Search Documents

Vancouver-based War Eagle Mining Co. is an advanced-stage Canadian junior mining company that is focused on becoming one of the world?s leading germanium producers. War Eagle?s primary focus is on the Tres Marias high-grade germanium mine near Chihuahua, Mexico. The Tres Marias Mine has high-grade zinc mineralization as well. War Eagle acquired the 28-km2 (17.4-sq mile) property in 2001 from Tombstone Exploration and is currently working to put the mine into production. Current exploration is focused on supporting a resource report and prefeasibility study that is expected to be completed in early 2008. War Eagle expects to have completed an estimated 80 underground diamond drill holes, 40 surface diamond drillholes, 31 percussion holes and 1,296 1.5-m (5-ft) channel samples. Eighty-seven additional exploration targets have been identified within the mining concession. Recent drill results have significantly expanded the known mineralized body at the Tres Marias Mine. The exploration and development program is expected to be completed during 2008. War Eagle owns both the drills currently in operation at Tres Marias. An advanced exploration and development program has confirmed historical grades and is producing encouraging new results from diamond and percussion drilling, channel sampling and high-resolution resistivity geophysics. Glenn R. O?Gorman, an independent geologist and consultant to War Eagle, conducted a study on the reporter. He stated that the Tres Marias concession area has the potential to host 5 to 10 Mt (5.5 to 11 million st) of minable ore.

Jan 1, 2008

By R. R. Fernández

The Newmont roasting plant in Carlin, Nevada, commenced operating in December 1994. Over the years, refractory ores and pyrite concentrates from different gold deposits constituted the feed to the facilities. Historical plant performance indicated that the roasting temperature was the main variable affecting the structural characteristics of the calcine, which in turn affected the recovery of gold by cyanidation. Gold recovery as a function of roaster temperature has been closely monitored since October 2000. The original design temperature was 550° C. Lower roaster temperatures of around 500° C resulted in a gold recovery increase of more than six percent. This increase was directly related to an increase of the surface area of the calcine. The implementation of an ?intelligent? process control system helped significantly in achieving steady low roasting temperatures, thus obtaining high gold recoveries of 92 to 93 percent. Under these conditions, several roasting campaigns with high-arsenic-containing ores were conducted, which resulted in a significant decrease in gold recovery. The reduced gold recovery was caused by the loss of surface area (e.g., porosity) of the calcine as the arsenic content of the roaster feed increased.

Jan 1, 2010

By C. E. Chapin

The Hansen orebody is a large (1 2 million kg U3O8, 0.08% U3O8 average grade) sandstone-type uranium deposit in the Eocene Echo Park Formation of central Colorado. The deposit occurs in carbonaceous braided-stream sandstones that are part of a wet-alluvial-fan complex that prograded eastward across a narrow strike-slip basin. The Echo Park basin is one of a series of basins that formed along the east side of the Colorado Plateau as it was translated northward during the Eocene culmination of the Laramide orogeny. The valleys of east- and southeast- flowing perennial streams, whose courses were transected by the subsiding Echo Park basin, were filled with permeable volcanic and sedimentary rocks during construction of the Oligocene Thirtynine Mile volcanic field. These paleovalleys funneled large volumes of uranium-bearing ground waters through the braided-stream facies of the wet alluvial fan. Uplift of a basement horst downfan from the Hansen orebody reduced transmissivity and helped maintain a reducing environment in the Hansen area; this later became an important factor in preservation of the Hansen orebody. The horst also deflected uranium- bearing ground waters upward into the Oligocene Tallahassee Creek Conglomerate where they formed the Picnic Tree orebody (1.1 million kg U3O8, 0.09% U3O8 average grade) in an altered ash-fall tuff that is essentially barren above the Hansen orebody. Several potential source rocks for uranium are present and range in age from Proterozoic quartz monzonites of Silver Plume age to lower and upper Oligocene ash-flow and ash-fall tuffs. Uranium may have been contributed to the Hansen orebody several times from different sources. Uranium and thorium analyses of ash-flow tuffs indicate that ample uranium was released during cooling and ground-water leaching to form several Hansen orebodies. The host sandstones are conspicuously altered, and their initial high permeability has been greatly reduced by precipitation of intergranular cements, especially clays and opal C-T. The alteration and cementation mineral assemblages and the chemical composition of stagnant ground waters recovered from pump tests indicate that uranium deposition occurred under alkaline, reducing conditions preceded and/or accompanied by bacterial production of framboidal pyrite.

Jan 1, 2013

By E. Baliktsis

PPC (Public Power Corporation) operates a new power plant at the South-West part of Crete. Recently the extension of the Power Plant started. ATHENA SA the main contractor of the project assigned to EXORIXI SA the implementation of a blast vibration monitoring program and prevention-evaluation of risks caused by construction blastings inside or very close to the operating part of the power station. The blasting parameters and characteristic elements that had been evaluated, the measures that had been taken and materialized, the overall risk management and the results of the whole program are presented in this paper.

Jan 1, 2006

By Maria S. Adusmilli, Bhaskara A. Rao, Jorge G. C. Barros, Augusto F. Mendonca

Lateritic gold has been the object of study only for a very few years, though nuggets have been mentioned in earlier works even as early as 1984 by Hartt in Brazil. In Mato Grosso State, lateritisation is intense, as is common in all tropical forest areas of the world. Exploration has revealed the presence of recoverable "nugget gold" of variable sizes (30 - 200 gms) but frequently of good size (0 - 40 gms), especially near Cuiaba and Alta Floresta regions. In both of them the host system is a lateritised breccia indicative of a fault or shear zone breccia, though in different lithological domains. The Cuiaba occurrences are phyllitic and show a profile as follows, from top to bottom: 1) Compact ferralite crust. 2) Oolitic to pisolitic compact crust (+ some gold). 3) Mottled concretionary laterite crust. 4) Lateritised "eluvial material" (gold nuggets). 5) Mottled patchy to banded laterite. 6) Banded lateritised phyllite with lenticular to banded goethite. 7) Altered red goethitic phyllite, with quartz veins (+ fine gold). 8) Unaltered grey phyllite with quartz veins (Protore). The Alta Floresta-Juruena River occurrences are volcano-sedimentary and show a profile as follows: 1) Deep brown siltitic, argillaceous and arenaceous material with organic matter (+ gold). 2) Modular and concretionary laterite, compact and indurated, with arsenophyrite in quartz fragments (gold nuggets). 3) Band with silty-clayey matrix and arenaceous in nature. 4) Bedrock meta-arcosian arenite. 5) Volcano-sedimentary with rhyodacites and andesitic basalts, with intercalations of arkosic and greywacke nature. Breccias and quartz veins, and granites associated in different portions (Protore).

Jan 1, 1988

By Steve Kral

Competition in the gold mining industry throughout the world has become fierce in recent years. The challenge facing operations personnel is to produce more gold for less money. Likewise, the explorationist's charge is to find more gold in a more cost-efficient manner. That means using new technology to find new gold deposits and expand present ones. More accurate mapping instruments are available to geologists in the search for new deposits. Advanced geophysical and geochemical methods enable explo¬ration teams to review previously mined districts in their search for minable reserves. Four technical sessions on the geology, exploration, and development of gold deposits were part of the program at `world Gold '89,' a Gold Forum on Technology and Practices," held by SME and The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy in Reno, NV, Nov. 5-8, 1989.

Jan 1, 1990

By E. McCullough, S. Gaillard

"Diesel particulate matter (DPM) has been regulated by the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration since 2002 in underground metal and nonmetal mines. To demonstrate regulatory compliance, DPM samples must be collected and later analyzed by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 5040 standard method, but the FLIR Airtec DPM monitor can serve as a complementary engineering tool. The monitor is a handheld instrument that offers near-real-time measurements of elemental carbon (EC), which is a primary constituent of DPM. As part of an ongoing field study, the monitor was used to survey EC in an underground stone mine. This effort was aimed at determining spatial and temporal DPM variations in several key locations. The results of prolonged area monitoring—that is, lasting several hours — revealed that DPM concentrations were diluted substantially as air moved away from the primary production zone, but that concentrations could vary quite a bit in a single location from day to day and between seasons. DPM concentrations were generally lower in winter than in summer, which is consistent with increased natural ventilation airflows during winter. Using a modified sampling cassette, an attempt was also made to sensitize the Airtec monitor to allow for “spot-checking” of EC concentrations — that is, measurements made in several minutes. Preliminary field data showed that the sensitive cassette performed well in terms of providing accurate data that could be useful for rapid assessment of DPM. IntroductionDiesel particulate matter (DPM) is the solid fraction of the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine. It largely consists of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) (Birch, 2003). The World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer classified diesel exhaust, including DPM, as a carcinogen (World Health Organization, 2012). It is believed to cause and/or exacerbate respiratory illness upon inhalation, deposition and retention in lung tissue. Because DPM exists in both the micro- and nanoparticulate ranges, it can bypass typical autoimmune defense mechanisms that keep larger particles out of the respiratory system (Ristovski et al., 2012)."

Dec 1, 2016

By George Fumich

The Office of Coal Research has been supporting the development of processes for producing synthetic pipeline gas from coal since 1964. .Some of this work has also been jointly supported by the American Gas Association. The work has progressed through laboratory investigation, to bench scale, to pilot plant. It was far from a crash program, generally being fund-limited.. As of one year ago, we had reached the following position: 1. The Institute of Gas Technology HYGAS. process pilot plant in Chicago, Illinois, was in the process of being finally completed. This plant is designed to produce about 1,500,000 cubic feet of pipeline-quality gas per day from 75 tons of coal. 2. The Consolidation Coal Company, CO2 Acceptor Process pilot plant in Rapid City, South Dakota, was well._ on its way to completion. This plant, designed primarily for lignite and subbituminous coals, has about one-half the design capacity of the HYGAS plant. Additionally, the initial construction did not provide for cleanup and methanation; only the preliminary synthesis gas is produced. 3. The Bituminous Coal Research, Inca, BI-GAS pilot plant was in a preliminary design stage. A site had been selected near Homer City, Pennsylvania, to build this plant, planned to consume 120 tons of coal per day. Meanwhile, as you are all well aware, a natural gas shortage was developing in this country. Much has been published about it, so I will not. bother you with further details. Suffice it to say that the reserve-to-production ratio has been steadily declining, because we have been using.-as-faster than we have been find-

Jan 1, 1972

By M. Jack Snyder

The problem of effective utilization of fly ash has been given wide attention for a number of years. Although the effort devoted to the problem has led to some applications of demonstrated usefulness, the full utilization of fly ash has been held back by lack of concerted research and development activity, by lack of effective dissemination to potential users of fly ash of the knowledge that is available from laboratory and field studies, and by the obvious variability of the product. Because of the variability in fly ash from one power plant to another and from time-to-time in the same plant, specifications have been set up defining compositional or property limits within which a fly ash must fall to be used in certain applications. This paper discusses the bases for such specifications and examines them in the light of recent research on the characterization of fly ash. Other limitations and restrictions on the use of fly ash and what is being done to overcome them are also discussed.

Jan 1, 1968

By P. Stanley Jacobsen, Hemant B. Gala, Richard E. Hucko

Coal is the nation's most abundant fossil energy resource. However, its use is limited because of the nature and amount of associated impurities, such as mineral matter, sulfur, trace elements, and moisture. The moderate-to high- sulfur content of many U.S. coals is of particular concern as current and newer, potentially more stringent, regulations require reduction in sulfur oxide emissions. Release of particulates, NOx, and other pollutants during the coal-use cycle is also of concern. The current practice of controlling sulfur oxide emissions in the major steps of the coal- use cycle is limited mainly to coal preparation by physical beneficiation and, to a smaller extent, to post-utilization cleanup (flue gas desulfurization). Approximately two-thirds of the coal from states east of the Mississippi river is physically cleaned, whereas only 15% to 20% of the operating boilers in the utility industry are equipped with scrubbers to desulfurize the flue gas (Henzel, 1988). Physical beneficiation methods can be very effective in removing mineral matter, including pyritic sulfur, from coal. These processes take advantage of the differences in physical proper- ties between coal and mineral matter to achieve the separation. In a typical physical cleaning operation, raw coal is crushed to about a 50-mm (2-inch) top size. It is then screened into coarse, intermediate, and fine sizes. Crushing the coal liberates some of the ash-forming minerals, including a portion of the sulfur that is not chemically bound to the coal. The per- centage of impurities freed from the coal matrix generally increases as the coal particle size decreases. The coarse- and intermediate-sized coals are typically subjected to a cleaning pro- cess based on differences in specific gravity between coal particles and the associated impurities. Such cleaning processes used include jigs, dense-medium baths, cyclone systems, and concentrating tables. The fine-sized (typically less than 0.5-mm) coal, if beneficiated, is typically cleaned using a froth flotation technique based on the differences in surface proper- ties between coal and its associated impurities. At fine sizes, greater cleaning potential exists because a greater portion of the impurities is released from the coal matrix. However, this potential is not fully realized owing to inefficiencies in separating fine particles using state- of-the-art flotation technology. Overall, current commercial coal preparation processes are estimated to remove up to 60% of the ash and 10% to 30% of the sulfur, depending on the coal characteristics, with product weight recoveries rang- ing from about 60% to 90% and thermal recoveries of about 85% to 98% (Versar, 1985; Science Applications International Corporation, 1987; Hoffman- Muntner Corporation, 1978). For many U.S. coals, grinding to sizes finer than those used in current coal preparation plants is required to liberate most of the physically bound impurities from the coal matrix. As noted, conventional coal-cleaning methods are not very effective at these fine sizes. Accordingly, the expanded use of domestic coal requires the development of advanced coal cleaning technologies that can provide economic performance while reducing environmental impacts. Program Goals and Objectives The overall goal of the U.S. Department of Energy (D0E)'s Coal Preparation Program is to provide the scientific and engineering knowledge base that industry can utilize to produce economically competitive and environmentally acceptable clean-coal products for introduction as market conditions warrant. The coal preparation process(es) should remove undesirable components from coal and improve its handling characteristics, thus making the product coal technically, as well as economically, viable as a competitor with petroleum-derived fuels and natural gas, and with alternative environmental control technologies. The coal preparation process must be applicable to a wide variety of bituminous and low-rank coals. The cleaning process should reduce the variability among clean-coal products from various raw coals, thus significantly increasing the range of potential end uses for each raw coal. To the extent that deeply cleaned coal products have greatly reduced levels of

Jan 1, 1988

By S. Ostap

INTRODUCTION Paradoxically, it has been found that the people who are the most aware of the origin, mineralogy and composition of bauxite are also the people who are the least aware of how bauxite composition affects its treatment by the Bayer process. These people are the exploration and mining geologists normally associated with aluminum producing companies. The purpose of this paper is to give some idea of how the concentration and physical nature of the different minerals found in bauxites affect the operation of the Bayer process used to extract their alumina content. The bauxites we will consider here will be only the tropical bauxites such as occurring in Jamaica, various countries in South America i.e. Guyana, Surinam, Brazil, African bauxites, Malaysia and in Australia. When we speak of the Bayer process, it will be the North American version of the Bayer process using low caustic concentrations and bauxite digestion temperatures varying between 130° to 250°C. TABLE 1 shows the minerals and elements of interest occurring in tropical bauxites. The minerals and elements listed in the table do not by any means represent all of those identified in bauxites. Using mass spectrographic analysis on six bauxites from different geographic locations, we managed to identify between 50-60 different elements. Fortunately, only about 13-14 of these elements possess the necessary chemical properties to be able to accumulate in caustic Bayer solutions. The remainder are either not attacked, or form insoluble reaction products with some main liquor component, i.e., hydroxide, aluminate or carbonate, or reprecipitate with alumina trihydrate during the precipitation stage.

Jan 1, 1984

By David B. Costain

Three dimensional surface approximations are important means of evaluating physical and environmental factors that affect surface coal mining and reclamation. Computer approximated surfaces are projected as an array of square grid cells where individual cells define each parameter value respective to locations on the grid. Grid surfaces or grid cells within a surface can be compared or modified through application of standard mathematical functions. Surface approximations can be used to define the quantity and quality of marketable coal and to evaluate thickness and quality of overburden. Surface approximations also can be used to evaluate overburden swell factors wherein changes in post-mine topographic relief are related to expansion of unconsolidated materials in the backfill. Application of computer approximated surface to analysis of approximate original contour (AOC) standards allows an assessment of the quantity and geographical displacement of overburden and the distribution and numerical level of slope.

Jan 1, 1984

By James J. Brady, Kenneth L. Faught, Chadi El Mohtar, Chaoshi Hu

"During construction of a 9.5-ft. diameter sanitary sewer tunnel, the City of Edmonton encountered a large pocket of flowing sand that flooded their TBM and caused significant surface subsidence, stopping further tunneling by the TBM through this zone. A unique collaborative effort ensued between the authors representing the city, consulting engineers and academic researchers to develop the optimal strategy for grouting the problematic soils. The site has a layer of very find sand between 20 and 30 ft. in depth with fines contents ranging from 5% to more than 40%. The collaboration extended from requesting additional site investigation efforts to shipping samples to the UT-Austin laboratories for grout testing plus ground and grouting characterization tests resulting in field recommendations for a full scale ground improvement program. New research information on the grouting of fine sands along with a collaborative framework for the design of in-situ grouting projects are the key topics presented. INTRODUCTION Encountering a large unexpected pocket of flowing sand with an open-faced TBM while excavating a tunnel below the groundwater table is never a good thing. This was certainly true for the City of Edmonton when one of their Lovat TBM’s became inundated by flowing sand while excavating the 9.5-ft. diameter Millwoods Double Barrel Replacement Tunnel in September 2013. However, since the City of Edmonton self-performed this work, a rare situation existed where the site could be investigated objectively, without the prejudice of contending parties selectively influencing how information was gathered and presented, to accurately examine site conditions with a goal of identifying the best remediation measures."

Jan 1, 2016

By E. Poeck, R. Garvey, U. Ozbay, K. Zhang

"A coal bump is characterized by the sudden failure of one or more pillars and an associated release of kinetic energy. Although the geologic conditions surrounding coal bumps are often similar, their occurrence and magnitude are difficult to predict. This paper presents the development of an approach to assess the potential for coal bumps in room and pillar mines through the use of energy concepts and special consideration of the interface properties between the coal and overlying rock. Back analyses were performed on the widespread collapse of a room and pillar mine with an associated 3.9 local magnitude seismic event. Pillar and mine-scale models were constructed using the distinct element method to simulate the mining stages leading up to the collapse. A variety of loading conditions, material properties, and interface properties were evaluated for their effect on unstable failure of single pillars, and the mine-scale model was used to study the evolution of failure during progressive mining. The extent of unstable failure was quantified in these models by calculating the total kinetic energy released during each mining stage. Through the parametric analysis of single pillar models, it was found that softening parameters in either the coal or the coal/rock interface can individually facilitate unstable failure of pillars, but the combination of the two in a single model produced a much higher release of energy during failure. The results of the mine-scale model further illustrated the trend as the combination of softening parameters in the coal and coal/rock interface produced a series of failures which most accurately reflected the collapse event at the mine. The method of room and pillar stability analysis demonstrated in this study effectively explores the potential for large coal bumps. INTRODUCTION The analysis of coal pillar behavior is challenging because natural variability in geologic conditions requires estimation of material strengths and predicted loads for a given mining situation. Large width-to-height (w/h) ratio pillars and deep overburden present an additional challenge, as the failure behavior of such pillars is more complex and may involve unstable, sudden collapse. Empirical methods have improved the success of coal pillar design for a wide range of conditions, but for deep cover and squat pillar geometries, less accuracy has been achieved in predicting pillar performance (Mark 2000). As with any empirical approach, more back analysis and the consideration of new variables may help improve understanding and accuracy of future designs. This paper presents a study of pillar stability through the back analysis of the Crandall Canyon Mine collapse, which occurred in August of 2007. Pillar-scale models are utilized for the calibration of material properties and assessment of potential instability under varying conditions, and mine-scale models are constructed in an attempt to reproduce widespread failure and correlate with observations at the mine. Special consideration is given to the properties of the coal and the coal/rock interface, and kinetic energy is calculated throughout the course of the simulations to gauge the level of instability when pillar failure occurs. Models were constructed using the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) (Itasca, 2014)."

Jan 1, 2016

By J. A. Murray

Maintaining satisfactory air quality in electro-winning tankhouses has been problematic and costly, particularly as plant operating current densities have increased. Conventional approaches, including the use of beads, hollow spheres, surfactants and coalescer devices, have not proved completely effective, requiring that powerful ventilation systems be installed. As workplace and environmental regulations become more stringent, containment of the acid mist at its source is more attractive. An electrode cap system based on this approach has been developed and tested in two commercial copper electrowinning tankhouses. The design, development, installation and cost of the new electrode cap system are described.

Jan 1, 1996

By T. E. Bernard

"Refuge alternatives provide shelter to miners trapped underground during a disaster. Manufacturers must demonstrate that their refuge alternatives meet the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) requirements for oxygen supply, carbon dioxide removal, and management of heat from the occupants and mechanical/chemical systems. In this study, miner size and activity level were used to determine the metabolic heat rate, oxygen requirements and carbon dioxide generation that are representative of miners in a refuge situation. A convenience sample of 198 male miners was used for the distribution of current U.S. coal miners, and the composite 95th percentile height and weight were determined to be 193 cm (76 in.) and 133 kg (293 lb). The resting metabolic rate (RMR) was determined to be representative of activity level in a refuge alternative. The highest likely metabolic heat generation ranged from 113 to 134 W, depending on occupancy. The highest required oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal were estimated to be 23 L (0.81 cu ft) of oxygen per hour per person and 20 L (0.71 cu ft) of carbon dioxide per hour per person, which means the margin of safety is 50 percent or more compared with the MSHA requirements. The information on metabolic heat generation can be used to assess refuge alternative thermal environments by testing or simulation. The required oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal can be used to assess refuge alternative requirements. IntroductionRefuge alternatives provide shelter to miners trapped underground during a disaster. Manufacturers must demonstrate that their refuge alternatives meet U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) requirements for the supply of oxygen (O2), removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) and management of heat resulting from the refuge alternatives’ occupants and mechanical/ chemical systems (MSHA, 2008)."

Jan 8, 2018

By L. Alan Weakly

This paper was presented at the ‘17th U. S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics’ on August 29, 1976, at Snowbird, Utah, at the SME-AIME Fall Meeting on September 1, 1976, at Denver, Colorado, and at the Polish-American conference on Ground Control in Room-and-Pillar Mining on August 7, 1980 at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to present a viable method of reinforcing rock pillars by utilizing fully grouted reinforcing steel and a cement- fly ash mortar. Although the fully bonded bolt concept is not new as exemplified by the present widespread use of resin bolts within United States mines and by the use of cement grouted reinforcing used as back pins in the Kiruna Iron Ore Mine in northern Sweden, (1)(2)the method of stabilizing mine pillars with fully bonded reinforcing is new. This method, called the "grout-rebar system", was first incorporated at St. Joe Minerals Corporation's Fletcher Mine in December of 1972. The system was used on an emergency basis before extensive research on the mechanics of the system could be completed. Since Decmeber of 1972, however, approximately 206 pillars have been reinforced at Fletcher and the system is currently being used on a regular basis at two other St. Joe mines and at two competitor mines in the area. Basically, this paper is a case study of the efforts, research and results of utilizing the grout-rebar system, on a selective basis, at the Fletcher Mine. In addition to information about the system, this paper will explain in detail the three rock mechanics instruments developed by St. Joe and used to measure and monitor rock movement to validate the group-rebar system.

Jan 1, 1982

By G. Potts, K. Raiber, T. BoBo

Effective control of balling line circuits is a problem taconite companies have been dealing with for over thirty years. The sensitivity of balling circuits to changes in moisture, bentonite, concentrate particle size, and other operating parameters are the main reasons for control problems. This paper presents test results and describes the integration of existing instrumentation with a digital image analysis system on a balling circuit. This work has the goal of developing control strategies to automatically adjust water spray and bentonite addition, to optimize the size distribution on the roll screen and reduce the variability in control between balling attendants, resulting in more consistent greenball product quality.

Jan 1, 2003

By Alan J. Solomon

The function of advertising is communication. Viewing the advertisements of mineral suppliers exposes the reader to a broad spectrum of purposes: announcements of new products, availability and supply, departmental services, company image, etc. It is the advertiser's hope that the message being conveyed is the same message being perceived by the viewer. To maximize this probability, the advertiser at least must carefully construct precise copy, identify the target audience and select the appropriate advertising medium. A truly successful and efficient ad, however, also must accurately reflect a product's life cycle, i.e., the rise and fall in demand for a product. Buggy whips and radio tubes are classic examples of items formerly in high demand. Industrial minerals are similarly affected by occurrences of product life cycles.

Jan 1, 1983

By B. P. Atkin, D. W. Brown

The handleability monitor has been specifically designed to provide a simple, rapid and on-site assessment of the whole or part consignment of a coal blend in its ‘as-received’ condition. Evaluation has been carried out at a number of coal-handling plants, on both metallurgical and power station coals from a variety of sources world-wide. The results which are used to predict which coals could routinely pass through a handling plant at line capacity, without causing blockage or delay, have also been correlated with moisture, ash and size analyses of the coal to develop a predictive model of handleability.

Jan 1, 2000