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By Edward H. Robie

MANY engineers currently are working harder than usual, in part because of the demands being made upon them for increased production in the war effort, and in part because engineers are in short supply so that there is more to do for those who are available. In some instances the question has come up as to what additional payment, if any, should properly be made for overtime work, and to what extent is such payment legally permitted under the rules of the Salary Stabilization Board. Most engineers employed in an executive, administrative, or outside salesman capacity are not paid for overtime. They are paid for doing a job instead of for the hours they put in, and are free to do all the unpaid home work they feel they should do after dinner, as well as to do a bit of thinking and worrying during wakeful hours in bed. But engineers employed in a strictly professional capacity normally have standard office hours. Some employers pay for overtime and some don't. Their practice as it existed on Jan. 25, 1951 may be continued. In the absence of such practice at that time, the Salary Stabilization Board says that the engineer may now receive additional compensation up to his straight-time rate for an extended work week. No formal approval of the Board is required. "A professional engineer," in the mind of the Board, "is a person employed in a professional capacity, who, by reason of his special knowledge of the mathematical and physical sciences and the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design, acquired by professional education and practical experience, is qualified to practice engineering." Inducted Engineers A letter from a young man just inducted into the service and fearful that his engineering training is not going to be utilized reached us last week from Fort Riley, Kan. The AIME, cooperating with the other Founder Societies, is doing what it can, through the Engineering Manpower Commission, to see that engineers are not being wasted in the military establishment. So we passed this young man's letter along to T. A. Marshall Jr., executive secretary of that Commission. Mr. Marshall tells us that the normal procedure now being followed by the Army in handling Selective Service inductees is to have them first complete 16 weeks of basic training before assignment to specialized categories. During that time they are classified. If one has an engineering degree he should be classified as scientific and engineering personnel at the end of the basic training period. He should then be transferred to a technical detachment and assigned an MOS (Military Occupational Specialties) reflecting his education. If a young man is looking for a commission, it might be added that the current policy in the Army is to transfer to OCS (Officer Candidate School) applicants for commissions in the infantry only. The local unit commander can give information on this point, based upon the aptitude shown in tests. In view of the current shortage of engineers, it is believed that a young man should seriously consider remaining in enlisted status unless he can obtain a commission in a branch of the service that can make full use of his technical skills. His work may thus be more to his liking even if his uniform is not. New York or Atlantic City? In which place is it preferable to hold the annual meeting of a professional society like the AIME-New York or Atlantic City? That is, a winter meeting. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers has held its recent meetings at Atlantic City, with increasing attendance and satisfaction. The American Institute of Chemical Engineers chose Atlantic City for its recent December annual meeting. Only twice has the AIME ever met in this famous seashore resort: in 1898 and 1904. Chief advantages of going to Atlantic City over New York are that technical sessions are better attended, there being little else to do there in Winter; the cost to members is less, and hotel facilities are better adapted to a large meeting. As to cost, take a banquet, for instance. The Chalfonte-Haddon Hall, which caters especially to winter conventions, charges about $7 for a banquet dinner of standard quality. A similar dinner at the Statler in New York would cost about $8.50, and about $10.50 at the Waldorf-Astoria. (The charge for tickets is somewhat greater than this because of the cost of music, programs, flowers, and other incidentals.) Rooms, too, are somewhat less at Atlantic City, two in a room being accommodated for about $7 per day each, compared with $7 to $10 at a headquarters hotel in New York. On the other hand, AIME headquarters is put to some extra expense for staff travel, food and lodging, and members living in New York and environs are forced to pay a hotel bill. New York, of course, has more varied amusements to offer, plenty of big stores, and the glamour of a big city. The choice may be discussed at the forthcoming meeting in New York. In the meantime if any reader cares to express an opinion one way or the other we shall be glad to hear it. College Scholarships Most parents of children in the later stages of high school find it necessary to give some consideration to the cost of a college education. Although salaries have increased substantially it seems that the cost of the necessities of life, such as food, housing, and maintaining the family automobile, have gone up even more, so the problem of financing the children's education is as acute as ever. Many overlook the possibility of scholarships, or feel that only a student at or near the top of his class has a chance to get one. As a matter of fact, close to 150,000 scholarships and more than 15,000 fellowships, worth some $42,000,000, are available in 1200 American colleges and universities. Those who are interested should send 55¢ to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. for a 248-page publication just issued by the U. S. Office of Education, entitled "Scholarships and Fellowships Available at Institutions of Higher Education."

Jan 1, 1952

By Van Der Muelen P. A.

SOME time ago, the writer received from W. 0. Borcherdt, Manager of the, works of the Bertha Mineral Co. at Austinville, Va., several specimens of a dense yellowish slag-like material, containing cavities showing clear needle-like crystals, and representing a product formed by the fumes of zinc oxide and basic lead sulphate from the oxide furnace, attacking the firebrick lining of the flues. The matrix, which is of a greenish-yellow color, is made up chiefly of an amorphous glass, carrying numerous crystals, the latter being well-defined, clear, and transparent, but colored a very light yellow by small amounts of ferric oxide. A number of the crystals were carefully separated from the matrix and tested with the blowpipe. They have a fusibility of about 2, yield a globule of lead and a coating of lead oxide before the blowpipe on charcoal, and contain some zinc. Their hardness is 5 to 6. 1 Fig. 1. Under the microscope the crystals appear to be made up of a prism, with narrow faces, and a fairly large pinacoid, but unfortunately show no terminal faces (Fig. 1). Between crossed nicols they gave parallel extinction in. the three planes containing the crystallographic axes, and are therefore orthorhombic. The index of refraction is high. A number of the best crystals were measured on the reflection goniometer, the angles given below representing the average of measurements made on different individuals. mm = 46° 52' mb = 66° 34' a:b:c = 0.4334:1 :?

Jan 5, 1917

By W. B. Agocs

IN August 1954 a low altitude test geophysical survey was made in the Green Pond area of Morris County, New Jersey, with a Gulf Research and Development Co. Model II total magnetic field variation magnetometer mounted in a Sikorsky S-55 helicopter. The test was made in this area to compare the results of a high precision, very low altitude magnetometer survey with an existing ground magnetic survey in this area having known magnetite concentrations, so that the method could be used in areas of difficult access for the detailing of airborne magnetometer anomalies of interest in place of ground surveys. The load capacity of the Sikorsky S-55 permitted installation of a recording scintillation counter so that a radioactivity survey would be made simultaneously with the magnetometer survey. The area surveyed is located at approximately 41°00'N and 74o28'W, just south and east of the town of Green Pond, N. J. The outstanding topographic feature of the region is Copperas Mountain, a well defined ridge, maximum elevation 1222 ft, which runs the entire length of the survey. The lowest point in the survey, 810 ft, is in the extreme eastern corner. Topography of the area is shown in Fig. 1. The three major rock units outcropping in the area are all metamorphic: the Pochuck gneiss, which has been divided into two metamorphic facies; the Byram gneiss; and the Green Pond conglomerate. The relative ages of the Pochuck and Byram formations, both pre-Cambrian, are in doubt, but it is believed that the Pochuck is the older of the two.' The Green Pond conglomerate is Silurian.' Distribution of the outcrops and mine locations is shown in Fig. 1. Two facies of the Pochuck gneiss can be distinguished locally—the Copperas Mountain and Kitchell members. The Copperas Mountain member is a hornblende gneiss, and all the mines and prospects in the area are in this unit. The Kitchell is a quartz-plagioclase feldspar gneiss. The Byram gneiss is a relatively nonresistant valley formation which is high in the potash feldspar. The Green Pond conglomerate is a well indurated quartzite-conglomerate which forms the Copperas Mountain and the Green Pond Mountain's ridge to the north. It overlies the gneisses with a strong angular discordance that may be a fault. The geologic structure of the Green Pond area is relatively uncomplicated. The foliation planes of the gneisses dip steeply to the southeast, and the Green Pond conglomerate dips steeply to the northwest. Additional faulting in the area is indicated at the contact between the Kitchell member of the Pochuck and the Byram along the base of the topographic spur extending to the southeast from Copperas Mountain. The magnetite mines of Pardee, Winter, Davenport, Green Pond, Copperas, and the Bancroft shaft are described by Bayleyl and Stampe2.' The ore is in the Copperas Mountain member of the Pochuck gneiss. The magnetite veins are 10 to 50 ft wide and up to 300 ft long, dipping to the southeast at angles ranging from 40" to 75". The locations of these mines are shown in Fig. 1. Dip Needle Survey: The dip needle survey shown in Fig. 2 was taken from a U. S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations." The figure numbers below the local, individual map area outlines refer to the figures in the aforementioned reports which were not contoured. The area of the dip needle survey was confined almost exclusively to the outcrops of the Pochuck gneiss. The separation between survey profiles was 100 ft and the distance between stations on the profiles was 25 ft in highly anomalous zones to 100 ft in magnetically flat areas. A total of 16 1/2 miles of traverse was surveyed over an area of approximately 1/2 sq mile with 2050 stations. The magnitude of the magnetic anomalies is difficult to determine due to the lack of information concerning the type of dip needle used and the procedure followed in making the dip needle survey. This latter would include the method of "zeroing" the dip needle and the procedure of reading at the stations, whether on the swing or statically. Calibrations made of the Gurley dip needle, Lake Superior type, show a static sensitivity of 385 gamma per degree in the range from —25" to +35o, corresponding to a variation in the total field of —9600 gamma to +13500 gamma in a total field of 57000 gamma, inclination 72". The sensitivity increases to 16 gamma per degree from a deflection of 60" to 76", and from 76" to 172" the sensitivity decreases continuously to a low of 260 gamma per degree. From the above it may be seen that it is difficult to assign an arbitrary sensitivity for the dip needle used on this survey. However, an estimated value of 100 gamma per degree may be assigned. On this basis, the majority of the magnetic anomalies, whose deviation is +20°, would be 2000 gamma. Locally, west and northwest of the Pardee mine the magnetic anomaly is +50°, or 5000 gamma; in the Green Pond mine area deviations of +75" are observed that would correspond to anomalies of 7500 gamma. The areal extent and width of the dip needle magnetic anomalies is comparable to profile and station spacing. Hence it is concluded that part of the detail may be due to control, and the probable cause of the magnetic anomalies is at or near surface exposures of magnetite concentrations in the form of veinlets and disseminations whose locations correspond to the local magnetic anomalies. On the basis of the magnetics, none of the magnetite concentra-

Jan 1, 1956

By Anthony G. Reid

INTRODUCTION At the time of the death of Mao Tse-tung in 1976, China was a major oil producing country with a daily oil flow in the order of 1.735 million barrels. This position had been achieved with minimal assistance from the outside world. Further, only some fifteen years had elapsed since the country's daily oil production capacity had hovered at the barely significant level of one hundred thousand barrels. Why then did the new leaders of China, after this very creditable record of success, suddenly change the direction of the country's drive for future hydrocarbon production? First, by switching much of the emphasis of exploration from onshore to the offshore continental shelf basins, and further by apparently abandoning the philosophy of self reliance calling upon the world's oil industry to share in the task of locating and developing these potential offshore energy reserves. The answer is probably only partly understood by those of us outside China, However, a number of factors exerting an important influence on this decision can be identified. THE MOVE OFFSHORE The new leadership was anxious to rapidly move China into her rightful place amongst the powerful and technologically advanced nations of the world. Modernization became the slogan, specifically modernization on four fronts, agriculture, industry, technology and military with the goal to "catch the west by the year 2000". But how to generate the capital to finance this massive modernization program? The rapid escalation of the price of crude oil following the 1973 Oil Embargo and the continuing apparently insatiable world demand for this now extremely precious primary resource was very clear to all. China, as a major producer, could export crude to help finance the ambitious development programs of the government. To do this, however, would require a very significant in¬crease in present production capacity, as the domestic demand even for China with her relatively low per capita energy consumption, is essentially equal to the current production. Trying to rapidly move the new regime's programs into actions, one can only assume that the planners looked at the success of the petroleum industry over the preceding fifteen years and quickly concluded that this well established curve could be maintained and indeed steepened with an increase in effort. The rapid discovery of a few more Daqing's (China's premier oil field, producing one million barrels a day) would have the country's ambitious modernization goals within reach. Petroleum would At the time of the death of Mao Tse-tung in 1976, China was a major oil producing country with a daily oil flow in the order of 1.735 million barrels. This position had been achieved with minimal assistance from the outside world. Further, only some fifteen years had elapsed since the country's daily oil production capacity had hovered at the barely significant level of one hundred thousand barrels. Why then did the new leaders of China, after this very creditable record of success, suddenly change the direction of the country's drive for future hydrocarbon production? First, by switching much of the emphasis of exploration from onshore to the offshore continental shelf basins, and further by apparently abandoning the philosophy of self reliance calling upon the world's oil industry to share in the task of locating and developing these potential offshore energy reserves. The answer is probably only partly understood by those of us outside China, However, a number of factors exerting an important influence on this decision can be identified. THE MOVE OFFSHORE The new leadership was anxious to rapidly move China into her rightful place amongst the powerful and technologically advanced nations of the world. Modernization became the slogan, specifically modernization on four fronts, agriculture, industry, technology and military with the goal to "catch the west by the year 2000", But how to generate the capital to finance this massive modernization program? The rapid escalation of the price of crude oil following the 1973 Oil Embargo and the continuing apparently insatiable world demand for this now extremely precious primary resource was very clear to all. China, as a major producer, could export crude to help finance the ambitious development programs of the government. To do this, however, would require a very significant increase in present production capacity, as the domestic demand even for China with her relatively low per capita energy consumption, is essentially equal to the current production. Trying to rapidly move the new regime's programs into actions, one can only assume that the planners looked at the success of the petroleum industry over the preceding fifteen years and quickly concluded that this well established curve could be maintained and indeed steepened with an increase in effort. The rapid discovery of a few more Daqing's (China's premier oil field, producing one million barrels a day) would have the country's ambitious modernization goals within reach. Petroleum would be the principal bridge to the bright future. The next decision involved the question of where to look for these vast new reserves. Chinese exploration teams had already looked at most of the onshore sedimentary basins and, while they were the first to admit that there was much yet to do, it was fairly clear to them that the potential for large new accumulations was confined to two areas: the little explored, remote, inhospitable regions of western China, principally Xinkiang Province and the equally unexplored offshore basins of the continental shelf and slope. In both cases China faced a very serious problem. The inhospitable environments were severely straining her petroleum industry's current technological ability to cope, particularly as the government needed rapid results. Thus the pragmatic and, to the foreign oil industry, unexpected decision to invite cooperation with the outside world. The reasons for the initial emphasis on the exploration of the offshore basins with the cooperation of foreign oil companies are again supposition on my part, but probably involved considerations of technical merit, ease of development and delivery to markets together with more sensitive issues such as controling the influence of foreign philosophies and values on the Chinese population by containing most foreign activity to the offshore. So within three years of the death of the great helmsman, China had developed a plan to involve foreign oil companies, both state and private, in a grand plan to rapidly increase the nations oil production. In fact, by this time, the first round of talks had been concluded and the first phase begun, and what a beginning. Some forty eight companies from thirteen countries had signed documents to participate formally in this world scale event. It was far easier to list those companies which did not participate than to list those which did. FOREIGN COMPANY INTEREST Why the rush by the world's oil industry to be involved in China? What was China offering which made everyone so anxious to join in? Again the answer is complex in detail, but principally involved a combination of factors which together caused this virtual stampede. Timing was a major element. Oil Companies, despite an ever increasing take by governments, were beginning to benefit. from the' rapid escalation of crude prices induced by OPEC and were looking for suitable areas to reinvest these funds. Producers

Jan 1, 1982

By Harold L. Walker

ENGINEERING educators have recently been discussing the advisability of extending the undergraduate curricula to five or six years, and a plan has also been proposed requiring a preliminary period of study in the liberal arts college before admission to the engineering college. Extension of the undergraduate curricula has been suggested as a means of more fully covering the subject matter in the major field of study. Interest in this proposed plan of requiring a preliminary period of study in the liberal arts college has been heightened through a bill recently introduced in the legislature of the State of New York. This plan intends to give a more professional status to engineering, and credit for these additional years of study would be allowed to those engineers applying for professional licensure. As a result of the interest in engineering curricula and due to the impetus given by these proposed plans a general reexamination of curricula has been conducted by a large number of schools with the stated purpose of determining if the present curricula are meeting the aims and scopes of engineering education.

Jan 1, 1940

By J. C. Branner

(New York Meeting, February, 1012.) DURING the past two or three years I have seen statements regarding the first discovery of fullers' earth in this country that seem to require correction or modification. One appears again in the Mineral Resources of the United States for 1909, part II., p. 738, where it is said that ? fullers' earth was first discovered in the United States at Quincy, Fla., in 1893." In this connection the following bit of unpublished history concerning fullers' earth in the State of Arkansas is worthy of attention. In April, 1891, when I was State Geologist of Arkansas, a Swede named John Olsen, formerly a copper-miner in Michigan, but then living south of Little Rock, brought me a sample of what he thought was fullers' earth. He reported that it was from near the town of Alexander, the locality being 1 S. 13 W., section 8, SW. quarter of the SE. quarter. My chemist, Dr. R. N. Brackett, analyzed the material, and reported: Per Cent. Silica, . . SiO2., . 63.19 Alumina, . AL2O3, . 18.76 Iron, . Fe203 7.05 Lime, . Ca0 0.78 Magnesia, . . MgO 1.68 Potash, . K2O 0.21 Soda, . . Na2O 1.50 Loss on ignition, . 7.57 100.74 Water at 110° to 115° C. = 7.84. Another sample from about the same locality, also brought by John Olsen, on analysis by Dr. Brackett gave

Jul 1, 1912

By Fred C., Bond

DETERMINATIONS of circulating load in a classifier operating in closed circuit with a grinding mill are usually made from screen analyses of the mill feed and classifier products. The percentage remaining on someone selected screen size must be used in the calculation, and, because of the wide variation in average particle size between the mill feed and classifier overflow, an accurate and representative result at the selected mesh is often difficult to obtain. To overcome this difficulty and reduce the time required in making the determination, I have devised a method which uses the liquid-solid relationship in the circuit rather than screen analyses. The quantities required for the calculation include only the usual dilution and feed tonnage measurements, which should be made regularly in the course of ordinary mill operation and, in addition, the amount of new water added to the classifier, or to the head of the mill with the new feed. If measurements are obtained on both of these quantities it is possible to check the calculated circulating load, and to calculate the percentage of moisture in the new feed to the mill; or, if the latter is known, to check the feed tonnage.

Jan 1, 1937

By AIME AIME

THE session on milling methods on Monday afternoon.* with G. H. Clevenger, chairman of the Mining Methods Committee presiding, was well attended. However, none of the authors of the papers presented were present except Messrs. Taggart and Ince. The paper on "Elements of Operations of the Pneu¬matic Table," by Messrs. Taggart and. Lechmere-Oertel, was presented by Professor Taggart as was the paper on "Calculations in Ore Dressing," by Luyken and Bierbrauer, due to the absence of the authors.

Jan 1, 1929

By C. W. Dunham

FOR discharging and diffusing the gases from the reverberatory furnaces and converters the Morenci Reduction Works has been provided with one of the largest reinforced concrete chimneys ever built. It is 612 ft. high from the bottom of the foundation to the cap at the top, and has a minimum diameter of 24 ft. inside the lining near the top and 38 ft. 10 in. at the bottom. Its estimated capacity, at the elevation of 4338 ft. above sea level, is about 1,000,000 cu.ft. of gas per minute at a temperature of 500° F. and an atmospheric temperature of 90°. Under these conditions the draft will be at least 3 in. of water at the flue inlet. The gases enter the chimney through a steel balloon flue 33 ft. high and 15 ft. wide, the bottom of which is 19 ft. above the ground.

Jan 1, 1942

FOR twelve successive years Canada's mineral production has shown a steady increase, rising from a value of $0.5 billion in 1945 to $2.06 billion in 1956, and the outlook for the future is one of continued growth. A great deal of credit for this growth must go to Canada's tax policies, which recognize that mines are difficult and costly to find, and that once found, they are a wasting asset. These tax policies take form under the Income Tax Act, which provides a tax- free period of three years on initial production for new mines and, after that period is over, allows all proper expenses of operation to be deducted from mine revenue. These allowable expenses include write-off of plant and pre-production development expenditures. From the resulting profit figure after this procedure, a further deduction of one-third is allowed for depletion before net taxable income is arrived at. Tax rates of 20 pct on the first $20,000 and 47 pct on the excess are then applicable to the net taxable income.

Jan 12, 1957

By AIME AIME

HARVEY MUDD, mining engineer and distinguished citizen, has achieved that balance between professional and civic activities for which many of us strive but few attain. His able direction of mining operations is known to many Institute members but perhaps few know that he was in 1936 recipient of the annual award given by the City of Los Angeles to that citizen who contributed the most valuable and unselfish service to the community. Mr. Mudd was born in Leadville,

Jan 1, 1944

A. 11. P. WYNNE, San Jose de Gracia, Sinaloa, Mex. (communication to the Secretary): In the comparative tests reported by Mr. Tays, the stamp-batteries were provided with various styles and mesh-sizes of screens, while the Bryan mill was run throughout with a slot-punched Russia iron, equivalent to a 30mesh wire screen. This is a somewhat onc-sided method of comparison. Should not the Bryan mill also have had the chance to show what it could do with other screens? I cannot wholly approve Mr. Tays's proposed improvements upon the Bryan mill. In my judgment, the inventor has given us a machine well-adapted to the work for which it was designed, namely, the crushing and amalgamation of soft ores. In my judgment, the principal cause of failure to amalgamate satisfactorily in the Bryan mill is not, as Mr. Tays thinks, the shallowness of the basin, or the lack of copper plate about the inside periphery of the mill, but rather the want of experience and practical knowledge on the part of most amalgamators. Having had experience, not with one Bryan mill only, but with several, and taking into consideration the experience of other capable mill-men, I am positive that the proper way to save gold ill this mill is: first, to use enough quicksilver to keep the amalgam liquid, thus allowing it to accumulate in the annular space between the dies and the rims of the basin; secondly, to replace the old dies, when a little more than half worn-out, with new ones; and, thirdly, to clean up the mill at least every two weeks—or oftener, if rich ore is being treated. It is evident that Mr. Tap endeavored to amalgamate quite " hard," as is done in a stamp-battery, in which case the swash of the pulp would scour off portions of the hard amalgam adhering to the inside plates and dash it through the screens— after which a considerable amount would be lost through floating on, or in, the pulp in its journey over the outside plates, and

Jan 1, 1900

Edward K. Landis, Philadelphia, Pa.: In studying Mr. Thackray's paper it seemed that a critical comparison of the results from different methods therein reported would he of interest. For this purpose Table I. was constructed by grouping all determinations made by the same method, and the probable errors were calculated. In this table all chemists titrating with permanganate (A1, E, F, G and 0 of Mr. Thackray's paper) are classed under "Emmerton;" those titrating with nitric acid (C, J, S and Y) under " Handy; " those re Probable error of result: a, ±0.0008996; b, ±0.000694; c, ±0.00107; d, ±0.00115; e, ±0.000674; f, ±0.000473; g, ±0.003675; h, ±20.0007959; i,0.000.5098; k, ±0.0008303. Probable error of single determination: a, ±0.001989; b, ±0.001547; c, ±0.00214; d, ±0.0023;e, ±0.00116;f, ±0.000818;g, ±0.0019;h, ±0.00224; i, 40.00143; k, ±0.00234. The formula for calculating the probable error is 0.6745, where N (N— 1)' S is the sum of the squares of the differences from the mean and N is the number of determinations.

Jan 1, 1897

By J. MURRAY RIDDLELL

AN increase of 18 per cent in the production and consumption of all metals last year was readily met by the mines, but more than an average amount of development work was made necessary. Mining methods were improved appreciably; open-pit operations ad¬vanced more than underground practice: and the transportation phase of mining progressed to a greater extent than the other related functions. A new belt-conveyor system of mining was placed in operation at the Spruce open-pit iron ore mine at Eveleth, Minn. The gathering portion of the belt system was installed beneath the surface of the open pit, following closely the bottom rock, in especially provided drifts; beyond it inclined upward to the surface and finally discharged into a 500-ton shipping pocket. Length of the belt was 4500 ft. net vertical lift 386 ft. and capacity 750 long tons per hour. The mined ore found its way to the belt through one of three vertical raises, whose horizontal section was 10 by 10 ft. Each raise was equipped with a grizzly, crusher, pan-type feeder, and auxiliary equipment. Transportation of the ore from the working faces of the pit was accomplished as follows: (1) Two raises were equipped with tower and anchor stations, 3-cu.yd. drag scrapers, and related power units; (2) the remaining raise was provided with electrically driven power shovels and 20-ton trucks mounted on pneumatic tires. This installation has entirely replaced railway pit haulage and partly eliminated power shovels. In a similar

Jan 1, 1938

By AIME AIME

NO ADEQUATE salary scale, at the present time, can ignore the increase in the cost of commodities 'during the last few years or- afford to assume that this increase is merely temporary. A study of the change in prices and wages during and after the Civil War is of interest in connection with changes that have taken place from 1913 to 1919. The curves on the accompanying figure, based on reports of the War Industries Board and Department of Labor, show these changes. During the Civil War retail prices rose to 164,2 per cent. of the prices of 1860, during the next 8' or 10 years. It is interesting to note that the rise in wages during the Civil War was almost simultaneous with the rise in the prices of commodities. During the World, War, the rise in wages has lagged about a year behind the rise in prices. Furthermore, in the period immediately, following the Civil War, wages continued to rise after prices started to fall, The present price level is not considered merely temporary by such of our Government agencies as the Department of Labor and the Federal Reserve Board or by such economists as Irving Fisher' and J. S. Holden.2 Sub-

Jan 1, 1920

By S. O. ANDROS

RECORDS in mining operations naturally fall when improved equipment and methods are developed. And tunneling through the Continental Divide is a mining operation, even though the tunnel was not driven to strike a vein at depth. Although many engineering feats have been successfully accomplished in the development of water supplies in the Western States, the Twin Lakes Tunnel in Colorado presents some unusual features that make it noteworthy. To begin with, it is the first trans-mountain water diversion project in the West. The fact that the Continental Divide intervenes between where the water is and where it is needed was brushed, aside as of minor importance. It was enough to know that on the western side of Independence Pass, the highest in Colorado, with an elevation of 12,095 ft., there was water which was needed on the eastern side, where the Twin Lakes are situated, forming the

Jan 1, 1934

John Birkinbine, Philadelphia, Pa.: Mr. Sperry's paper is certainly a valuable addition to the literature upon alloys with iron, supplementing the data already published concerning the influence of manganese, chromium, tungsten, titanium, aluminium, etc.; and it is to be hoped that the presentation of information upon the influences of nickel may bring out comparisons with other alloys. Taking into consideration the properties of nickel, and its use as an alloy in heavy forgings, as set forth in the paper, there would appear to be no serious difficulties in utilizing this alloy by extending its application to pieces of more moderate size. The melting-temperature of nickel, as stated by Mr. Sperry, is considerably lower than those given by various authorities. Its point of fusion being so near that of iron, and its density but little greater, the difficulty of alloying it in the foundry should not be serious, particularly if it is applied as a ferro-nickel. The addition of nickel monoxide (NiO) to molten steel would appear to be less desirable than the application of metallic, nickel or of ferro-nickel, if such is produced on a commercial scale and at a satisfactory price.

Jan 1, 1896

T. M. Drown, South Bethlehem, Pa.: Mr. Thackray's paper shows in a striking way the high degree of rapidity and ac curacy exhibited by the chemists of our steel-works in ordinary everyday practice. That determinations made in an hour should present only slight differences in the third place of deci male is certainly matter for surprise and congratulation. This remarkable result has been due, perhaps, in part, to a remark able cause. The managers of works, ignorant of all the diffi culties of the laboratory, have demanded "the impossible " of their chemists—and the chemists have done it! Andrew A. Blair, Philadelphia, Pa.: Mr. Thackray's paper is extremely interesting, especially in its bearing on the question of a standard method for the rapid determination of phosphorus in the laboratories of steel-works. Before discussing the re sults in general, I desire to explain the results obtained by me under method A'. This is the method which I have used in the work of the sub-committee on Methods of the Interna tional Steel Standards Committee. It may be described briefly as follows: Solution in nitric acid; oxidation of carbonaceous matter by permanganate; precipitation of phosphoric acid by molybdate solution; reduction of molybdic acid in the reductor, and titra tion by permanganate. This method was used apparently by only three chemists, Dr. Dudley, Mr. Crowell, and myself. In determining phosphorus by this method, among the most essential points to be considered are the ratio of iron to molyb dic acid, or the reducing action of zinc on molybdic acid as compared to its reducing action on iron, and the ratio of molyb dic acid to phosphorus in the ammonium phospho-molybdate obtained by precipitation from the solution of the steel. In regard to the first point, the usually accepted ratio is 1 to 0.90756, or, as it is roughly stated, 0.9076, which is based on the assumed reduction of the molybdic acid to Mo12019,. This

Jan 1, 1896

By Lawrence A. Soltis

Senior engineering or executive management positions are filled by engineers who are evaluated on their performance, knowledge, skill, and maturity. Not only is technical expertise required but a knowledge of sales and marketing, finance, law, industrial relations, and public affairs is necessary. The University of Wisconsin-Extension offers an innovative post-baccalaureate degree program blending technical and professional subjects the Professional Development Degree in engineering (PDD)-designed to bring various opportunities for learn-

Jan 4, 1978

By AIME AIME

The following financial report of the Treasurer of the United Engineering Society is published for the information of members NEW YORK, February 15, 190S. To the Board of' Trustees, United Engineering Society I beg to submit herewith the report of the Treasurer as of December 31, 1907. Your attention is called to the fact that the resources and liabilities, receipts and disbursements statements cover all the financial transactions of the United Engineering Society from its organization up to December 31, 1907. The income and expenses of operating the building during the whole operating period from December 1 to December 31, 1907, somewhat in excess of twelve months, are given. Included in the expenses, amounting in all to $52,647.11, will be found an item entitled "Building Equipment (construction account)." The expenditures under this item were not made for the operating expenses of the building, they represent a construction account, properly speaking, covering expenditures for furnishings and equipment of the building. The Founders' Agreement specifically provides for this class of expenditure under the provision that the Founder Societies shall each be liable for a charge not to exceed $200,000 of principal, which shall include the land and building completed and ready for occupancy, together with the " furnishings, equipment and personal property therein." Certain details of equipment are yet to be supplied, and it. is proposed in the near future to call upon the Founder Societies for an assessment on their respective land and building funds to cover this item of building equipment. Such action would enable the item of $10,039.85 to be transferred to the income account and reduce correspondingly the assessment

Mar 1, 1908