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By R. J. Wasilewski

Axial expansion has been determined by X-ray diffraction up to 600° to 760°C in a titanium and four high-oxygen alloys. Expansion data cannot be fitted to the usual quadratic expression and anomalies observed are believed indicative of the changes in the bonding configuration of the valence electrons. Furthermore, there is significant disagreement between data obtained on poly crystalline and single crystal powder specimens. The major disagreement occurs within the temperature range (-470°C) where both mechanical and electrical properties also show markedly anomalous behavior. X. HIS work forms part of an investigation of physical properties of pure titanium and its osolid solutiono alloys with oxygen and nitrogen. In view of the anomalies observed in both the electrical resistivity' and the susceptibility behavior it was decided accurately to determine the thermal expansion behavior of the pure and alloyed a titanium. PREVIOUS WORK The axial expansion coefficients reported for pure titanium are listed below. As can be seen, there is a marked discrepancy between the axial expansion and the experimentally determined coefficients on poly crystal line material. Thus, if we take the most recently reported axial expansivities3,4 we obtain perature interval of 25o to 700°C. The experimental value reported for polycrystalline metal is, however, of the order of 9.7 x 10o6 per OC. EXPERIMENTAL I) Pure Titanium. High purity titanium powder of -325 mesh was used throughout most of this work. The only significant impurities present were the interstitials, oxygen and nitrogen, which analyzed respectively 650 and 80 ppm. The purity of the ma-

Jan 1, 1962

By C. A. Heiland, W. H. Courtier

The investigations described were made on a portion of Clear Creek basin near Golden, Colo. (-4 portion of the area under survey is shown in Fig. 1. The photograph was taken in the vicinity of station No. 2 of Line 11.) Three principal purposes were in the minds of the investigators: 1. To repeat with modern, more sensitive and more reliable instruments magnetometric placer investigations previously made. 2. To disprove the recently advanced theory that deposits of the glacial period have no pronounced magnetic effects. 3. To develop in detail the theory of the magnetic effects produced by placer deposits. Six years ago, the first magnetic observations were published, which proved that it is possible to locate gold-bearing channels with relatively crude instruments.' Two years ago, K. C. Laylander published results obtained with similar instruments.2 The measurements of the latter were discussed by the senior author of this paper.3 At that time, however, the material available for such a discussion was somewhat scarce and not made with the most modern magnetic instruments, although very brilliant results were obtained. Therefore, the senior author felt that magnetic investigations should be made on very clear geologic conditions with the most modern instruments. Comparison of Magnetometers The junior author undertook this work in the spring of 1928. The magnetic field balances, for vertical and horizontal intensities, designed by Schmidt were used (Figs. 2 and 3). The scale value of these instruments was approximately 257 and 157, respectively. The middle

Jan 1, 1929

By Benjamin Talbot

(New York Meeting, February 1913.) THE problem of segregation and cavities in steel ingots is a subject which has given and is still giving metallurgists, en¬gineers, and operators matter for serious consideration.. This question has come more into prominence lately in the United States, clue largely to the desire of railroad engineers to secure a better rail than they have obtained in the past, as the service they demand is increasing in severity; and no doubt manufacturers will be able to meet what is required of them. The rails here are as good as those made in other countries, but the conditions of service and the extremes of climate are more severe and consequently more breakages occur. Various reasons have been advanced to explain why rails may not be as good in quality to-clay as in the past. Some engineers consider that modern methods of manufacturing, designed chiefly to obtain large output, tend to reduce the standard of excellence of more deliberate methods. Others think that 4-ton ingots are worse than those of 2 tons. Again, it is .stated that the 100-ton heat in one ladle is too large, and is a :step in the wrong direction in casting. My experience upon the question of the size of the ingot is that in rolling rails of from 85-to 100-lb. sections, the range of ingot is only practically such that the difference in the size does not help in the question of segregation, cavities, or blow-holes.

Jan 4, 1913

By Albert Phillips

As EARLY As 1824, Haidinger1 described crystals of native copper that were, according to Dana,2 "probably twinned parallel to the octahedral plane and normal to this axis." In 1837, Rose3 very clearly demonstrated that native copper crystals were commonly twinned on the octahedral plane. Lasaulx,4 in 1882, described polysynthetic octahedral twins and stated that enclosed twinning lamellae were observed. Even on crystals formed artificially by. electrolysis, twinning was observed as early as 1886, by Brown.5 Many other descriptions of twinning in native copper and in gold and silver are to be found in the literature, and in every case with which we are acquainted the twinning is conformable to the spinel law; i. e., the octahedral plane is both twinning and composition plane. Metallurgists have long been familiar with the straight-sided bars or bands that commonly occur within the irregularly outlined grains of metallic crystalline aggregates. They are certainly found in nearly all metals of the face-centered cubic type after cold working and annealing. If a specimen showing these bands is rotated, keeping the angle of incidence of the illuminating beam constant, they usually exchange color contrast periodically with their respective matrix crystals. Also slip lines, when produced in these specimens, nearly always show a change in direction upon passing through the bands, giving rise to the "stairway" effect often illustrated in metallurgical textbooks. Apparently the only quantitative observations on bands of this sort were made by Osmond and Cartaud6 on austenitic steel. They selected,

Jan 1, 1928

By R. Steinitz, L. Seigle, R. Resnick

THE rates of growth of the carbide phases MC and M2C in the Ta-C and Cb-C systems have been measured at various temperatures and the results used to estimate the rate of carbon diffusion within the inter metallic phases. Sheets of high-purity tantalum (50 ppm Cb, <25 ppm Ti, 10 ppm Fe, 5 ppm Cr, <50 ppm Mo, W, and all other metals, 15-75 ppm O2, 10-30 ppm N2, and 10-30 ppm C) approximately 1/4 by 1/2 by 0.020 in. were heated to temperatures between 1800" and 2700°C in a carbon resistor furnace under an atmosphere of argon plus sufficient methane to maintain an excess of carbon at the sample surface. The thicknesses of the carbide layers, illustrated in Fig. 1, were measured with a filar micrometer and plotted logarithmically as a function of time. Fig. 2 is a typical plot for the TaC phase. The points may be represented within experimental error by lines with slope equal to 1/2; therefore the growth of the layers may be described by the usual expression X = kt1/2, where X is the layer thickness, t is the time, and k is a temperature-dependent constant. From these data and compositions at the phase boundaries, it is possible to estimate values for the diffusion coefficients of carbon in each phase, assuming that layer growth occurs by carbon diffusion alone, and that the dif-fusivity is not a function of composition within each

Jan 1, 1965

By Albert J. Phillips

As EARLY AS 1824, Haidinger1 described crystals of native copper that were, according to Dana,2 "probably twinned parallel to the octahedral plane and normal to this axis." In 1837, Rose3 very clearly demonstrated that native copper crystals were commonly twinned on the octahedral plane. Lasaulx,4 in 1882, described polysynthetic octahedral twins and stated that enclosed twinning lamellae were observed. Even on crystals formed artificially by electrolysis, twinning was observed as early as 1886, by Brown.5 Many other descriptions of twinning in native copper and in gold and silver are to be found in the literature, and in every case with which we are acquainted the twinning is conformable to the spinel law; i. e., the octahedral plane is both twinning and composition plane. Metallurgists have long been familiar with the straight-sided bars or bands that commonly occur within the irregularly outlined grains of metallic crystalline aggregates. They are certainly found in nearly all metals of the face-centered cubic type after cold working and annealing. If a specimen showing these bands is rotated, keeping the angle of incidence of the illuminating beam constant, they usually exchange color contrast periodically with their respective matrix crystals. Also slip lines, when produced in these specimens, nearly always show a change in direction upon passing through the bands, giving rise to the "stairway" effect often illustrated in metallurgical textbooks. Apparently the only quantitative observations on bands of this sort were made by Osmond and Cartaud6 on austenitic steel. They selected,

Jan 1, 1928

By Frederick G. Coqueron, Joseph E. Pogue

The purpose of this study is to present the results of a detailed survey of the financial and operating aspects of 30 oil companies comprising a major sample of the American petroleum industry. This review supplements a previous paper entitled "Capital Flow and Capital Formation in the Petroleum Industry, 1934-1941,"a and deals not only with a longer period but also gives new and more revealing analyses of the capital movements and characteristics. The data are gathered from published financial statements of the companies, especially the annual reports to stockholders and Form 10-K to the Securities and Exchange Commission, supplemented by confidential information. The 30 oil companies covered by this study are listed on the leading stock exchanges and for the purpose of analysis are grouped as follows: 9 companiesb engaged principally in crude production, 4 companiesc with production averaging in excess of refinery requirements, and 17 companiesd with refinery throughput in excess of crude production. These samples are sufficiently broad and representative to constitute norms against which individual company performances may be profitably compared. The 30 companies in 1942 produced 54 per cent of the Nation&apos;s total output of crude oil and refined 79 per cent of the country&apos;s crude run to stills. The financial data apply predominantly to the domestic oil business, although 15 of the companies have investments and operate facilities in foreign countries. The net value of these foreign holdings amounted to 724 million dollars, or 12 per cent, of the combined net assets of the 30 oil companies at December 31, 1942.

Jan 1, 1944

By E. Seidl

THE basic material for testing aluminum, copper and zinc is a cast metal, principally in the form of wire bars (Figs. 1 to 3) and plates for the produc- tion of sheets or strips, (Figs. 4 to 7). Experience has proved that the chemical and crystallographic proper-ties of such cast metal exercise a certain influence when it is being worked, which is usually done while the metal is hot. In a chemical sense the slight impurities, which even the purest industrial metal contains, have a disturbing effect. They settle either along the outside limits of granulation, as in the case of aluminum and copper, or else in the interior of the crystal, as in the case of zinc; but frequently are also found accumulating at certain points (formation of the blowholes and skin) (Fig. 7). The crystallographic character of the metals is either that of uniformly fine granulation, or else there occurs a certain distinct casting texture marked by sharply defined cooling conditions and consisting of crys-tals of a pronounced stalk-like or blade form. Since we generally distinguish between a crystal texture and a crystal structure, the term crystal texture is used here for the arrangement of the crystals relative to each other and their microscopic composition; crystallic structure is used to mean the radioscopically ascertain-able structure of the crystal. The influence of the impurities and of the crystalline character on the working of the metals has been fre-quently pointed out in practice as well as in science.

Jan 11, 1927

By Willard L. Cumings, Benjamin L. Miller

The Camaguey brown iron-ore deposit covers the top of Sari Felipe hill, the nearest point of which lies 14 miles NW. of the city of Camaguey. While there are several low flat-topped hills in the vicinity covered with a more or less continuous mantle of brown iron-ore, the deposit of San Felipe hill is the only one of any size and importance, and the name " San Belipe district" is proposed for the region. The deposit extends in a NW-SE. direction for a distance of about 10 miles, with an average width of 5 miles. The location is shown in Fig. 1, a sketch-map of the eastern part of Cuba. Fig. 2 is a map of the San Felipe district. 2. Description. The district is mentioned by Spencer,&apos; who says: " The Cubitas iron-ore fields are situated from 12 to 15 miles north of Camagueg City, in the province of Camagueg.....Within an area measuring roughly 10 miles east and west and 4 miles north and south, there are several flat-topped mesas rising 300 to 400 ft. above the level of an almost featureless plain which extends for many miles in all directions except toward the north." With the exception of the discrepancy in his statements .as to the distance from Camaguey and the area of the hill, which is over 50 sq. miles, his description is a very good one. Kemp2 has the following to say of ores in Camaguey Province:

Jan 1, 1912

By Leroy A. Palmer

All the domestic production of magnesite during 1925 came from two states, California and Washington. Of a total of 120,660 tons of crude ore, 64,600 tons, or 54 per cent., were produced in California.&apos; Of this quantity California produced about 99 per cent. of the caustic calcined, but only 10 per cent. of the dead-burned. The largest producer was C. S. Maltby, of San Francisco, who operated the Red Mountain mine, in Santa Clara County, and the Sampson mine, in San Benito County, under lease. These two mines have been studied by the author, and offer interesting comparisons as to mining and treatment methods and final products. Geology The general geology of the magnesite deposits of California has been described by Hess,2 Bain3 and others4 and although a detailed discussion is not necessary here, a brief summary will assist in understanding mining conditions. California magnesite, when comparatively pure, is usually a white, fine-grained rock, with a conchoidal fracture, occurring in veins and lense-like masses in serpentine. The veins vary considerably in width, and usually occur in a series of more or less parallel veins intersected by other series or systems of veins, probably following original or secondary fissures in the enclosing serpentine. The most generally accepted theory of origin is that the magnesite was formed by the action of surface waters charged with CO2 percolating downward through fissures and changing the magnesium silicates of the serpentine into magnesium carbonate.

Jan 1, 1927

By D. I. Bardos, Paul A. Beck

A MARK, Boren, and westgrenl in their X-ray diffraction study of manganese alloys with 10 to 25 at. pct Si reported the occurrence of a phase with complex crystal structure in a Mn + 14.5 at. pct Si alloy after annealing at 800° or at 600°C. Recently Kuzma and Gladyshevskii2 identified Mn6Si as an R phase,3,4 the second binary R phase known. (A binary R phase was previously found in the Mn-Ti system by Waterstrat.5) A ternary R phase was reported earlier0 near the Mn-Si binary border of the Ti-Mn-Si system at 1000°C. In the light of the Russian work it now appears that this "ternary" R phase may be in fact an extension of the binary (Mn6Si)R phase. As already found by Amark, Boren, and Westgren, the corresponding binary phase is absent at 1000°C; the effect of titanium is evidently to stabilize it up to higher temperatures. In a recent paper Wieser and Forgeng7 gave the boundaries of this binary phase, which they referred to as 6. In order to re-examine the identity of this phase, an alloy of Mn + 14.5 at. pct Si was prepared by induction melting in helium atmosphere and annealed for 3 days at 800°C. The powder pattern, taken with an asymmetrical focusing camera of large dispersion and shown in Table I, was found to be that of the R phase, in agreement with the results of Kuzma and Gladyshevskii. For comparison, Table I also lists

Jan 1, 1965

By Harrison Schmitt

During the past decade the writer has studied and mapped certain ore deposits and their structural associations in the states of Chihuahua, Durango, New Mexico and Arizona, and he believes that these deposits, with the exception of the manto-chimney, are representative of the principal types in the area of the states named. In this paper the deposits are described; then generalizations are drawn so far as seems appropriate. Hanover, New Mexico The Hanover, New Mexico, zinc deposits were briefly described by Lindgren and others,&apos; Paige2 and recently in more detail by Schmitt. These, the kind ordinarily called contact metamorphic, border the southern end of an oval area of granodiorite intrusive ¾ mile wide and 2 miles long (Fig. I). The granodiorite has intruded, folded, and metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks, which range in age from pre-Cambrian to Upper Cretaceous. About 90 per cent of the ore has replaced coarse, recrystallized, pure, fossiliferous, lower Mississippian, nonmagnesian limestone (Hanover limestone) 110 ft. thick;4 about 75 per cent of it occurs in the upper 50 ft. of this horizon just below an 18-ft. lower Pennsylvanian shale bed, which lies on a locally inconspicuous unconformity representing upper Mississippian time. The orebodies show five shapes or attitudes, each dependent on a special structural situation: 1. Most of the ore occurs as podlike, thick lenslike or other "three-dimensional" shoots extending from top to bottom of the Hanover limestone and lying adjacent to the outer contact of a silicate zone largely of andradite, which follows the intrusive contact (Figs. 1 and 2).

Jan 1, 1935

By Harrison Schmitt

During the past decade the writer has studied and mapped certain ore deposits and their structural associations in the states of Chihuahua, Durango, New Mexico and Arizona, and he believes that these deposits, with the exception of the manto-chimney, are representative of the principal types in the area of the states named. In this paper the deposits are described; then generalizations are drawn so far as seems appropriate. Hanover, New Mexico The Hanover, New Mexico, zinc deposits were briefly described by Lindgren and others,&apos; Paige2 and recently in more detail by Schmitt. These, the kind ordinarily called contact metamorphic, border the southern end of an oval area of granodiorite intrusive ¾ mile wide and 2 miles long (Fig. I). The granodiorite has intruded, folded, and metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks, which range in age from pre-Cambrian to Upper Cretaceous. About 90 per cent of the ore has replaced coarse, recrystallized, pure, fossiliferous, lower Mississippian, nonmagnesian limestone (Hanover limestone) 110 ft. thick;4 about 75 per cent of it occurs in the upper 50 ft. of this horizon just below an 18-ft. lower Pennsylvanian shale bed, which lies on a locally inconspicuous unconformity representing upper Mississippian time. The orebodies show five shapes or attitudes, each dependent on a special structural situation: 1. Most of the ore occurs as podlike, thick lenslike or other "three-dimensional" shoots extending from top to bottom of the Hanover limestone and lying adjacent to the outer contact of a silicate zone largely of andradite, which follows the intrusive contact (Figs. 1 and 2).

Jan 1, 1935

During the past decade the writer has studied and mapped certain ore deposits and their structural associations in the states of Chihuahua, Durango, New Mexico and Arizona, and he believes that these deposits, with the exception of the manto-chimney, are representative of the principal types in the area of the states named. In this paper the deposits are described; then generalizations are drawn so far as seems appropriate. Hanover, New Mexico The Hanover, New Mexico, zinc deposits were briefly described by Lindgren and others,&apos; Paige2 and recently in more detail by Schmitt. These, the kind ordinarily called contact metamorphic, border the southern end of an oval area of granodiorite intrusive ¾ mile wide and 2 miles long (Fig. I). The granodiorite has intruded, folded, and metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks, which range in age from pre-Cambrian to Upper Cretaceous. About 90 per cent of the ore has replaced coarse, recrystallized, pure, fossiliferous, lower Mississippian, nonmagnesian limestone (Hanover limestone) 110 ft. thick;4 about 75 per cent of it occurs in the upper 50 ft. of this horizon just below an 18-ft. lower Pennsylvanian shale bed, which lies on a locally inconspicuous unconformity representing upper Mississippian time. The orebodies show five shapes or attitudes, each dependent on a special structural situation: 1. Most of the ore occurs as podlike, thick lenslike or other "three-dimensional" shoots extending from top to bottom of the Hanover limestone and lying adjacent to the outer contact of a silicate zone largely of andradite, which follows the intrusive contact (Figs. 1 and 2).

Jan 1, 1935

During the past decade the writer has studied and mapped certain ore deposits and their structural associations in the states of Chihuahua, Durango, New Mexico and Arizona, and he believes that these deposits, with the exception of the manto-chimney, are representative of the principal types in the area of the states named. In this paper the deposits are described; then generalizations are drawn so far as seems appropriate. Hanover, New Mexico The Hanover, New Mexico, zinc deposits were briefly described by Lindgren and others,&apos; Paige2 and recently in more detail by Schmitt. These, the kind ordinarily called contact metamorphic, border the southern end of an oval area of granodiorite intrusive ¾ mile wide and 2 miles long (Fig. I). The granodiorite has intruded, folded, and metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks, which range in age from pre-Cambrian to Upper Cretaceous. About 90 per cent of the ore has replaced coarse, recrystallized, pure, fossiliferous, lower Mississippian, nonmagnesian limestone (Hanover limestone) 110 ft. thick;4 about 75 per cent of it occurs in the upper 50 ft. of this horizon just below an 18-ft. lower Pennsylvanian shale bed, which lies on a locally inconspicuous unconformity representing upper Mississippian time. The orebodies show five shapes or attitudes, each dependent on a special structural situation: 1. Most of the ore occurs as podlike, thick lenslike or other "three-dimensional" shoots extending from top to bottom of the Hanover limestone and lying adjacent to the outer contact of a silicate zone largely of andradite, which follows the intrusive contact (Figs. 1 and 2).

Jan 1, 1935

By Harrison Schmitt

During the past decade the writer has studied and mapped certain ore deposits and their structural associations in the states of Chihuahua, Durango, New Mexico and Arizona, and he believes that these deposits, with the exception of the manto-chimney, are representative of the principal types in the area of the states named. In this paper the deposits are described; then generalizations are drawn so far as seems appropriate. Hanover, New Mexico The Hanover, New Mexico, zinc deposits were briefly described by Lindgren and others,&apos; Paige2 and recently in more detail by Schmitt. These, the kind ordinarily called contact metamorphic, border the southern end of an oval area of granodiorite intrusive ¾ mile wide and 2 miles long (Fig. I). The granodiorite has intruded, folded, and metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks, which range in age from pre-Cambrian to Upper Cretaceous. About 90 per cent of the ore has replaced coarse, recrystallized, pure, fossiliferous, lower Mississippian, nonmagnesian limestone (Hanover limestone) 110 ft. thick;4 about 75 per cent of it occurs in the upper 50 ft. of this horizon just below an 18-ft. lower Pennsylvanian shale bed, which lies on a locally inconspicuous unconformity representing upper Mississippian time. The orebodies show five shapes or attitudes, each dependent on a special structural situation: 1. Most of the ore occurs as podlike, thick lenslike or other "three-dimensional" shoots extending from top to bottom of the Hanover limestone and lying adjacent to the outer contact of a silicate zone largely of andradite, which follows the intrusive contact (Figs. 1 and 2).

Jan 1, 1935

By Paul H. Rydlund

Substantial priming was a considered necessity for proper initiation of ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixes as ANFO began to carve its niche in the mining industry in the latter fifties. Heavy priming accompanied the introduction of prills and oil to many blasting operations, large charges of high explosives were commonly used at the bottom, top and frequent intervals throughout the column. As the quality of ammonium nitrate improved and operators became more experienced, primer costs began to diminish. Increased experimentation continued with reduced primer costs a main objective. Cast primers were introduced and became accepted as an excellent companion for ANFO. Although the trend toward larger diameter boreholes became increasingly popular, emphasis on lower and lower priming costs continued. A primer was simply required to produce any type of initiation within the ANFO column to be considered adequate. Suddenly ANFO priming had digressed from excessive to marginal. Early experimental data from test site and laboratory indicated that ANFO had a tendency to react inefficiently in the initiation region of the column unless substantially primed. This was evidenced by the presence of unstable reaction rates detected with newly developed detonation velocity measuring equipment. These low order or "transient" velocities were believed to originate because of inadequate primer strength or a primer diameter to column diameter mismatch. However, the nature of this experimental work was generally confined to small diameter column charges detonated in iron pipe simulated bore-holes. It was questionable whether the smaller scale laboratory data was applicable to large 12 1/4 and 15-in. boreholes.

Jan 3, 1973

By Cyril Smith

A COMPLETE discussion of the literature on the subject of the influence of copper on iron and steel will be published elsewhere.1 The present paper is concerned especially with the precipitation-hardening of copper steels, and brief mention will be made here only of the work of Kin-near,2,3 Nehl4 and Buchholtz and Koster,5 who alone have studied this phase of the subject. Kinnear found that normalized low-carbon steel castings containing about 1.0 per cent copper on drawing at temperatures in the neighbor-hood of 530° C. (1000° F.) increased in tensile strength and yield point, with little decrease in ductility. The maximum effect was obtained with about 0.9 to 1.0 per cent copper, and when the copper exceeded 3 per. cent no improvement occurred on reheating. Kinnear did not study the effect of time of reheating-an all important factor where precipitation is concerned. Nehl,6 who apparently was unaware of Kinnear&apos;s work, recognized the change as due to precipitation and studied the interdependence of time and temperature of reheating, the temperature of the initial solution heat treatment, and the speed of cooling necessary to retain the bulk of the copper in supersaturated solu-tion and to give an increase in hardness and tensile strength on reheating. Nehl found that if the final rolling or forging temperatures exceeded 700° C. (1300° F.) it was not necessary even to normalize the steel, but full precipitation occurred on merely reheating the forged or rolled shapes at 500° C. (930° F.).

Jan 1, 1933

By Frederick Laist

Introduction IN a leaching process, having obtained the copper in solution, the choice of the precipitation method is influenced y the following factors: 1. Availability of precipitant. 2. Adaptability to the leaching process. 3. Final product desired. 4. Regeneration of leaching solutions. 5. Fouling of solutions. There are three general classes of precipitation methods: 1. The use of iron, scrap or sponge. 2. Electrolytic deposition. 3. The use of some gas or reagent y which the copper is obtained, usually in the form of an intermediate precipitate which requires further treatment. For example, the precipitation of the copper as Cu2Cl2 from chloride solutions, with SO2 gas. The use of iron is adapted to almost any process. It has the great advantage of extreme simplicity, and the recovery of the copper and any values present in a highly concentrated, easily treatable form. The disadvantages are the cost in isolated places, the uncertainty of the scrap-iron market, and the fouling of the leaching solutions. The latter is a serious factor, When a reagent such as salt is used in them, which makes necessary their re-use. Where applicable, electrolytic deposition is very attractive. The copper is obtained in a form directly marketable, there is a regeneration of acid amid no fouling of solutions. Unfortunately, chloride solutions do not lend themselves to electrolysis. An entirely satisfactory anode material has not yet been discovered, although magnetite, apart from being rather brittle, seems to answer the requirements fairly Well.

Jan 7, 1914

By P. de Vitry, Willis P. Mould

THE wire saw is a tool not less than 60 years old, probably nearer 100 years old. It was developed in Europe and is reputed to have originated in Belgium. Frombold is said to be the original patentee. [ ] Wire sawing equipment, as indicated in Fig. I, is very simple. It consists of a three-strand wire cable, usually 3/16 or 1/4 in. in diameter, or a single flat ribbon of medium hard, tough, alloy steel twisted into a helix of those diameters, made to form an endless belt of any length up to several thousand feet. The wire is guided into the cut by sheaves mounted in slides on steel columns situated close to either end of the cut. The feed motion usually is controlled either by gravity or by hand-operated feed screws. The steel columns or "standards" range from 15 to 30 ft. in length. At the top is a swiveled arm supporting a sheave similar to the traveling sheave below. Immediately under the swivel-mounted sheave is a guy plate or collar with shackles attaching four chain or wire-rope guys with suitable tightening devices, or with two guys and two jack legs for supporting the standard vertically or at any desired angle. The usual drive is by a 10-hp. motor through a gear reducer, on which are mounted two grooved sheaves, one of which is keyed and the other free running on the shaft. Tension is provided by a car running on a track in line with the driving sheave

Jan 1, 1946