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By Marc D. Melker, Geoffrey R. Lane, Michael Jahraus

"The Cresson gold deposit is located in the Cripple Creek district of Colorado. The deposit is composed of volcanic intrusive rocks and volcanogenic sediments where gold mineralization is associated with veins and cavities within a diatremal breccia.The purpose of the current study was to:1. Determine the penetration potential of the Cripple Creek Breccia.2. Assess the relationship between penetration and gold recovery within the Breccia.Two methods were applied using a cyanide solution containing ultraviolet sensitive dye to elucidate pathways of penetration within the rock. The first involved stagnant soaking of twoinch square pieces within the solution. The second method involved column leaching of ~100kg of Breccia crushed to P80 12.7 mm (0.5 inch). Samples were selected at specified intervals to capture the penetration progress of the solution. Photomicrographs and image analysis were utilized to illustrate and quantify the degree of penetration.Results indicated that the maximum penetration for the Cripple Creek Breccia (85 to 97%) due to a porous and permeable groundmass, containing large non-porous lapilli fragments. In addition, ~90% of leachable gold was recovered with only ~50% rock penetration.INTRODUCTIONDye penetration studies were first developed at SGS-Lakefield Research for the purpose of determining the fluid penetration amenability of differing rock types. The method was to place a large rock or drill core in a pan with 1 to 2 inches of a pre-mixed, water based fluorescent dye. The sample was sequentially cut after prescribed time periods to reveal a fresh surface. The cut surface was photographed under long wave ultraviolet light, and the same piece returned to the dye and allowed to sit until the next prescribed cutting."

Jan 1, 2006

By Victor F. Hollister

Elemental sulphur occurs as aformational sedimentary deposit in Upper Devonian Wabamun evaporites near Coronation, Alberta. The deposit developed in a stratigraphic jacies-change lrap; it is assumed that petroleum reacted with anhydrite to form sulphur, calcite, hydrogen sulphide and other reaction products. The deposit contains about 362,800 tonnes of sulphur and lies at a depth of 1200 m. The Coronation deposit is expected to be geologically typical of such other native sulphur deposits as may be found in Wabamun Group sediments. Widespread sour gas sulphur production f rom the Wabamun suggests the possibility that additional native sulphur deposits will ·be found.

Jan 1, 1984

By N. A. Warner

Virtually zero gas emission smelting is promoted as a means for securing environmental advantages and the general public’s acceptance. Concerns about climate change will increasingly make it more difficult for new primary metals projects to come to fruition unless greenhouse gas emissions are decreased. Assuming a sustainable market for sulphuric acid is not locally available, the next best option is high temperature reaction of strong SO2 with limestone or dolomite. This is followed by CO2 liquefaction and disposal either underground or in the deep ocean. The Voisey’s Bay nickel project is cited as an example where appropriate location of a new smelter close to large dolomite or limestone deposits would lead to a virtually zero gas emission operation. Most of the electrical energy required for producing technically pure oxygen and for liquefying CO2 and transporting it to disposal can be derived from smelting a bulk sulphide concentrate and then reacting SO2 at high temperature. Provided the smelter gases are properly cleaned before sulphur fixation, the sulphated stone should be uncontaminated and environmentally benign and possibly of use in the building and construction industry.

Jan 1, 1999

By C. Ayora

The Iberian Pyrite Belt (SW Spain and Portugal) contains one of the largest reserves of pyrite in the world with mining activities dating back to prehistoric times. About one hundred abandoned mine wastes and galleries release a huge acidity and metal load to the Tinto and Odiel rivers. Once the mining activity is over, polluting discharges can persists for decades or even centuries with no specific responsible entity. In-situ passive remediation technologies are especially suitable for these orphan sites. The concept is to insert a reactive porous material in the natural flow path of contaminated surface and ground waters, and it is implemented through infiltration ponds and reactive barriers, respectively. Calcium carbonate pea-size gravel is the common alkalinity supplier to neutralize acidity and precipitate metals. These remediation systems have been traditionally implemented in coal mines. However, the acid drainages from the Iberian Pyrite Belt contain metal concentrations one to two orders of magnitude higher than those from coal mines and require special designs to avoid quick clogging or passivation (coating) of the grains of reactive material. To overcome these problems, a Dispersed Alkaline Substrate (DAS) mixed from fine-grained limestone sand and a coarse inert matrix (e.g. wood chips) was developed. The small grains provide a large reactive surface and dissolve almost completely before the growing layer of precipitates passivates the substrate. The high porosity and the dispersion of nuclei for precipitation on the inert surfaces retard clogging. However, limestone dissolution only raises pH to values around 6.5, which is sufficient to precipitate the hydroxides of trivalent metals (Al, Fe), but it is not alkaline enough to remove divalent metals. Magnesium oxide, which hydrates to Mg hydroxide upon contact with water, buffers the solution pH between 8.5 and 10. A DAS system replacing limestone with caustic magnesium oxide has been tested to be very efficient to remove divalent metals (Zn, Cd, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb) from drainage previously treated with limestone.

Aug 1, 2013

By N. Shi, T. G. Joseph

ABSTRACTA series of algorithms were developed to perform geometric and kinematic analyses of cable shovel dipper-ground interactions for a given set of mining face conditions. The routines examine and analyze (a) the position of the dipper in relation to the shovel; (b) the dipper in relation to the face conditions; (c) the dipper position in relation to possible interference or collision with crawler tracks during digging cycles; and (d) kinematic and geometric considerations with respect to any point on the dip-per as it conducts a duty cycle. In all cases, field measurement verifcation provided good agreement(within 4% variance).

Jan 1, 2011

By Paul Krivokuca

Outline Quinsam Coal Mine ?? Location ?? Mine History ?? Safety ?? Production ?? Hiring 4S Mine ?? Depillaring design ?? Structural mapping, Risk assessment ?? Rock Bolt Design Selection ?? Training

May 1, 2008

By Gordon G. Duncan

Historical Sketch Occurrences of native copper have been known along the Arctic coast of Canada, especially in the vicinity of the. Coppermine river, since the early part of the eighteenth century (See map, Figure 2, insert). In 1769, Samuel Hearne, a clerk of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Churchill, was sent to explore the 'copper mines' from which natives had been reported to secure copper for tools, fishing spears, etc. After two successful attempts, he reached the Coppermine river in 1771, accompanied by Indian guides. This hazardous trip was indeed a remarkable feat when one considers the vast distance covered, a great deal of which was barren lands. At Bloody falls, (See Figure 1) on the Coppermine river, Hearne's Indians swooped down on a party of sleeping Esquimaux, who gathered there each summer to fish, and murdered the entire band encamped on that side of the river. Hence the name of the falls. Hearne's knowledge of minerals was undoubtedly limited. He reported having seen the copper mines from which the natives were securing the copper, but he failed to prove the economic possibilities of the copper occurrences or to give an accurate description of any deposit. Sir John Franklin visited the area in 1821. He and other members of his expedition, namely, Richardson, Back, Kendall, and Hood, reported native-copper float to occur in the vicinity of the Coppermine river and Bathurst inlet.

Jan 1, 1931

By Noel W. Kirshenbaum

Difficulties and costs of transport markedly affect Canadian mineral producers because of distance from markets, weather conditions and rugged terrain. The chemical and physical nature of sulphide concentrates presents additional difficulties in handling and transport, resulting in higher costs which are ultimately borne by the mineowner. Troublesome properties include the thixo-tropic character of wet concentrates, freezing, susceptibility to autogenous heating, and fine particle size causing spillage and dusting losses. Canadian mineowners and shippers must contend with these problems and with stringent regulations governing the maritime shipping of concentrates. A "systems approach," in which complementary techniques in materials preparation, handling and transport are integrated, could reduce freight costs and losses for those selling concentrates, facilitate operations for those carrying and handling them and, in some cases, improve metallurgical processes in smelters receiving them.

Jan 1, 1969

By B. N. Nandi

This paper is a study of the application of the science of coal petrology to the use of coal in the iron and steel industry. The petrography of coal is given the most attention, with some mention of coal palynology. The history of the petrographical analysis of coal is first out-lined, with a description of the various coal entities, and then the apparatus and experimental techniques employed for coal evaluation are discussed. The coke stability factor and the relation of coke strength to petrographical data are also covered, and some space is given to the new science of coke microscopy, in particular its use in following the oxidation of coals.

Jan 1, 1966

By Patrick J. Williams, Peter J. Pollard

"Abstract - Enigmatic hydrothermal vein/breccia/replacement Cu-Au deposits with magnetite and/or hematite are well-represented in Australian 1850 Ma to 1500 Ma terrains and associated with different-aged synorogenic intrusions in the Tennant Creek Block (ca. 1850 Ma); the Gawler-Curnamona region (1640 Ma to 1590 Ma); and the Cloncurry district (Mount Isa Eastern Fold Belt, 1540 Ma to 1500 Ma with a possible earlier event at ca. 1600 Ma). No deposits are known to be coeval with various 1780 Ma to 1610 Ma anorogenic intrusions. Deposits are hosted by many different rock-types with varying metamorphic grade including granites and various supracrustal rocks. Depth of mineralization varied from many kilometers in semiductile crust (e.g., Cloncurry deposits) to very shallow (e.g., Olympic Dam). Ore deposition near Cloncurry occurred in brittle-ductile shear zones from geochemically variable and complex, CO2-rich, 300°C to 500°C, high salinity fluids with magmatic stable isotopic signatures. Recently published studies of a giant granitoid-hosted magnetite vein complex at the Lightning Creek prospect (>1000 Mt magnetite) suggest it is a product of internal differentiation and endogenous Fe and Cu-rich hydrous-carbonic fluid phase generation within a quartz monzodiorite-monzogranite intrusion. Coupled with other field relationships, this points to a possible genetic relationship with intermediate (55 to 65 wt% SiO2) members of an alkaline and partly shoshonitic granitoid supersuite which appears to have both mantle and crustal source components from ?Nd evidence. In constrast, main-phase mineralization at Olympic Dam in the Gawler Craton is distinguished by hematite-phyllosilicate alteration and chalcopyrite-bornite-chalcocite zoning, reflecting fluid mixing in a high level (<250°C) system with a probable large component of meteoric water. Early high-temperature parageneses and fluid inclusions imply that the extensive hematitic breccias overprinted an older magnetite system which may have had similarities with those at Lightning Creek and Ernest Henry in the Cloncurry district.Deposits of this family are inherently difficult to find and evaluate as even within a single district, there is no reliable relationship between the location of ore and any specific combination of geophysical characteristics. Diverse alteration assemblages, geochemistry and physical characteristics suggest the deposits reflect the interaction of multi-sourced fluids with different host rocks in a wide range of geological environments. Recent discoveries and research in the Cloncurry district have extended the range of deposit models available and aid the development of a rudimentary classification in which economic and exploration characteristics can be linked to variations in the mechanisms and environments of ore formation."

Jan 1, 2001

By M. Oliazadeh, A. Vazirizadeh

"The inclusion of small amounts of silicon, phosphorus and sulphur in iron ores or concentrates can have a profound effect on the steel making process and thus on the final iron and steel products. In nature however, it is inevitable that iron deposits contain unwanted elements. Each element has its own distinct effect on the final steel product. The effect of high silicon is the formation of gray iron. Phosphorus mainly increases hardness and strength, lowers solidus temperature and increases fluidity and cold shortness. Finally sulphur contamination causes cracks in the iron texture when smelting and forms white iron when casting. Overall, the acceptable level of phosphorus, sulphur and silica in the iron concentrate should be less than 0.04%, 0.15 % and 1.5 % respectively.Scarcity of high grade iron ores necessitates using lower grade ores with higher amounts of impurities. The purpose of iron concentrators is to increase iron grades to an appropriate level suitable for steel making as well as removing impurities. Although many impurities can be traced in the ore, the most predominant impurities are limited to one or two elements. In this paper the beneficiation methods for removing SiO2, P and S are presented, including flotation, and the parameters that need to be considered in the design of beneficiation plants are discussed. Finally industrial cases are discussed along with their metallurgical performance.INTRODUCTIONIn metal sector, value of iron ores and concentrates is determined by iron percentage as well ascontent of:• Useful elements (Mn, Ni, Cr, V, Ti): natural alloying elements in steel• Deleterious impurities (S, P, As, Zn, Pb, K, Na): impair metal properties or complicate operational process in blast furnace• Fluxing components (Si, Ca, Mg,, Al)Sulphur and copper result in red-short, phosphorus is the cause of cold brittleness and arsenic and copper decrease welding characteristics. Sulphur should not exceed 0.15 in commercial ore. Acceptable sulphur content in ores and concentrates for producing sinter and pellets is 0.6%max, as sintering and heat hardening of pellets remove sulphur 60-90%. Phosphorous content in ores, sinter and pellets is limited to 0.07%-0.15%. 0.00.1% As max, 0.1-0.2% Zn max and up to 0.2% Cu are allowed in iron-ore part of the blast furnace burden for the production of standard conversion pig iron. Slag-forming components are divided into basic oxides (Ca, Mg) and acidic (Si, Al). Higher ratios of basic to acidic oxides are preferred since this reduces raw fluxing material."

Jan 1, 2016

By R. D. Westervelt

IN JULY 1954, the first iron ore from the deposits in the Knob Lake vicinity was mined and shipped to Seven Islands. The beginning of the production may well be the greatest advance in Canadian economy in the past fifty years. In 1955, the Canadian iron ore output was more than twice that of 1954, an in-crease due principally to the iron ore shipments from the Knob Lake area. Previous to this, Canada&apos;s iron production was 1.85 per cent of the world&apos;s output. Now, this percentage has risen to approximately 5.5 per cent and shows every indication of increasing further as the production rate from the area is increased. In 1955 the Iron Ore Company of Canada shipped over 7 million tons of iron ore and expects to ship over 10 million tons in 1956. Present facilities may be enlarged to handle up to 20 million tons per year. If the expected I 0 million tons per year are exported, Canada&apos;s iron exports will be second only to her wheat and newsprint exports. Before production began from the Knob Lake deposits, years of development were necessary in the area. Geologists spent several summers mapping the general area in order to unravel the complicated stratigraphy and petrology. Particular attention was paid to the mapping of the iron formation and all stages of alteration from fresh iron formation to ore were observed.

Jan 1, 1957

The JKRBT (JK Rotary Breakage Tester) is a newly developed impact breakage testing device for rapid ore breakage characterisation, and has recently been commercialised after a three year comprehensive validation study, involving five major mining companies and six industrialised JKRBT units deployed worldwide. Comparisons of breakage mechanisms and characterisation data between the JKRBT and the Drop Weight Tester (DWT) indicate that, despite the differences in the breakage modes, the JKRBT can provide statistically similar A*b parameters, by using a data reduction procedure which takes into account the difference in the number of contact points, strain rate and potential for secondary breakage. Feedback from the validation sponsors has indicated higher productivity and better repeatability of the JKRBT compared with the DWT. This better precision, combined with the JKRBT?s wider particle size capability and wider specific energy range, provide a more powerful tool, ideally suited to rapid mapping of ore hardness in geometallurgical and comminution applications.

Jan 1, 2012

By R. K. Jonas

Many leading copper and other mineral processors have rapidly adopted advanced controls in last 5-10 years. Almost 600 multivariable predictive controls have been installed in mineral processing, and almost 50% of those are in copper concentrator plants. In most cases, mineral processors rely on 3rd party support to implement these advanced technologies. One challenge facing advanced control user is the selection providers and services for these technologies. The trend has been towards the use of multivariable predictive control and use of technology provider’s services. This paper will discuss status of advanced control, and the merging trends in the mining industry. A review will be presented of how advanced control is being applied in the mining industry over the last decade, and how user challenges are being overcome. Next the emerging uses of multivariable predictive control (such as multi/inter-unit optimization), focusing on the latest trends in concentrator plants. Finally, a review will be made of emerging technology advances in the that can be advantageous to mineral processors. INTRODUCTION Review of advanced control in mineral processing Advanced controls are serving an increasing role to improve processing plant operations and profitability. As advanced control is being installed into more mining processing plants such as copper concentrators, many of these plants are concerned about the selection technologies and vendors to support the installation and maintenance of these controls. In a study by Jonas and Craw (2011), they found that most new users have not had prior experience with advanced controls. It is the author’s experience of almost 30 years in advanced controls that most mineral processers considering advanced controls can benefit from better understanding of the technologies and their support requirements.

Jan 1, 2019

By F. Melo, M. Pawlik

Fine coal aggregation in concentrated coal-water suspensions was studied through steady-state rheological measurements. The wettability of coal particles was modified by dry oxidation of a bituminous coal. The degree of hydrophobicity was monitored using film flotation. The rheological measurements revealed that hydrophobic coal particles aggregate in aqueous suspensions, over a wide pH range, and produce slurries with high yield stresses. As the degree of coal oxidation increases, the coal particles become more hydrophilic and such suspensions exhibit lower yield stresses values. The yield stress values for suspensions prepared from oxidized/hydrophilic coal become a strong function of pH and correlate well with the surface charge as determined through electroacoustic measurements. These results indicate that the yield stress of aqueous suspensions of coal, and hence coal particles aggregation, is strongly affected by the wettability of coal particles.

Jan 1, 2004

By J. E. Nesset, S. R. Rao, J. A. Finch

"For base metal sulphides, iron rejection starts in mineral processing. This review focuses on changes in plant practice specifically to improve iron sulphide rejection by control of contaminant ion effects and discusses selected general innovations in mineral processing that can be expected to play a role. One group of changes to control contaminant ions is in size reduction (the use of stage grinding and inert stirred milling) and another is in system chemistry (order of reagent addition and exploitation of the flexibility of sulphoxy reagents). Plant examples illustrate the successes, indicating that there are several options available. The general innovations start by considering the new tools for measuring gas dispersion properties and quantifying froth characteristics by imaging. Examples of their application to improve concentrate quality illustrate the potential. Other innovations stress adapting geostatistics to model variation in milling and flotation response to provide feed forward control and rigorous application of statistical experimental methodology in plant test work. An example from one concentrator shows improvements in concentrate quality from application of basic principles can be impressive.INTRODUCTIONThe more iron control (rejection) that can be accomplished in mineral processing the lower the subsequent metal extraction costs and environmental implications of iron disposal, particularly in hydrometallurgical processes. Iron rejection has been a contributing target to periodic attempts to apply mineral processing to nickel laterites and bauxites but the prime application is control of pyrite and pyrrhotite (iron sulphides) in the treatment of sulphide ores by flotation. In this paper some new concepts and innovations introduced in sulphide flotation plants over the past ten years or so (i.e., since a previous review [1]) will be outlined with examples of how they have contributed to improved “iron control”.To increase rejection of iron minerals, first the recovery mechanism should be understood. There are four principal ones, two physical in origin: 1, via locked particles (i.e., flotation of composite particles due to insufficient size reduction to liberate the minerals) and 2, through entrainment in the water reporting to the float product (an unselective process); and two originating from a response to the system chemistry: 1, true flotation (i.e., iron sulphides becoming hydrophobic) and 2, as a result of iron sulphides forming aggregates with hydrophobic particles (e.g., ”slime” coatings). There has been considerable effort to diagnose which of these dominates iron sulphide recovery; in many cases it is due to “chemistry”, in particular true flotation. The flotation effect often appears related to contamination by metal ions [1]. This can reduce selectivity in two ways: 1, metal ion species may activate iron sulphides, or 2, cause general depression which demands more vigorous flotation conditions (e.g., additional collector) with consequent loss of selectivity. This is where the review will start, by considering ways to control contaminant ions."

Jan 1, 2007

By E. Douglas, V. M. Malhotra

"This report presents the results of a laboratory study undertaken to evaluate ground granulated blast-furnace slag from Algoma Steel Corporation, as a replacement for Portland cement in cemented mine backfill. The evaluation was based on the results of compressive strength tests performed on cylinders cast from mixtures made with a granulated blast-furnace slag and tailings from four different mines in the Sudbury basin. Various percent¬ages of slags and various binder to tailings ratios were used.Tests results show that, in terms of compressive strength, the slag performs as well or better than Portland cement as the binding agent in cemented mine backfill. Lime was found to be a poten¬tially good activator for ground granulated slag in mine backfill applications.A field test was conducted at one of the mines, consisting of placing a mixture of 95.5% ground granulated slag and 0.5% lime into a stope, and inspecting the floor slab as it hardened. The slag performed as expected, considering the backfill mixture proportions used and the preparation of the test site."

Jan 1, 1989

By Georges Houlachi, Akram Alfantazi, Maysam Mohammadi

Manganese ions in zinc electrowinning electrolytes form a protective MnO2 layer that ultimately decreases Pb contamination in the zinc product. In this study, the effect of dissolved Mn2+ on the electrochemical performance of Pb, Pb-Ca and composite Pb-MnO2 anodes was investigated. The properties of the MnO2 layer formed on these anodes were studied and compared. Potentiodynamic polarization and cyclic voltammetry experiments were performed in 180 g L-1 sulphuric acid to study the electrochemical reactions occurring on the anodes. The anodes were subjected to galvanostatic polarization at 50 mA cm-2. The morphology and uniformity of the MnO2 layer on the anodes were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental results revealed that the MnO2 layer formed on the composite anode was more compact and uniform compared to that formed on the Pb and Pb-Ca anode. It was also observed that the cell mud formation rate, and consequently manganese ions consumption, depended on the anode type. Although initial formation of the MnO2 layer decreased the oxygen evolution overpotential, its growth might negatively affect electrocatalytic activity of the anodes.

Jan 1, 2014

By Richard Frentress, Dave Donelon, Robert Henderson, Mike Warnert

"The Round Mountain gold mine is an open-pit mining operation located 97 kilometres north of Tonopah in Nye County, Nevada. Gold has been produced from the property since 1906.Gold is currently recovered using a combination of four independent processing operations. These include a 10,000 ton per day mill, a 30,000 ton per day, crushed ore heap leach, a 150,000 ton per day, run-of-mine ore heap leach and a small high-grade gravity concentration circuit. In 2002, Round Mountain Gold Corporation produced 755,494 troy ounces of gold at a total direct operating cost of US$2.14 per ton ($193/oz).This paper presents a summary of the Round Mountain operations and discusses some of the processing innovations that have enabled the mine to profitably recover gold from a large low-grade ore body.INTRODUCTIONRound Mountain Gold Corporation is a 50/50 joint venture between Kinross Gold Corporation and Barrick Gold Corporation. Kinross acquired its ownership interest in the Round Mountain mine upon completion of combination with Echo Bay on January 31, 2003. The joint venture partners continue to support an aggressive exploration program in the vicinity of the mine in order to add reserves and extend the mine life.The Round Mountain mine currently operates a conventional open pit that is approximately 8,200 feet long, 4,900 feet wide and 980 feet deep. Mining is conducted on 34-metre benches by electric shovels and front-end loaders paired with 150, 190 and 240-ton haul trucks. Blasthole samples are collected and assayed and provide the control for ore segregation. Based upon these assays, blasted pit rock is determined to be run-of-mine Dedicated Pad ore, crushed Reusable Pad ore, high-grade ore or waste.Gold is recovered using a combination of four independent processing operations. These include run-of-mine ore heap leaching (Dedicated Pad), crushed ore heap leaching (Reusable Pad), milling and the gravity concentration circuit. Non-mineralised rock is delivered directly to the waste dumps. Low-grade ore is trucked directly to the Dedicated Pad and medium-grade ore is crushed and placed on the Reusable Pad. High-grade ore is handled in one of three ways: 1) leached on the Reusable Pad and offloaded to the mill; 2) sent directly to the gravity plant with tails reporting to the mill; or 3) sent directly to the mill or mill stockpile. The gold particle size distribution of highgrade ore determines the processing method."

Jan 1, 2005

By Yi-Chun Lin

Mechanical/Electrical/Piping (MEP) systems, due to their complexity and diversity, are the most intricate part of building construction. This being the case, Combined Services Drawings (CSD) and Structure, Electric and Mechanic(SEM) drawings can ensure that all coordination issues are resolved prior to construction. Construction companies attempt to apply Building Information Modeling (BIM) to manage and integrate engineering information and solutions efficiently into the CSD and SEM processes to enhance the accuracy of design and the efficiency of review. There are several powerful commercial tools, such as Bentley Navigator, Autodesk Navisworks, and Tekla BIMsight, that can review the integrated BIM model and detect conflicts in systems, and allow planners to correct the conflict issues one at a time. However, for increasing numbers of conflicts, this may be inefficient, and requires them to be arranged in a list according to impact and seriousness before solving them. For this reason, this research implements a module for conflict impact assessment based on rule-based reasoning to classify and weigh conflict impact and seriousness, and highlight the conflicted objects in the BIM system in different colors depending on their conflict type and seriousness during the analysis. This system not only detects and lists possible conflicts and errors, but also sorts them according to the severity of impact and conflict type. Planners can effectively modify the BIM models according to these conflicts as they are listed and visualized in the BIM system. If these conflicts, such as pipeline interference and problems of insufficient space, can be avoided in the early stages of planning, it facilitates the achievement of project objectives in quality, scheduling, and cost.

Aug 1, 2013