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By D. J. Hawk

The mechanical properties of coal are often represented by the orthotropicmaterial model, which consists of nine elastic constants. The material symmetries involved are found in coal primarily because of the natural process by which it was formed. In this thesis the material properties of five U.S. coals, as obtained from cubical testing, are examined, using as a basis for comparison the assumption of the orthotropic material model. An analysis is performed on each set of coal material data in order to examine its conformability to other, less complex material models, these being the transversely isotropic model consisting of five elastic constants and the 'isotropic model consisting of two elastic constants. In addition, the material properties of two American shales are analyzed, based on the assumption that they comply with the transversely isotropic model. An analysis similar to that performed on the coal material is applied to the shale in order to determine the conformity of its material properties to the isotropic model.

Jan 1, 1980

By Richard N. Appling

This report presents information obtained by examination and investigation of manganese deposits in northeastern Oregon during May and June 1954 and April 1957. Maps, assays, and other examination data are presented on 10 manganese deposits -9 in Baker County and 1 in Grant County. Included among these deposits are all those that have undergone substantial exploration or have a record of production. Seven of the Baker County deposits occur as characteristically small, irregular pods and lenses in argillite. The remaining Baker County prospects are [marily] narrow, vein-type occurrences in schist. The Grant County occurrence in greenstone and serpentine. All the deposits are composed of various manganese oxides, intermixed with abundant quartz and chert.

Jan 1, 1959

By M. W. Barger, J. K. H. Ma, J. Y. C. Ma, V. Castronova

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of various bisbenzylisoquinoline (BBIQ) alkaloids on respiratory burst activity of alveolar macrophages and to characterize the interaction of these drugs with alveolar phagocytes. BBIQ alkaloids were chosen for study because they exhibit a wide range of antifibrotic potencies in a rat model, with tetrandrine being very effective and tubocurarine being ineffective. These drugs inhibited zymosan-stimulated oxygen consumption with a potency sequence of tetrandrine (IT) = fangchinoline (FA) > berbamine (BE) ., cepharanthine (CE) "" cycleanine (CY} ~ tubocurarine (TU). This inhibition of respiratory burst activity could not be attributed to a drug-induced decline in the ATP content of these pneumocytes. Drug binding to alveolar macrophages was directly dependent on temperature and drug concentration. The sequence for binding capacity was FA > TT = BE = CY > CE ~ TU. Therefore, there was no simple relationship between binding capacity and inhibitory potency. Binding capacity was not related to lipophilicity of these alkaloids. In addition, tetrandrine failed to bind to metabolically dead cells or sonicated macrophage preparations. These data suggest that the interaction of BBIQ alkaloids with phagocytes is not simply nonspecific binding to membrane lipids. Alteration of the cytoskeletal system with vinblastine, taxol, or cytochalasin B decreased tetrandrine binding by approximately 33% when adtkd separately and by 93% when added jointly. Pre-exposure of alveolar macrophages to stimulants increased the ability of BBIQ alkaloids to inhibit both oxygen consumption and superoxide release. These data suggest that the mechanism by which BBIQ alkaloids inhibit activation of phagocytes involves microtubules and bules and microfilaments. Pre-exposure of macrophages to stimulants would change the conformation of cytoskeletal components and may make these structures more susceptible to drug interaction.

Mar 1, 1992

By Daryl R. Tweeton

This Bureau of Mines publication provides information to assist in selecting a lixiviant (leach solution) for in situ uranium leaching. The cost, advantages, and disadvantages of lixiviants currently used and proposed are presented. Laboratory and field tests are described, and applications of geochemical models are discussed. Environmental, economic, and technical factors should all be considered. Satisfying environmental regulations on restoring groundwater quality is becoming an overriding factor, favoring sodium bicarbonate or dissolved carbon dioxide over ammonium carbonate. The cheapest lixiviant is dissolved carbon dioxide, but it is not effective in all deposits. Technical factors include clay swelling by sodium, acid consumption by calcite, and the low solubility of oxygen in shallow deposits. Laboratory leaching tests can provide useful data. However, they can be misleading if, for example, the ore is allowed to oxidize before testing or if distilled water instead of formation water is used for making solutions for permeability tests. Geochemical models presently are more useful for indicating trends in solubility than in reliably predicting concentrations.

Jan 1, 1981

By Michael S. Miller

In 1987, 1988 and 1989, at the request of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Bureau of Mines studied the Sperry Creek Wilderness Study Area (OR-003-035; 5,600 acres) and the Gold Creek Wilderness Study Area (OR-003-033; 13,600 acres), plus an additional area (OR-003-033; 2,180 acres) adjacent to the Gold Creek Wilderness Study Area. The wilderness study areas and the addition are south of the Malheur River and are about 20 miles east of Juntura, Oregon. The wilderness study areas and the addition are underlain by volcanic rocks, predominantly basalt and rhyolite flows, breccias, and welded ash-flow tuffs. Lacustrine deposits containing diatomites occur mainly at the east side of the Gold Creek Wilderness Study Area and addition. Alluvium lies along the Malheur River, in terraces and fans south of the Malheur River, and along the floors of some creeks. Shear zones and faults have offset the rocks and provided channels for eruption of volcanic rocks and epithermal mineralization by hot springs.

Jan 1, 1989

By V. F. Parry

This report is the first substantial description of the carbonizing process and the details of experimental work conducted at the Denver laboratories under a coopeative agreement between the Bureau of Mines and the Texas Power & Light Co. It presents the results of tests on several Texas lignites and other typical western coals that have been processed in the first pilot plant operated at Denver. Investigations on drying fine coal in the entrained and fluidized state have been under way at Bureau of Mines Denver laboratories for several years. Reports on this work were published in 1949 and 19505/ describing the theory and practice of re-moving inherent moisture from the lower -rank coals. The investigation did not include a study of the removal of surface moisture from fine fuel. Private industry in Canada became interested in the possibilities of drying fine coal, employing the closed-circuit system and techniques recommended by the Bureau. Large, commercial-scale drying units were built by a Canadian company, which successfully demonstrated that surface moisture could be removed from fine coal at high efficiency and capacity ill drying units similar in design to those developed by the Bureau.

Jan 1, 1953

By Robert E. Wood

The compressibility factors, Z, of helium, nitrogen, and helium-nitrogen mixtures in the three-dimensional space of temperature, pressure, and gas composition have been related to the Leiden form of the virial equation of state. The dependency of virial coefficients through the fifth on temperature and gas composition has been established for the temperature range 133.15° to 748.15° K. Compressibility factors, Z, have been computed from the equation of state and tabulated as functions of gas composition, pressure, and temperature. Tabular values of Z are presented for 30.00 through 100.00 percent helium for temperatures from 240° through 700° R for pressures from 14.696 through 3,050 psia and for temperatures from 720° through 1,300° R for pressures from 14.696 through 1,500 psia. Tabular values of Z are presented at increments of 5.00 percent helium and 20° R, and, for pressures greater than 50 psia, at increments of 50 psi.

Jan 1, 1967

By Jack L. Henry

The Bureau of Mines conducted seven pioneering experiments in a 12-inch-diameter Kroll reduction reactor to examine the feasibility of coreducing the chlorides of Ti, AI, and V to produce a homogeneous titanium alloy sponge. The coreduction studies proceeded in a normal manner, and the yields of sponge were comparable with those of pure titanium sponge made in the same reactor. Vanadium concentration was very uniform throughout the sponge cake when VC14 in solution in TiCl4 was fed into the molten magnesium. More difficulty was encountered in feeding solid VCl2 and AIC13. Vanadium and aluminum concentration in the sponge was not uniform, and mechanical difficulties were experienced with the small-scale screw feeder. Although the sponge varied in composition from region to region, the ingots prepared from it were uniform in composition.

Jan 1, 1974

By H. S. Kalman

A table of factors, for rapid, accurate calculation of the volume of pure helium in cylindrical steel containers, is presented. By use of the table the volume of helium in a container, at base conditions of 14.7 psia and 70° F, can be calculated from the observed pressure and temperature of the helium and the known internal volume of the container. The table covers a pressure range from 0 to 4,500 psia in 10 psi increments and a temperature range of 0° to 120° F in 2° increments. The calculation of volume requires a single multiplication, using a factor from the table and the known internal volume of the container. A discussion and evaluation of the accuracy obtainable and a derivation of the formula used (which takes into account compressibility of helium, thermal expansion of steel containers, and the stretch of steel due to internal pressure) are presented. An example showing how the table can be used is given also.

Jan 1, 1963

By W. E. Robinson

Oil-shale kerogen was processed into oil and oil products before the first oil well was completed by Drake in 1859. However, because of economic and other advantages, natural petroleum has been the principal source of liquid fuels and lubricants since 1859 and is a convenient root of many [organic] chemicals in common use today. In recent years the difference has narrowed between the cost of producing liquid fuels from well petroleum and other sources. This narrowing of cost difference has resulted both from the increased cost of finding new sources of petroleum in the United States and the experimental demonstration of lowered costs for synthetic liquid fuels by the Federal Bureau of Mines and by industry. Available petroleum resources of this country are being reduced and eventually may be inadequate to meet the demand. Alternate means of assuring an adequate supply of liquid fuels for this country include the development of processes for utilizing other carbonaceous materials such as oil shale and coal.

Jan 1, 1960

By Emory Smith

The preface of the United States Bureau of Mines Manual of First Aid Instruction contains the following paragraphs: One of the most important inquiries that Congress has authorized the Bureau of Mines to conduct relates to health condi- tions among those engaged in the mineral industries. Investigations made early with a view to bettering these conditions demonstrated the need of prompt care of injured miners, as, under the difficulties inherent to mining and other mineral industries; wounds seemingly unimportant, if not treated promptly, may become infected and possibly cause permanent crippling or even death of the porach. In the past many seriously injured persons have been treated by fellow workers ignorant of approved means of treatment and transportation and have been handled in such a manner as to cause suffering and to accentuate injuries to such a degree as to bring about permanent disablement. Accordingly, the need of general instruction in first aid became apparent. It must be recognized that the conditions in and about the mines, mills, smelters, quarries, oil fields, etc., usually present difficulties not found in large industrial centers where experienced surgeons are available and hospitals close at hand. Many mines are isolated and, when an accident occurs several miles underground, there may be a serious lapse of time before the injured person can be brought to the surface and taken to the hospital or given attention by a sur- geon who may have to come a long distance. Under such conditions it has been frequently demonstrated that, if effective first aid is not given, the injured person may die or become permanently crippled... First-aid instruction has been found to be an excellent aid3in pre- venting accidents. In addition to the immediate relief of injured persons, it has been found that most persons while in the act of practicing dressings for

Apr 1, 1931

By McHenry Moiser

"SUMMARY This mine, which was discovered in 1846, was active in the 1850's, in the 1870's, and again in 1883. Since this last date, it has been idle. Two parallel bed-veins in lower Silurian limestone, about 50 feet apart, strike N. 70° E. and dip 70° NW. The north vein had an average width of 12 feet to a depth of 50 feet, where it was barren. The south vein had an average width of 16 feet to a depth of 75 feet; on the 110-foot level, although well-defined it carried little or no values. The zinc content of the ore was as high as 12 percent, and some lead and silver were associated with it. A reduction plant for production of spelter and zinc oxide was constructed at the mine. The only available record of production is for 1873 to 1876, inclusive, when 357 tons of smelter was shipped. The mine is caved and inaccessible, and nothing now remains of the treatment plant.Four holes totaling 1,046 feet wore diamond-drilled to probe for extensions of the ore in depth. Core recovery was about 85 percent. No samples were taken for analysis.INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of investigation of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. The policy of the Bureau is to publish the facts devel¬oped by each project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, does the actual investigative work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Branch, Oliver C. Ralston, chief, analyzes samples and makes beneficiation tests.The deposit was examined in 1944 by C. B. White, mining engineer of the Bureau of Minos. Diamond-drilling was under the immediate supervision of McHenry Mosier. 2/ The diamond-drill cores were logged by Arnold Brokaw, geologist, Federal Geological Survey, and 'wore filed in the core library of the Bureau of Mines, Mount Weather, Va."

Jun 1, 1948

By Joseph Grumer

The range of composition of gases synthesized from solid fuels which are exchangeable with natural gas on current gas appliances was evaluated by theoretical principles. These principles consider primarily the flashback, blowoff, and yellow-tipping characteristics of air-entraining burner flames. It was found that complete identity between the synthetic and natural product is not necessary. Gases such as may be obtained by hydrogasification of coal and other solid fuels without the removal of unreacted hydrogen offer advantages in flame characteristics. Between 25 to 37 percent hydrogen can be tolerated in the sendout gas.

Jan 1, 1965

By J. A. Herdlick

"INTRODUCTION The BeVan quartz crystal prospect in the Indian Creek mining district of Lemhi County, west-central Idaho, was examined by an engineer of the Bureau of Mines 3/ on July 9, 1943. As quartz crystals possessing peizoelectric properties were on the critical list of strategic war minerals, further exploration of the deposit was recommended. The Bureau of Mines exploration began in December 1943 and continued through January 1944. Additional trenching was completed during May and June 1944. This report presents the data obtained by this exploration.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of exploration of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. The Mining Division, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, does the actual exploratoiy work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Division, O. C. Ralston, chief, analyses samples and makes beneficiation tests.The quartz crystals found during the exploration were examined and classified at the Bureau of Mines College Park, Md., laboratory and checked at the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.Fred BeVan, of North Fork, Idaho, and Edward F. Cenis, of the Montana Coal & Iron Company, Spoane, Wash., provided much information on the history and past production of the property."

Mar 1, 1948

By E. W. Parsons

Permanent support of the back is an important economic factor in maintaining a tunnel or other underground opening in condition to render the service for which it was driven. Timber has been most commonly used for support in tunneling and drifting because of its strength and ease of installation. Even when treated for decay, however, timber is subject to deterioration and, over a long period of time, should not be considered a permanent support. Concrete support or lining is permanent and has been used in tunnels of every size for many years but has been almost exclusively cast in place, a difficult, costly process. This report deals with the design and installation of precast concrete supports to combine the best features of both methods.

Jan 1, 1958

By N. S. Dalal, B. Jafari, F. Y. H. Green, V. Vallyathan

"Using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy we have carried out a systematic study of the measurement of concentrations of organic free radicals in freeze-dried lung tissue. Sixty-six tissue samples were obtained from the National Coal Workers' Autopsy Study (NCWAS). The samples were characterized in terms of the concentration per gram of the free radicals, and examined in relationship to the histopathological parameters such as age, numbers of years in the mining atmosphere, the degree of disease, and smoking history. Preliminary results indicate a positive correlation between the free radicals in the lung tissue and the severity of pneumoconiosis.IntroductionThis paper summarizes our electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements of the concentration of organic free radicals in the freeze-dried lung tissue of autopsied coal miners. This work was undertaken because it is well known that most coals contain carbon-centered organic free radi¬cals,(1,2) and recent studies from our laboratories indicated that reactive free radicals might play a role in the biochemi¬cal mechanism of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) (3) Thus we obtained 144 lung-tissue samples from the Nation¬al Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in Morgantown. The samples came from the data bank of the National Coal Workers' Autopsy Study (NCWAS). This selection was unique because fairly detailed histopathologi¬cal information was available for each sample.Other recent studies in this field are those of Ohta et al (4) who conducted ESR measurements on black dust deposited in autopsied human lungs, but no coal miner was included therein. Earlier Retcofsky (2) had examined one lung-tissue sample via ESR spectroscopy and had concluded that the free radicals in the lung tissue reflected simply the fusain (narrow component) ESR signals. The present study was thus undertaken to complement the earlier work (2-4) and the results indicate a positive correlation with the disease severity fairly strongly."

Mar 1, 1989

By I. F. Avery

The productive capacity of natural-gasoline and cycling plants in the United States on January 1, 1958, was 48.8 million gallons per day, according to the Bureau of Mines biennial survey. This represented an increase of 2.4 million gallons per day during the 2-year period since the last survey. In the previous 2-year period, capacity had increased 7.5 million gallons per day. The major increase in operating capacity occurred in Texas and New Mexico. In New Mexico, capacity increased 43 percent. The total number of plants decreased from 600 on January 1, 1956, to 584 on January 1, 1958. The number of operating plants decreased from 571 to 558. Five new plants were completed in Colorado, increasing the number of operating plants from 7 to 12.

Jan 1, 1958

By L. C. IlsLey, E. J. Gleim

Electrical apparatus because of its flexibility and its adaptability to all classes of service has become essential to the mining industry. Hence the problem of providing electrical equipment that is safe for use in explosive mixtures of methane and air is of prime importance in coal mining. Ilwestigatorsand experiment stations early recognized this fact and much work has been done in the investigation and the development of electrical apparatus for use in atmospheres containing fire damp. The term "fire damp" as applied throughout this bulletin means an explosive mixture of methane and air. Direct-current motors and alternating-current motors of the slipring type when running usually give off electric arcs or flashes that will ignite fire damp. Other 'motors that ha,'e no moving electric contacts may become dangerous through accident, deterioration, or neglect. Auxiliary apparatus such as fuses, switches, rheostats, and controllers may arc, flash, or become heated to snch a degree that fire damp can be ignited. Such equipment is still more dangerous when worn or out of repair. In the United States the development of apparatus for use in gaseous mines has been associated largely with coal-cutting equipment run by electricity. This is undoubtedly due to the use of such equipment at the face of the mine workings, where the chance of igniting fire damp is necessarily greatest. One American manufacturer built a coal-cutting equipment of the totally inclosed type for use in firo damp atmospheres in 1903. Another built similar equipment with special protective devices in 1906, for export. During the years 1910 and 1911, the Bureau of Mines at its Pittsburgh experiment station conducted a preliminary investigation of the safety of such protection as was then in use or under consideration. Five motors were submitted for this investigation, each having somewhat different methods of protection. The results of this investigation were published in Bulletin No. 4G.a

Jan 1, 1920

By Robert J. Hundhausen, Robert M. Gammell

"INTRODUCTION Several mining properties in the Pine Creek area of the Coeur d'Alene mining region of Idaho were examined by engineers 3/ of the Bureau of Mines in 1942. As a result, a broad program of exploration was recommended for the area, particularly in the eastern end, where chances for the discovery of new ore shoots seemed favorable. This report describes the work done and the factual information obtained by the Bureau of lanes.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of exploration of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each exploratory project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell Be Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, performs the actual exploratory work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Branch,. C. C. Ralston, chief, analyzes samples and performs beneficiation tests.The exploratory work at the Sidney mine was part of the activities of the Albany Division of the Mining Branch, S. H. Lorain, chief. Field work was under the direction of R. M. Gammell.Chemical analyses included in this report were performed at Reno, Nov., under the direction of A. C. Rice, acting engineer in charge, Rare and Precious Metals Experiment Station, Bureau of Mines. The ore-dressing tests were made under the direction of S. R. Zimmerley at the Bureau of Mines laboratory in Salt Lake City, Utah.The cooperation and assistance given by the owners of the Sidney Mining Co. is gratefully acknowledged."

Feb 1, 1948

By Norma Golumbic

The primary purpose of the Bergius (hydrogenation of coal) and Fischer-Tropsch (hydrogenation of carbon monoxide) processes is the production of synthetic liquid fuels. This objective is of importance in insuring an adequate supply of motor fuels and lubricating oils in the United States. In the urgency of the basic research and process development work on synthetic liquid fuels, the possibilities for the production of synthetic chemicals inherent in these processes have hitherto received little attention in this country. However, the by-products, as well as the primary products, from the Bergius and Fischer-Tropsch processes are rich source materials for organic chemicals. The overhead oil from liquid-phase hydrogenation of coal, for example, contains benzene, toluene, xylene, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, aromatic solvents, about 20 percent tar acids (largely phenol, cresols, and xylenols), and 3 percent nitrogen bases. Wax, alcohols, and acids are by--products of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. In addition, techniques have been developed which make possible the production of aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, acids, aldehydes, and other oxygenated organic compounds. These chemicals are more valuable on a unit basis than gasoline. Because of continued rapid expansion of the plastic, resin, lacquer, and solvent industries, larger amounts of many of these chemicals will be needed in the near future.

Jan 1, 1949