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Calculations of the temperatures of metal, coke, and gas at any level in the cupola furn~ce can be carried out by means of heat balances, using data obtained from experiments with an 18 in. experimental cupola. The results can, to a certain extent, be verified by means of heat transfer calculations.The curves thus obtained, showing the variation of temperature with height in the cupola, provide a valuable picture of the heat transfer processes in a shaft 'furnace.INTRODUCTIONThe Brown Coal Research Laboratory, of the University of Melbourne, has been engaged in recent years on a programme of iron-melting tests in an experimental cupola furnace.Although the ultimate aim of this work is to develop brown coal char as a cupola fuel, most of the experimental work so far has been with conventional coke. The testing programme was designed to provide information on the effect of variables such as blast rate, metal-coke ratio, and coke size on the overall melting process, e.g. melting rate, temperature of metal tapped, and stack gas composition.However, in many cases data were obtained on conditions inside the furnace by measuring temperatures and gas compositions. The aim of the work described in this paper was to qevelop a method for using this data to obtain information on the processes taking place in the cupola.Very little research has been done on the combustion of fuels in shaft furnaces. Early work on this subject, as well as the initial stages of the Brown Coal Research Laboratory's programme, has been discussed by Evans (1959). The use of probes for obtaining information on conditions in the interior of a shaft furnace was pioneered by Belden (1913)...

Jan 1, 1963

By K. Webb, M. Hohn

"This paper reviews the evolving Ontario mining regime for mining industry-Aboriginal engagement and its apparent alignment with court decisions, domestic law, emerging international norms, mining industry rules, and mining firm-Aboriginal agreements, drawing on publicly available commentary from government officials, the private sector, and Indigenous communities. This paper provides a preliminary analysis of the potential implications of the new regime, especially for the mining industry and Aboriginal communities and, on that basis, discusses possible future developments.RÉSUMÉ Le présent article analyse le régime minier de l’Ontario pour l’engagement entre l’industrie minière et les Autochtones et son harmonisation avec les décisions des tribunaux, le droit interne, les nouvelles normes internationales, les règles de l’industrie minière et les ententes compagnies minières- Autochtones en se basant sur des commentaires, disponibles publiquement, d’officiels gouvernementaux, du secteur privé et des communautés autochtones. Cet article fournit une analyse préliminaire des implications potentielles du nouveau régime, surtout pour l’industrie minière et les communautés autochtones et, en s’appuyant sur ces données, il traite des futurs développements possibles."

Jan 1, 2016

By Oliver Bowles

[The inorganic nonmetallics - that is, all minerals aid their primary products except metallic ores and fuels - have an important place in industrial life of any country. They are essential to a multitude of products and processes, and their development is closely related to general industrial activity. Several are classed as strategic, and many others are performing necessary functions in the military program. It may be of interest therefore to trace their history over a period of years and to correlate their progress with the circumstances and events that are shaping national]

Jan 1, 1943

By William A. Hustrulid

A technical and economic evaluation of the potential for improving mining productivity through the use of underreamers in blastholes, specifically in relation to Minnesota taconite, Arizona surface copper and in situ mining operations is presented. Included are (1) a review of the drilling and blasting practices presently being used, (2) a discussion of current underreamer technology. (3) the presentation of a general economic cost model for underreaming, (4) the application of the model to surface taconite, surface copper and in situ mining, and (5) a summary discussion including required performance specifications, potential overall benefits, and recommendations for further development.

Jan 1, 1977

Jan 1, 1884

Jan 1, 1882

By Jack W. Carlson

Considering the magnitude of today's public concern with critical mineral and fuel materials, regarding both their midterm and long term availability, the Nation is fortunate to have in place and operating the coordinated data systems of the Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mines. Under the supervision and policy direction of the Assistant Secretary--Energy and Minerals, these Department of the Interior agencies have long been responsible for important mineral activities in the Federal Government. Aside from their highly respected mineral industry publications such as the monthly Mineral Industry Surveys, annual Commodity Data Summaries and topical Professional Papers and Reports of Investigation, the Bureau of Mines and Geological Survey data bases and expertise have been readily available for use in emergency situations. Policymakers and decisionmakers in government have placed major reliance upon this ready mineral data and analytical capability in World War II, the Korean War, the recent price control era, and the Arab oil embargo.

Jan 1, 1975

The U.S. economy continued to expand during 1986, although at the slowest pace since 1982 when the current business expansion began. Real gross national product (GNP) grew about 2.6%, slightly below 1985 growth but significantly below that of 1984. The continuing expansion was fueled pre-dominantly by rising personal consumption expenditures as well as growing Government purchases of goods and services. Fixed investment, although positive, failed to grow at the rate of the overall economy. The trade deficit, which increased more than 30% over the record 1985 level, continued to depress economic growth despite significant declines in the price of petroleum and the value of the dollar. On a more positive note, domestic employment continued to grow--increasing over 2 million from the 1985 level--and inflation and interest rates declined. The unemployment rate dropped slightly to 7.0%. Of direct importance to the mineral-producing industries, expenditures for consumer and producer durables as well as investment in residential construction each grew faster than the overall economy, but investment in nonresidential structures fell more than 10% from the 1985 level. The level of real capital spending declined about 3% in 1986, following strong gains in 1985 and in 1984. Capital expenditures for new plant and equipment bottomed out in the second quarter and expanded in the third and fourth quarters. The decline in the first half of the year was partially attributed to uncertainty arising from the then-proposed tax bill. Also, there was little impetus for corporations to invest in new capacity since factories were operating at less than 80% of capacity during most of the year, in part because of continued competition from imports.

Jan 1, 1986

By C. G. Dunn, P. K. Koh

The primary recrystallization textures of 11 single crystals cold rolled 70 pct were determined. The effect of crystal orientation on recrystallization behavior was investigated also and found to be large. An exception was found to the relationship that strong components of the recrystolliza-tion texture are rotated from the cold rolled texture by 30° about <110> axes, but generally this relationship was found to hold quite well. Evidence supporting oriented nucleotion was found and discussed in terms of probable active slip systems and <110> edge dislocations. THE present paper is one of a series&apos;.&apos; on recrys-tallization phenomena in cold rolled 31/4 Si-Fe single crystals and is mainly concerned with the textures produced on recrystallizing from stable end orientations. Data for the cold rolled textures of the crystals used have been reported by Koh and Dunn." Their results showed that the sharpness of the cold rolled textures varied throughout the range of stable end orientations and that the tendency to re-crystallize was related to the sharpness of the cold rolled texture, wherein the rate of recrystallization increased and the size of recrystallization grains decreased with decreasing sharpness of the cold rolled texture. In the project under consideration the cold rolled crystals involved a range of initial orientations that, together with those studied earlier,&apos; provide information on several points. The first point is whether the recrystallization texture from a (111) [112] cold rolled texture, a stable end orientation that can be approached from different directions, correlates in any way with the initial orientation before cold rolling, or whether the recrystallization texture is entirely determined by the observable features of the cold rolled texture. The second point involves a preliminary study to see if the main components of the recrystallization textures correlate with the most probable active slip systems. The third point is to determine what effect departure from slip on one slip system has on the tendency to recrystallize. Experimental Procedure Nine specimens from a previous investigation and two additional ones from thicker stock (lot D) but of similar composition to the others were used in the present work. The latter two crystals, like the nine, were cold rolled to a reduction in thickness of 70 pct and the amount of widening was determined. Depending on their primary recrystallization behavior, the cold rolled crystals were given short or long anneals at temperatures of 980°C or higher. Table I summarizes the data on initial orientations, the textures obtained by cold rolling, and the anneals given to provide samples for the present work. Fine grained specimens were thinned to 0.002 in. thickness and placed in an integrating specimen holder. Chart recordings using a transmission X-ray method and MoKa radiation were obtained for diffraction from (110) planes. This method,&apos;,3 which gives data for all of the pole figure except a central region of 30" radius, proved sufficient to give generally five, and sometimes six, of the six possible pole concentration areas of any one component of the texture. These data, therefore, were generally adequate for a positive identification of each component present. The first texture obtained for specimen B-2 was poorly defined because of too coarse a grain structure and therefore too few crystals in each component for satisfactory X-ray reflections. The same

Jan 1, 1957

By Markus Schönit

Double rotary drilling combines continuous flight auger drilling with a casing for producing a cast-in-place pile. When producing a pile an outer casing and an auger (hollow auger) rotating inside the casing are driven into the ground in counter-rotation. The outer casing serves to support the surrounding soil and the inner auger excavates the drilling cuttings to the surface inside the casing. After reaching the projected drilling depth concrete is pumped through the hollow stem of the auger and outer casing and auger are extracted. After their complete extraction a reinforcement cage can be inserted in the fresh concrete. Compared to Kelly drilling the double rotary drilling method offers numerous advantages, including, for comparable diameter and length, shorter production times and higher accuracy (pile inclination and excess concrete) combined with increased occupational safety and lower noise emissions. Moreover, pile tests have proved that piles produced by double rotary drilling feature higher axial load-bearing capacities than comparable piles produced by Kelly drilling. This article offers an overview of the basic theoretical principles of double rotary drilling lists the required and currently available machinery and, finally, discusses the results and conclusions of a current jobsite.

Jan 1, 2011

By Martin Smirlock

A novel instrumentation system has been developed which enables simple, quick, and accurate measurement of vehicular dynamics within low speed ranges. The system, consisting of a microwave transceiver and microprocessor data acquisition and reduction system, measures the deceleration dynamics of low-speed mining and construction equipment. It makes the basic measurement, calculates key parameters such as average deceleration, initial velocity, stopping distance, and brake system delay time, and produces autoscaled graphs of velocity, acceleration, and displacement versus time.

Jan 1, 1981

By W Farnworth

The Huntly West Mine has undergone significant changes in the last two years, which will affect the remainder of the mine&apos;s life. The paper describes the evolvement of plans and an overview of the technical considerations made in planning for and implementing the first New Zealand longwall operation. The technical investigations involve the longwall equipment, exploration, ventilation and strata control. The focus on these areas was to ensure that unacceptable project risks were addressed. Implementation of longwall mining at West Mine is planned in three phases, Development, Panel One extraction trial, and Full Longwall operation. &nbsp; At present the development phase is complete, longwall installation is in progress and production start-up is planned for the end of August, 1991.

Jan 1, 1991

By R. L. Marek

The number of persons fatally injured in the California petroleum industry in 1931 was 30, a decrease of 20 fatalities or 40 per cent from the number killed in 1930. As a result of the decrease in the number of fatalities for 1931, the fatality curve of tie California petroleum industry reached its lowest point in nine years. Although reductions in personnel--which permitted the retention of a select and experienced class of workmen, decreased active field-development work, and curtailed production--undoubtedly have had a marked effect on reducing the number of fatalities in 1931, the decrease also has resulted from continued accident-prevention efforts. Statistics show that a direct relationship exists between development activity and the number of men accidentally killed in the drilling and producing division of the California petroleum industry. For example, when the average number of drilling wells in 1930 was 29 per cent less than in 1929, the number of men accidentally killed at drilling wells dropped 48 per cent; and when the average number of drilling wells in 1931 decreased 52 per cent from 1930, the number of fatalities at drilling wells decreased 58 per cent. The relationship between field-development work and fatality frequency is significant because each year at least 50 per cent of all the fatalities in the California petroleum industry occur in the drilling and producing division. This relationship should serve to guide the accident-prevention efforts of the industry, especially in the drilling and producing division, toward checking an increase in fatal accidents when development activity again takes an upward trend.

Jan 1, 1932

By C. L. Schneider, C. O. Gomes, R. P. King, J. A. Finch, D. Lin

Discussion is presented by Prof. King and Dr. Schneider of the paper by Lin, Gomez and Finch published in Trans.IMM C, vol.104, 1995, p.C155-C161. They conclude that the correction procedures used for simulated observations of simulated capped spheres are not reliable when applied to mineralogical data and that their relative ranking should not be extrapolated to other situations. Properly regularised solutions obtained with the use of appropriate kernels can be safely used for routine mineral liberation work and can be calibrated accurately against real mineralogical samples in the laboratory

Jun 19, 1905

By B. D. H. Knights

In November 2009 Mintek installed the FloatStar? advanced flotation stabilization system on Vale&apos;s Cauê iron ore beneficiation plant in Brazil. In September 2010 the system was upgraded to include flotation optimization. The circuit consisted of two parallel cleaner circuits producing final concentrate. The tailings from the cleaner section passed through a scavenger circuit. Large, well-instrumented feed sumps played an important role in circuit stability, presenting a good opportunity for advanced control. Previously the plant was controlled using distributed control system (DCS) level control only. The flotation circuit processes roughly 30kt/day. The FloatStar system provided advanced control of the flotation circuit as well as of the sumps feeding the circuit. The system underwent a lengthy trial to assess the benefit that it provided. Two data sets were analysed, showing performance under advanced stabilization and optimization respectively. Several validation and consistency criteria were employed to ensure the quality of the analysis. Iron recovery and iron tailings grade were used to measure system performance. The analysis showed that the system increased recovery by up to 2.7%. In addition, the system decreased the iron tailings grade by between 1.2% (from 23.5% to 22.3%) and 4.3% (from 31.3% to 27.0%) during different test campaigns. The analysis also showed that the entire FloatStar stabilization system was active for 72.7% of the time from first activation to the end of the first data set (approximately 200 days). From the analysis it was concluded that under similar conditions for &apos;ON&apos; and &apos;OFF&apos; tests, the system provides a clear benefit. It was also found that over the longer term, the system continues to provide a benefit. This finding suggests that the results were not simply due to a short-term advantage. The size of the data set, as well as the magnitude of the recovery improvements, lends considerable confidence to these results. Therefore, it can be concluded that the FloatStar control system provides substantial benefit to operations at this site.

Jan 1, 2012

By Luís Carlos da Silva

Atualmente, uma das principais preocupações da humanidade está relacionada à questões ambientais, que motivam pesquisas para o desenvolvimento de materiais com recursos renováveis e amigáveis com o meio ambiente. No entanto, este estudo pretende comparar, à resistência dos compósitos reforçados com fibras naturais, portanto, favoráveis ao meio ambiente e compósitos reforçados com fibras de vidro, que por sua vez têm impactos ambientais desde a fabricação até à disposição. Treze compósitos foram confeccionados para essa pesquisa, contendo 0% de fibra, 30% de fibras de curauá e 30% de fibras de vidro em matriz epóxi e testados em uma máquina de tração. Os resultados mostraram valores mais altos para as amostras reforçadas com fibras de vidro, no entanto, para relacionar a tensão do compósito com à sua densidade de fibra, verificou-se que os compósitos reforçados com fibras naturais apresentaram resultados melhores do que os produzidos com fibras de vidro. Concluindo, pelo ponto de vista da propriedade mecânica, as fibras de vidro podem ser substituídas pelas fibras de curauá.

Oct 30, 2017

By Don W. Lake

Of all the blast monitor& instrumentation systems and techniques av&able today, highspeed photography and videography remain as the most valuable, stand alone, diagnostic techniques to evaluate full scale blasts in the mining and explosives industries. Highspeed image data, coupled with information from other instrumentation systems, such as continuous VOD records, seismographs, laser surveying systems, refraction seismographs, etc. can eIiminate many assumptions about what actually took place in a blast. Thus, diagnostic confidence in evaluating both good and bad blasts is increased, and optimum blast designs are achieved considerably faster when compared to the trial and error approach or relying on just the experience factor.

Jan 1, 1992

The Putnam Coal Mine, at design capacity, will be the third largest underground bituminous coal mine in the world and will feature the world&apos;s longest single flight belt conveyor. Construction is now in process; initial mining will commence in early 1969 and design capacity will be reached in 1971. I&apos;m Jerry Workman, Assistant Mining Manager for the Coal Group of the Mining and Metals Division of Union Carbide Corporation, and I am acting as Project Manager for installation and start-up of the Putnam Mine. The Putnam Coal Mine reserves are located in south-central West Virginia and contain approximately 27,000 acres of prime Pittsburgh No. 8 coal; reserves are sufficient to support a 3.5 MM tons per year operation for over 30 years. The mine portal area is located some six miles inland from the Kanawha River. The river loading facility is located approximately 156 miles by way of river from the market.

Jan 1, 1968

By G R. Mould

The paper presents a general background to the subsidence research program being undertaken by the Department of Mineral Resources and Development in New South Wales. The results of the studies undertaken over the last ten years are summarised. The differences between these results and those obtained by the National Coal Board are discussed. The results of a study carried out on the effect of total extraction beneath a freeway in the southern coalfields are discussed in some detail. The procedures developed for the construction of a 500 mm diameter natural gas pipeline crossing a number of collieries in the northern coalfields are also outlined. The future direction of the Department&apos;s subsidence research program is discussed.

Jan 1, 1980

By E. G. Gaylord

THE material improvements which have been made in the practice of exploiting oil and gas reservoirs in the United States during recent years may be attributed largely to: (1) The necessity for drilling deeper wells at costs not much greater than was formerly expended on shallower wells. (2) The necessity for producing oil at a lower cost per barrel. (3) A growing recognition of the importance of the nature of production practice upon ultimate yield of oil and gas. The first two of these factors result, to a large extent, from the fact that a greater proportion of new development has been deeper development, and these wells have been drilled in the face of progressively lower per well allowables. In California, for instance, maximum allowables have declined from 400 barrels per day in March, 1938, to 156 barrels per day in September, 1940, and during this same period some 125 wells were drilled to the deeper 10,000-foot producing horizons discovered during this time. The third item listed above results from our increasing knowledge of the basic factors which influence the amount of recovery we may expect from reservoirs. In addition to the longer-range planning now being undertaken by the more prudent operators, State proration and conservation laws have focused attention upon the importance of methods conducive to obtaining progressively greater quantities of the hydrocarbons in place. In a paper of this length it will be possible to discuss only a few of the recent advances. An effort has been made to select the more important of these and to indicate, where possible, the factors which have made these advances possible.

Jan 1, 1941