Climax, El Teniente, Henderson, Lakeshore and Urad mines indicate that the deposits cited are generally subject to an inclined stress field that can be highly anisotropic. The horizontal stresses vary significantly between deposits and exceed the measured vertical stresses at Henderson and El Teniente mines. Experience at Henderson, Lakeshore and Urad mines is used to suggest a relationship between cavability and the premining stress. In poorly fractured, high strength rock masses, high stresses can assist the caving process. In well fractured, low strength rock masses, caving is ensured by breakage along fracture planes. The relationship between ground weight and the premining stress is also investigated. Ground weight problems appear to be most related to the competence of the ground rather than the magnitude of the premining stress as supported by experience at Climax and El Teniente mines. Recent developments in block caving favor the extraction of poorly fractured, high stressed rock. Accompanying the development of these deposits are new problems such as rock bursts. These pose particular problems to mine designers in that no experience currently exists in combatting rock burst problems at block caving mines.

Jan 1, 1984

By Lucius W. Mayer

The iron-mines of the Ilsede Hütte Co. are at a town called Peine, about 20 miles east of the city of Hanover, on the railroad to Brunswick (Braunschweig). Hanover, the capital of the province, is a military city, of approximately 250,000 inhabitants, and Brunswick, 33 miles to the westward, has half this number. The mines here described are located in a hamlet called Bülten. The Ilsede Hütte Co. operates two mines, 1.5 miles apart, in this district, Gruber Bülten Adenstadt and Gruber Lengede Bodenstadt. It also operates an iron-mine north of Hanover, known as Eiserhaven, and one in the Harz mountains, the Georg Friedrich, at Grauhof. At Bülten a coarse conglomerate, a, Figs. 1 and 2, contains nodules of limonite, cemented together by calcium phosphate. The ore contains Fe, 25 to 45; Mn, 3 to 4; P, 0.6 to 1.4; S, 0.02 to 0.09; and CaCO3, 40 per cent. Directly above the conglomerate is limestone, b, followed by a mixture of clay and sand, c. Below the conglomerate is a hard clay floor, d. The ore-body, from 10 to, 12 km. long, and from 3 to 4 km. wide, has a maximum thickness of 20 m. It clips approximately 10° S.E., and strikes N. 45° E. Diamond-drill prospecting shows that the thickness diminishes to 1 m. as the end of the deposit is approached to the northward. At this point the deposit is 250 m. below the surface. In Fig. 2, the arrow, A, indicates the general direction of the work along the face, a, which is carried forward in a straight line for its entire length. At B, a train is approaching, which has come from the bench-track, shown at G, by a circuitous route, and is dumping the overburden behind the face, in the space left by the excavated rock. Formerly the work at this mine was essentially open-cut, the deposit having a very strong outcrop. Figs. 1 and 2 show also

Sep 1, 1908

By P. E. Hopkins

Introduction and History IN speaking of the economic geology of southeastern Ontario, W. G. Miller and C. W. Knight' say that "there occurs in southeastern Ontario a variety of minerals and rocks of economic value, probably as great as in any district of like size on the North American continent. Some of these deposits, including marble and trap, are inexhaustible. Others, including talc and iron pyrites, have proved to be of considerable economic importance. From time to time, during the last 50 years, the following minerals and rocks have been mined or quarried with varying success: gold, iron pyrites, zinc blende, copper pyrites, galena, mispickel, magnetite, hematite, talc, actinolite, mica, marble, ophicalcite, feldspar; fluorite, apatite, corundum, graphite and sodalite. All of the economic materials, with the exception of fluorite, appear to be of pre-Cambrian age. The fluorite veins penetrate the Ordovician, Black River, limestone." Accompanying that report was an article by the writer on the Queensboro Pyrite Area which includes one of the two working pyrite properties in southeastern Ontario. In the present paper will be given a brief description' of all the known pyrite deposits in the area which may at some time possess an economic value, with fuller descriptions of the two working mines-The Canadian Sulphur Ore Co.'s mine near Queensboro, and the Nichols Chemical Co.'s property at Sulphide. The earliest mining of iron pyrites in Ontario was done in 1868 on the Billings property near Brockville. The mines were closed down in 1879 under the assumption that they were exhausted. Many other

Jan 8, 1916