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By R. W. Nash, A. E. Schwaneke, V. R. Miller

The Bureau of Mines developed a detector for controlling sorting devices to separate the copper-bearing fragments from the barren portion of Michigan native copper and western prophyry copper ores. A successful sorter could be used to preconcentrate the ore and eliminate costly hoisting or hauling of waste. An induction balance unit was developed and used in sorting tests on crushed sized - 2.5 + 1. 3-cm (- 1 + 1/2- in.) ores from the Kingston (0.9% Cu) and Centennial (1.6% Cu) mines of Upper Michigan. Concentrates of 4.0% and 7.5% Cu, respectively, were obtained at recoveries of 85 and 80% of

Jan 8, 1978

By E. Gaujot

IN connection with the question of coal waste and economy in mining, we would call the attention of those interested to an apparatus invented by M. Dernencourt, Superintendent of the Anzin Division of the Anzin Coal Company, North of France. This apparatus is known in France and Belgium under the name of prop screw jack (vis botte), and has been used with good results in the above-named countries for some years past. M. Ponson gives, in his " Traité de l'exploitation des Mines," a description of it (page 533), but as the description given is old, the work not widely known in this country, and as some valuable improvements have been made since, I thought it might be useful to give a description of it, having seen it in operation in 1867, while in Europe to attend the great Exposition, and on a scientific tour to the mining districts of France, Germany, Belgium, and Italy. The prop screw jack is composed of the following pieces: I. The body or column B, Fig. 4 [Plate (1)], of oak or yellow pine, sawed square, the bark taken off, and any length, proportionate to the vein. The smallest are 10 inches diameter at the base, and 9 inches at the top, the height being from 12 to 15 inches less than the size of the vein. In the axis of this column, and at the top end, is a cylindrical opening or hole, C, 2 3/4 inches diameter, 10 inches deep, for the screw, S. II. Two wrought-iron rings, R R, to strengthen the two extremities of the column ; the rings must be put on hot. III. A cast-iron washer, E, with hole in centre a little larger than the screw, to be put on the top of the column, and on which the nut is to rest; the top side of this washer must be faced on the lathe, also the bottom of the nut, to prevent friction. IV. The screw, S, having a total length of 12 inches and a diameter of 21/2 inches (for very high veins this diameter may be in¬creased to 3 inches), and has on its top a wrought-iron plate, T,

Jan 1, 1873

The following list contains the names of members of whose deaths notices have been printed in MINING AND METALLURGY during the year ending April 1, 1939. Biographical sketches published in MINING AND METALLURGY are indicated in the last two columns.

Jan 1, 1939

By W. E. Wrather

SERIOUS consideration was given by the Petroleum Division to a wide variety of subjects, during six busy sessions at the Annual Meeting. Beginning with a joint session on engineering research and production engineering, Tuesday afternoon, conducted by E. A. Stephenson and H. C. Fowler, problems of petroleum technology, domestic and foreign production, proved oil re- serves, economics, and stabilization were mooied almost without interruption until nearly everyone was "talked out,' and the meeting was adjourned at the end of the annual Petroleum Division dinner, late Thursday night.

Jan 1, 1933

By A. O. HAYES

SYSTEMATIC methods of ore-finding are looked to the more as increasing production requires greater supplies of raw materials. Unrelenting search for new sources of supply is necessary, and all the skill of science must be displayed both in methods of discovering and recovering the minerals necessary to the demands of present-day life. To this end most national governments have some sort of a geo- logical survey and there is a growing understanding of the desirability for cooperation between federal and state or provincial organizations and also financial assistance, from state and private universities, mining companies, railroads and manufacturers. Such surveys are now being directed by well trained geologists selected from federal, state and university departments. Large-scale maps are being prepared and better geo- logical interpretation made, more thorough chemical and physical examinations are being made and original search is fostered, with the result that successful prospecting is better directed, new mining regions are more likely to be discovered, and the life of. old camps lengthened.

Jan 1, 1931

By Sherwin F. Kelly

THE present lull in engineering activities presents an advantageous moment for inquiring into the position now occupied by geophysics in its various fields of application. The recent over-expansion in all lines of work resulted in an uncritical employment of these methods of exploration which was bound to have its harmful reaction. The pendulum has now swung back, producing a decidedly hypercritical attitude toward the new science that had been recently welcomed so joyfully as the panacea for prospecting troubles. The severe retrenchment in exploration has forced upon us a period of waiting and, it is to be hoped, of profitable contemplation. This can well be employed in trying to pass a reasoned judgment on what position geophysics should occupy in the new geological exploration programs that will inevitably ac- company the looked-for industrial recovery.

Jan 1, 1931

By T. R. A. Davey

IN 1947 the author became interested in the fundamental aspects of the desilverizing of lead by zinc, conducted some experimental work, and searched the technical literature for all available fundamental data. Since then a revival of interest in the subject in Europe resulted in the appearance of quite a number of papers. It became evident that it would be more profitable to collect together and examine thoroughly the results of various workers, than to attempt to duplicate the experimental determinations. There are many inconsistencies in the various publications, and it is opportune to review at this time the present status of knowledge on the Ag-Pb-Zn system. There is also a need for a clear description, in fundamental terms, of the various desilverizing procedures. This paper is presented in four sections: 1—There is an historical review of the origins of the Parkes process, of the results of many attempts to find a satisfactory fundamental explanation for the phenomena, and of the modifications proposed to date. 2—A diagram of the Ag-Pb-Zn system is presented. This is believed to be free of obvious inconsistencies or theoretical impossibilities, although thermodynamic analysis subsequently may reveal errors. 3—The fundamental bases of the various desilverizing procedures, which have been used up to the present day, are described; and a new method is suggested for desilverizing a continuous flow of softened bullion in which the bullion is stirred at a low temperature in two stages producing desilverized lead at least as low in silver as that from the Williams continuous process and a crust which, on liquation, yields a very high-silver Ag-Zn alloy. 4—A suggestion is made for the revival of de-golding practice, following a recently published account which does not seem to have attracted the attention it deserves. The terms "eutectic trough" and "peritectic fold" as used in this paper are synonymous with "line of binary eutectic crystallization" and "line of binary peritectic crystallization" as used by Masing.' The German literature on ternary and higher systems is rather extensive and a fairly general system of nomenclature has arisen, whereas in English usage the corresponding terms are not as well established. For this reason the meanings of terms used in this paper, together with the equivalent German terms, are given as follows: 1—Eutectic trough—eutektische rinne: line at which a liquid precipitates two solids S1 and S2 simultaneously. If the composition of a liquid which is cooling reaches this line, it then follows the course of this line until a eutectic point is reached, or until all the liquid is exhausted. The tangent to the eutec-tic trough cuts the line joining S1S2. 2—Peritectic fold—peritektische rinne: line at which a solid S1 and a liquid L transform into another solid S2. If the composition of a liquid which is precipitating S1 reaches the line, on further cooling only S2 is precipitated. The liquid composition moves from one phase region (L + S1) into the other (L + S2), and does not follow the course of the boundary. The tangent to the peritectic fold cuts the line S1S2 produced nearer S,. 3—Liquid miscibility gap, or conjugate solution region—mischungslucke: the region within which two liquid phases coexist in equilibrium over a certain range of temperature. A system whose composition is represented by a point in this region comprises one liquid at high temperature; then as the temperature is progressively reduced, two liquids, one liquid and one solid, one liquid and two solids, and finally three solids. 4—Liquid miscibility gap boundary—begrenzung der flussigen mischungsliicke: the line along which the surface of the miscibility gap dome, considered as a solid model, intersects the surrounding liquidus surfaces. 5—Tie lines—konoden: lines joining points representing the compositions of two liquids, a liquid and a solid, or two solids, in equilibrium. In binary systems the only tie lines customarily drawn are those through invariant points, e.g., through the eutectics of the Pb-Zn and Ag-Pb systems, or the various peritectics of the Ag-Zn system, as in Figs. 1 to 3. In ternary systems it is desirable to draw sufficient tie lines to indicate the slopes of all possible tie lines. 6—Ternary eutectic point—ternares eutektikum: point at which liquid transforms isothermally to three solids, S1, S2, and S Such a point can lie only within the triangle 7—Invariant peritectic (transformation) point— nonvariante peritektische umsetzungspunkt: (a) — On the miscibility gap boundary, the point at which two liquids and two solids react isothermally so that L, + S, + L, + S2. (b)—On the eutectic trough, the point at which a liquid and three solids react iso-thermally so that L + S, + S2 + S3. Such a point must lie on that side of the line joining S,S which is further from S,. (c)—A further possibility, not found in this ternary system, is that the point is at the intersection of two peritectic folds when the reaction concerned is L + S, + S, + S Historical Introduction Karsten discovered in 1842 that silver and gold may be separated from lead by the addition of zinc.2 Ten years later Parkes used this fact to develop the well known desilverizing process which bears his

Jan 1, 1955

By J. Robert Van Peli

IT was a strange but highly fruitful marriage-that union of hardy explorers, seeking the rich treasures of copper in the Lake Superior wilderness, with Boston's aristocracy of brains, capital, and enterprise. This historic wedlock, which has continued happily to the present day, was the means by which the wealth of Lake Superior's copper was won for the use and benefit of an expanding America. One branch of this family tree, the western branch, begins with prehistoric Indian miners, embraces the early French explorers of the Upper Lakes, and finally includes the British and American pioneers who reduced the vague rumors of copper to known fact and actually began the mining of copper in the wilderness. The other branch, the New England line, begins

Jan 1, 1948

By Oscar E. Harder

THE TERM "physical metallurgy' is used in the title of this lecture in preference to "metallography ?because the former has a broader meaning with most audiences, some people thinking of the latter as being limited to work with the microscope. This distinction, how- ever, has not been held by the out- standing workers in the field of metallography, such as the late Professor Sauveur. In the broadest sense metallography is essentially the same as physical metallurgy. The American Society for Testing Materials has adopted-the following definition: "Metallography is that branch of science which relates to the constitution and structure, and their relation to the properties of metals and alloys." This definition might be improved by adding after "properties" -"and their industrial and scientific uses." Metallography has also been defined as the science of metals and alloys. Physical metallurgy is to be distinguished from process metallurgy in that the latter relates particularly to the production of metals from the ores.

Jan 1, 1940

By James Douglas

THOUGH liberality is not supposed to be a prominent trait of the Scottish character, Canada owes to a Scotchman, Sir Wm. Macdonald, more than to any other of its people, not only wise ideas, but pecuniary help towards extending education: and another Scotchman, in New York, has sumptuously housed under one roof three branches of the engineering fraternity, of which we are one. Having thus created us members of the same family-for the metaphorical meaning of house and kinship is identical-Mr. Carnegie expresses more emphatically than even he could in words, that, by affording facilities for closest intercourse, he in¬vites the mechanical, electrical and mining engineers to par¬ticipate in the freest interchange of idea and experience, and to correlate and combine the results of their studies and activi¬ties; and, being members of the same household, to banish re¬serve and secrecy. And now we, the members of the - American Institute of Mining Engineers, meet as though we were at home in a neighboring country. For whether we meet in Canada, in England, or elsewhere, the Institute is always received as though no political or geographical divisions separated its members from those of congenial associations in the land of its host. In truth, the title which we have assumed claims for the sphere of our activities the whole American continent, regardless of such trifling details as boundary-lines. The fact that we meet to communicate each other's experience, to discuss our difficulties, and to seek each other's aid in solving the intricate problems that so often present themselves in the course of our profes¬sional life, is an acknowledgment of our individual helpless¬ness; and therefore an argument for united effort. But no effort can be of any value if there is an underlying suspicion

Jan 9, 1907

MEN AVAILABLE Engineering Manager, many years' experience in design, construction and operation of industrial plants and mining properties, requiring a knowledge of mechanical, electrical, civil and mining engineering. Have directed many men and engineers working on foregoing projects. Domestic and foreign experience. Now available. M-702. Mining Engineer, 36, married. Thirteen years' experience underground mining operations; exploration, development, mine evaluation, cost estimation and job evaluation. Registered Professional Engineer. Employed. Available reasonable notice. M-697. Mining Engineer, B.S. plus 2 years' pre-law. Three years' experience; completed training program all phase open pit and underground. Last 2 years sintering, nodulizing and wash plants. Varied pre-professional job experience. Veteran, 32, married, 2 children. Available immediately. Will consider any location. M-703.

Jan 1, 1952

By E. W. Cawthorne, R. I. Jaffee, C. M. Craighead

SOLUTION of a solid metal or alloy in a molten metal bath is used daily in melting operations, extractive metallurgical processes, and in brazing. It is generally recognized that temperature, time, agitation, and the composition of the solute metal and the solvent bath all affect solution rate. However, there is little information available in the literature on the kinetics of the process or the relative effect that these variables have on solution rate. In connection with an aluminum brazing study, data on the solution of aluminum in an A1-Si* bath to promote rapid solidification. The chemical analyses were made on drillings taken from the cast plates. The results of this work are listed in Table I. The thermal-analysis data were obtained on 200 gram samples cooled at approximately 1.5" per min. A calibrated chromel-alumel couple was used. The thermal arrests were recorded autographically on a General Electric photoelectric potentiometer recorder. The instrument was calibrated to 22.5 pct. The thermal emf was bucked with a Leeds and Northrup semiprecision potentiometer so that 1 mv represented the full scale of the GE recorder. Referring to Table I, it will be noted that the analytical results tend to be lower than the intended compositions by about 0.3 pct Si in the higher ranges. In view of the known difficulties in obtaining accurate silicon determinations by wet analysis when the silicon content is high and in view of the care that was employed in weighing and preparing the alloys, the intended compositions are believed to be more accurate than the analyses. Furthermore, when the thermal-arrest data are plotted against the intended compositions, a smooth curve is obtained, as shown in Fig. 1. This is not the case when the data are plotted against the analytical results. It will be noted from Table I that the 12.5 pct Si alloy (melt 4) showed a primary arrest at 577.6"C and the eutectic at 576.l°C. The metallographic examination of this chill-cast plate sample showed a small amount of primary silicon. These results, Fig. 1, place the eutectic at slightly less than 12.5 pct Si and are in rather good agreement with the unpublished Hanford data. In all of the subsequent work, the composition of the A1-Si dipping baths was determined by thermal analysis (spread between the primary arrest and the eutectic temperature) employing 12.5 pct Si and 577.2 °C as the composition and temperature of the eutectic. Material Preparation and Selection of the Techniques: At the beginning of this work, it was anticipated that, owing to oxide film present on the surface of the aluminum, difficulty would be encountered in obtaining rapid uniform wetting of aluminum specimens dipped in the A1-Si bath. The following etchants were investigated as possible methods of providing a thin uniform oxide film on the specimen surface: 1—phosphoric acid (H³O4), 2—fluoboric acid (HBFI), 3—sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and 4—hydrofluoric acid (HF). Tests with sheet .specimens (2x½x0.06 in.) of 2s aluminum prepared with these etchants indicated that the fast uniform wetting required for this work could not be obtained if any oxide film existed on the specimen surface. Tests were then conducted by dipping similar specimens etched in 5 pct NaOH and given a thin

Jan 1, 1956

By W. G. Jewitt

YELLOWKNIFE, the most northerly Canadian gold mining district, is once more in the throes of a boom. Touched off by spectacular and well-publicized diamond-drilling results on the property of Giant Yellowknife Gold Mines, Ltd., mining companies and the general public are competing for mining claims and for the shares of companies owning mining claims in the area, with little regard for values. Such a stock-market boom has various unfortunate consequences but undoubtedly one beneficial result is that considerable amounts of money are made available for serious development. The Yellowknife mining area lies on the north shore of Great Slave Lake, in the Northwest Territories, at a latitude of approximately 62°30' north. The topography is a low-relief phase of that usual in the Canadian Laurentian shield. Roughly, one third of the surface is lake-covered, one third muskeg or overburden, and one third is bare

Jan 1, 1944

By J. W. Schroeder

SEAMLESS pipe, the product produced from piercing a solid round billet of steel by the Mannesmann process, was first produced in the latter half of the 19th century, the Mannesmann machine having been patented in 1885. The products of other processes also have been termed seamless pipe; for example, the cylindrical section produced by "cupping," which consists of forming a cup from a flat plate or disk and further elongating the cup into a tube by passing it through a set of reducing dies. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the more important metallurgical factors and their relationship to the economical production of seamless pipe produced by the Mannesmann piercing process. The first seamless tube plant in America was established at Shelby, Ohio, in 1891, and was employed in the manufacture of bicycle tubing. For a number of years the bicycle industry was the only user of seamless tubing, and this tubing was produced by hot-rolling pierced billets imported from Europe and finishing on the cold drawbench. At the turn of the century, the automotive industry was responsible for an increase in the demand for seamless tubing. The growth of this industry was the dominant factor leading to the phenomenal growth of the petroleum industry, which in turn created a tremendous demand for seamless pipe. In addition; the old lapweld iron boiler tubes for stationary and locomotive boilers were replaced gradually by seamless tubes. Since 1929, the production of seamless steel pipe and tubes has increased over loo pct. In 1929, 1,459,9031 net tons of seamless pipe was produced, including both hot-finished and cold-drawn material, as compared with 3,087,3122 net [ ] tons in 1948. Table I gives the distribution of seamless pipe by classes for 1948. METALLURGICAL PROBLEMS From a metallurgical standpoint, the production of seamless pipe has presented many problems. Practically every type of steel, carbon and alloy, with the exception of the superalloys developed during World War II, has been pierced and rolled successfully into tubing. This includes bessemer, open hearth, by the stationary and duplex processes, and electric steels. The range of sizes produced is no less staggering to the imagination, when it is considered that the hypodermic needle, which is 0.016 in. diam with a wall thickness of 0.004 in., and pipe for gas or oil transmission lines, with a 26 in. OD, are both seamless tubes. Between these extremes, the range of diameters and wall thicknesses meets most present-day demands for seam-

Jan 1, 1951

The plans for the activities of the Petroleum Division for the coming year do not differ materially from those of the past several years. The fall meeting is scheduled for Oct. 12 and 13 and is to be held at Tulsa, Oklahoma. The Division, of course, will take part in the annual meeting of the Institute at New York. A fall meeting will also be held in California at approximately the same time as the meeting at Tulsa. A number of papers are to be presented at the two meetings simultaneously. The various committees are at work arranging the programs. The Division will continue to be active in its various fields of endeavor, such as stabilization, production reviews, and economics, but special stress is to be laid on the engineering and research fields. In the past the Division has served as a forum for open and frank discussion of problems confronting the engineers in the oil industry. It is hoped that it will continue to function in this capacity. Papers presenting original ideas and extending the boundaries of knowledge and understanding in the field of petroleum production will be welcomed. Members who have interesting information to contribute should not wait until called upon by one of the Committees, but should offer a paper at the earliest opportunity. The past year has seen a decided strengthening of the control over production, with prospects of even more rigid control in the future. It is essential that production programs under such control be carefully planned and it is highly desirable that petroleum engineers take an active part in the planning, to insure efficient production of oil and minimize the waste of this natural resource. At a time like this, when it is difficult to keep the production of oil within reasonable limits, it may seem unnecessary to improve the efficiency of production methods, but, as has been aptly said, the trouble is not that we have too great a reserve of oil but that we are producing tomorrow's oil today. Therefore it behooves those who are entrusted with the engineering and scientific phases of production to learn how to get the greatest yield economically possible from the present and future fields in order that we may enjoy the advantages of petroleum products for a long time to come.

Jan 1, 1934

By R. L. Sebastian

ALUMINUM'S war history is the record of a successful race to expand facilities fast enough to meet the multiple increases in military requirements, principally for aircraft. From the beginning of the war program in 1940 through 1942, requirements estimates were repeatedly lifted to new high levels, and plans for increasing capacity had to be constantly revised. In 1943, basic metal supply caught up with and exceeded requirements, and by 1944, the surplus of primary production was large enough to force reduction in output and plant closings. In the past two years, ingot capacity has been ample, though periodic critical shortages have been experienced for a few fabricated shapes as a result of sudden shifts in demand. And now with all controls lifted we are faced with surplus capacity, surplus stocks, and surplus scrap. In 1938 the Aluminum Co. of America was the only U. S. producer of primary

Jan 1, 1946

By H. Foster Bain

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) [SECRETARY'S NOTE.-This paper, presented in oral abstract, at the San Francisco meeting, was not at first supposed by Mr. Bain to be required for publication in the Transactions; and the excursion to Japan, in which he took part, immediately after the San Francisco meeting, delayed his presentation of the manuscript. After his return to San Francisco, Mr. Bain, in view of the importance of his paper and its discussion, kindly furnished it in full. The delay in its publication (since it was received in April last) has been due, partly to the circumstance that other contributions had meanwhile acquired the "right of way," and partly to the consideration that, the situation contemplated in Mr. Bain's paper having remained practically unchanged, the paper and its discussion would not lose force or timeliness by this lapse of time.-J. S.] No acute observer of public affairs can have failed to observe a growing disposition on the part of the public to change emphasis in government from political equality to social justice. When our own government was founded it was felt to be sufficient to secure to each individual the fullest possible freedom of opportunity, and such a scheme was excellently adapted to the rapid development of a large territory having a small population. As the number of people in a given area increases, there are more points of contact and conflict; each must move in a smaller orbit, and there must be more regulation. Germany is making faster progress in industry than is any other country. The principal reason is the insistence there on team-play. In Germany there are fewer multimillionaires and more socialists (spelled with either a big or little " S ") than in any other of the leading countries; but Germany wins trade and is steadily improving the conditions of life for her citizens. To some, the change from the freest individualism is welcome; to others it is intensely unacceptable. To this fundamental difference in view-point may be imputed much of the vigor with which the controversy regarding coal-lands has been waged. That present conditions in Alaskan coal-fields are extremely unsatisfactory is generally recognized, but there are wide dif-

Aug 1, 1912

By R. M. Keeney

Before the outbreak of the war in 1914, the only electric-furnace smelting plant operating on a commercial basis west of the Mississippi River was an electric pig-iron plant in California; rare metal ores were not smelted, concentrates of molybdenum, tungsten, uranium, and vanadium ores being shipped East for reduction. Practically no chrome ore was being mined, and only comparatively small amounts of manganese ore. Today there are two electric smelting plants in California, one in Washington, one in lowa, and four in Colorado; two plants are under construction in California, and one in Montana. Ores of manganese, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten are now smelted in the West, and although uranium and vanadium concentrates are still shipped to the East, they will probably be treated in western plants in a short time. The four electric-furnace plants in Colorado are listed in Table 1. Table 1.—Electric Smelting Plants in Colorado Capacity. Company Location KilowattB PRoductS Tungsten Products Co........... Boulder 800 Ferrotungsten, ferromo- lybdenum. Boulder Tungsten Production Co .. Boulder 400 Ferrotungsten. Ferro Alloy Co.................. Utah Junction 1200 Ferrochrome, ferrotung- sten. Iron Mountain Alloy Co......... Utah Junction 3000 Ferromanganese. Power for all of these plants is supplied by the Colorado Power Co. The plant of the Ferro Alloy Co., at Utah Junction, contains one 750-kw., three-phase furnace, to which power is supplied by three 250-lrw. transformers, connected /Y to give 129 volts on the furnace cables, the transformer ratio being 13,200 to 75 volts. The furnace operates with an actual voltage of 120 volts, and produces about 3 tons of ferrochrome per 24 hr. from 40-per cent. Cr2O3 ore. The furnace consists of a steel shell of circular cross-section, 8 ft. (2.43 m.) in diameter by 7 ft. (2.13 m.) deep, lined with magnesite, and having three vertical carbon electrodes 12 in. (30.48 cm.) in diameter. A 450-kw. furnace, of the same size as the 750-kw. furnace, is also operated on chrome ore. This furnace is three-phase in appearance, but operates electrically as a single-phase furnace. There are three vertical

Jan 1, 1920

A completely automated primary crusher is now in operation at Kaiser Steel Corp.'s Eagle Mountain, Calif., iron mine. The word "completely" is italicized to underscore its literal meaning- automation so thorough that even the control room for the crusher does not require a man to watch the flickering dials and lights. The automation of the unit is such that its operation, including starting and stopping, are controlled from the secondary crusher station. The crusher-a Symons 60-in. gyratory which can handle 3600 tph-features built-in safety devices that will turn the crusher off if oil pressure drops, if oil overheats, if bearing temperatures exceed permissible limits, or if parts of its electronic brain fail. According to reports, the worst that can now happen is a plugging of the crusher.

Jan 6, 1963

By J. HUNER

Twenty-four new fields were found in Louisiana during 1945. Of this number 15 were oil fields, eight were gas condensate, and one a dry gas field. None of these fields, with the exception of West Delhi, is as yet of any great consequence. The Weeks Island field in Iberia Parish may eventually develop into a considerable reserve.

Jan 1, 1946