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ESTABLISHMENT of an effective inspection system has been held essen¬tial to any international agreement that may be designed primarily to curb the testing of nuclear weapons. A number of reports and papers already have described basic inspection concepts and appraised various pro¬cedures, techniques, and methods as to their probable effectiveness in detecting and identifying violations under such agreement. This report results from a study of only one part of the contemplated inspection system, specifically the final phases embracing onsite investigations and mine examination techniques. The results and reports of earlier work were reviewed in detail, and subjects that were found to have been exhaus¬tively evaluated are recognized by reference and not redescribed here. In other instances, previously described techniques, methods, and clues were revaluated to define more clearly their practical value to the final objective of an onsite inspection. Previous documentation does not refer to a number of subjects, techniques, tools, clues, and methods considered by the study; this report treats these in detail, even though when applied singly or collectively their practical value may be questionable.

Jan 1, 1962

By A. W. Deurbrouck

This Bureau of Mines report describes the washability characteristics of 14 coalbed samples collected in Wyoming. Such data is needed to evaluate the quality of the coals of the West where most of our low-sulfur-content coal reserves are found. Of the 14 samples included in this report 13 had a total sulfur content of 1.1 percent or less. All of the samples contained low per¬centages of ash or could be readily washed to a desirable ash level with minimal loss of yield. The coals ranged in rank from high-volatile B bituminous to subbituminous C, although 10 of the samples were high-volatile C bituminous. The coalbeds varied in thickness from 4.5 to an unknown thickness greater than 67.5 feet.

Jan 1, 1971

By Charles D. Litton

Experiments were conducted to determine the optical scattering properties of diesel particulate matter (DPM) and various combustion aerosols from both flaming and smoldering combustion sources at discrete angles of 151 and 301 in the forward direction and at a light source wave length of 635 nm using a simple light scattering module. In addition to the scattering data, simultaneous measurements were made of the total aerosol mass concentration; light extinction at an average wave length of 546nm; and the response of a common bipolar ion chamber typical of residential smoke detectors modified to allow the aerosols to flow through the chamber. The results of these experiments indicate, for DPM and combustion aerosols, the intensities per unit mass concentration depend not only upon whether the aerosolis DPM or combustion aerosol but also upon the type of combustion aerosol. The results also indicate that the ion chamber responses are greatest for DPM, followed by the response to flaming combustion aerosols (FCA)and lowest for smoldering combustion aerosols (SCA). For light scattering, the greatest intensities are found for SCA, followed by the intensities from FCA, and lowest for DPM. This report describes the experiments, their results, and the use of these results to developed sign criteria for early warning fire sensor capable of the rapid and reliable detection of fires in atmospheres that may or may not be contaminated by the products produced from diesel engines. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

By Richard J. Mainiero, James Q. Wheeler, Lewis H. Kopera, Yael Miron

The research reported here was part of the effort to evaluate the safety of a process to recover TNT from MK-9 depth bombs by the autoclave melt out process. In this process the depth bombs are heated to 121°C so that the TNT will melt and run into a vat. Unfortunately, asphalt lining the inside surface of the bomb also melts and flows out with the TNT. It is not known what effect the asphalt contamination and the higher than normal process temperatures (12°C) would have on the sensitivity of the TNT. Testing was conducted on molten TNT and molten TNT contaminated with 2 pct asphalt at 90, 100, 110, 120, 125, and 130°C. In the liquid drop test apparatus with a 2 kg weight, the molten TNT yielded a 50 pct probability of initiation at a drop height of 6.5 cm at 110°C,decreasing to 4.5 cm at 130°C. Asphalt-contaminated TNT was somewhat less impact sensitive than pure TNT at temperatures of 110 to 125°C, but became more sensitive at 130°C; 50 pct probability of initiation at a drop height of 7.8 cm at 110°C, decreasing to 3.3cm at 130°C. In the card gap test, the molten TNT detonated at high velocity for a gap of 0.25 inches at 90 to 125°C and detonated at high velocity for a gap of 0.5 inches at 130°C. For gaps of 0.5 to 3 inches at 90 to 125°C and 0.75 inches to 3 inches at 130°C, the TNT did not detonate at high velocity but produced a violent explosion that caused significant damage to the test fixture. For gaps of 4 inches the TNT did not react. In the gap test there was no significant difference between the pure and asphalt-contaminated TNT. The thermal analysis test results showed that when asphalt is present in TNT, it greatly accelerates the exothermic decomposition of TNT, starting at temperatures near 200°C. The research demonstrated that asphalt-contamination of recovered TNT does not appear to have a significant effect on TNT shock sensitivity, but does adversely affect impact and thermal sensitivity. The results also showed that molten TNT seems to be more shock sensitive than previously suspected. It appears that at relatively low shock stimulus levels, the molten TNT may be undergoing a low velocity detonation, wherein the shock wave traveling through the gap test pipe cavitates the molten TNT, greatly increasing its sensitivity.

By Thomas J. Fisher, Thomas Novak

Strong circumstantial evidence suggests that lightning has initiated methane explosions in abandoned and sealed areas of underground coal mines. The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) investigated several of these occurrences within recent years. The investigated explosions occurred at significant depths, ranging from 500 ft to 1200 ft. Data from the National Lightning Detection Network indicate a definite correlation between the times and locations of the explosions with those of specific lightning strikes. This paper addresses the question, "Can lightning cause potential differences capable of igniting methane-and-air mixtures at overburden depths at which underground coal mining occurs?" A mine depth of 600 ft was selected for this initial study. Computer simulations were performed, with and without the presence of a metal- cased borehole extending from the surface to the mine level. CDEGSTU software from Safe Engineering Services & Technologies, Ltd (SES) was used for the simulation.

By Bill M. Stewart

The Bureau of Mines conducted laboratory tests to determine the effects on the physical properties of coarse coal waste of adding large amounts of fine coal waste. Maximum laboratory dry density, optimum moisture content, shear strength, and permeability tests were conducted on samples that contained 18 to 60 pct minus No.4 (U.S. Standard sieve size) coal waste. For the nonslaky materials, maximum laboratory densities were highest and permeabilities lowest when the samples contained between 30 and 40 pct minus No.4. Shear strength increased rapidly when the proportion of minus No. 4 was increased from 20 to 40 pct, but then increased only slightly or leveled off when the minus No. 4 was increased to 60 pct. Optimum moisture content and permeability were the physical properties most affected by the addition of fines. Optimum moisture content increased as much as 3 pct, and permeabilities decreased up to three orders of magnitude. Slaky coal waste material had physical property reactions to the addition of fines substantially different from those of nonslaky material.

Jan 1, 1981

By David Hoadley, Kenneth R. Maser, Ashok B. Boghani, James E. Billar, D. Randolph Berry, Mackenzie Burnett, Robert H. Trent

A. 3 Program Description The computer program developed to simulate events in the case of fire in the mine is described in this section The description is divided into three parts. 1. Program Capabilities This part summarizes what inputs can be changed, what outputs can be obtained and demonstrates program flexibility through suggested uses.

Jan 1, 1976

By Alla D. Mah

The heat of combustion of TaC0.996 was determined by oxygen bomb calorimetry to be -302.8 ±0.4 kcal/mole. The corresponding heat of formation of TaC0.996 is -35.4 ±0.5 kcal/mole, and the calculated heat of formation of TaC1.00 is -35.5 ±0.5 kcal/mole.

Jan 1, 1965

By John L. Reuss

A laboratory study was conducted by the Bureau of Mines to investigate the technical feasibility of decomposing hydrous magnesium chlorides by using a steam pyrohydrolysis technique. This procedure consisted of injecting steam into the atmosphere of a decomposition furnace containing samples of hydrous magnesium chloride and determining the rate of hydrolysis by measuring the rate of chloride evolution. The variables investigated were temperature, amount of water vapor in the decomposition atmosphere, and hydration stage of magnesium chloride. The application of steam was shown to accelerate both the rate and completeness of magnesium chloride decomposition reactions. For example, when magnesium chloride hexahydrate is exposed to a furnace temperature of 600' C in an air atmosphere for 20 minutes, the decomposition is 37 percent. Under identical conditions in a steam atmosphere, the decomposition is in excess of 70 percent. The magnesium oxide produced by the steam pyrohydrolysis of magnesium chloride dihydrate at 800° C contained 98 percent magnesium oxide. Based on magnesium oxide composition, this is equivalent to that of burned magnesite produced at temperatures in excess of 1,300° C. To demonstrate the quality of the product on a practical basis, metal reduction tests have shown it to be equivalent to reagent-grade magnesium oxide as a carbothermic reduction feed material.

Jan 1, 1974

By Sathit Tandanand

This report presents a Bureau of Mines study on the time-dependent behavior of coal measure rocks for future implementation in stability analysis and safety evaluation of in-mine rock structures. This initial study focused on moisture adsorption rate and strength degradation of shales in Pennsylvanian coal-bearing strata in the Illinois Basin. A reaction of clay minerals in Illinois shales with atmospheric water vapor was hypothesized as the adsorption and strength degradation mechanism. Part of energy exchange between shales and the environment was attributed to a free energy controlled by pore pressure of the rock and partial pressure in the environment. The relationships between adsorption versus time and strength degradation versus moisture content were derived and correlated with the experimental data. Partial saturation at various levels of relative humidity occurs within approximately 2 weeks at room temperature. The strength of shales tested decreases linearly with increasing moisture content. When the moisture exceeds 7 pct of the dry weight, these Illinois shales become unstable. To this end, the moisture content is a good predictor of rock strength for shales.

Jan 1, 1987

By David Hoadley, Kenneth R. Maser, Ashok B. Boghani, James E. Billar, D. Randolph Berry, Mackenzie Burnett, Robert H. Trent

C.5 Safety Equipment and Control Devices Safety equipment and control devices serve two principal functions in mine escape hoists. First, they can be used to provide important safety features such as protection against overspeed, over¬travel and undertravel. Second they can be used to automate or partially automate the operation of the escape hoist. Typical equipment available is described in the following section. 1. Simplex and Lilly Hoist Controllers Manufacturers: Logan Actuator Co. 4956 No. Elston Ave. Chicago, Illinois 60630 312-736-7500 The Simplex and Lilly Controllers provide a means for electrically shutting off the power to the hoist and the energy to physically set the brakes in the event of overspeed, overtravel, undertravel and failure to begin deceleration within sufficient distance

Jan 1, 1976

By Launa G. Mallett, Robert H. Peters, Barbara Fotta

Due to variations in the thickness of U.S. coal seams, there is great variability in the height of the roof where underground miners work. Restrictions imposed by low seam heights have important safety consequences. As the height of their workplace decreases, miners must stoop, duck walk, or crawl, and their vision, posture, and mobility become increasingly restricted. Low seam height also places important restrictions on the design of mobile equipment and other mining machinery. Using the employment and injury data reported to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) from 1990 to 19% small underground bituminous coal mines with less than 50 employees were stratified by average coal seam height according to the following categories: low (? 42"), medium (43"60N), and high (? 61"). Injury rates for both nonfatal days lost and fatality cases were examined by seam height and leading type of injury incidents. The leading types of Incidents associated with fatalities were roof falls and powered haulage equipment. In comparison to high-seam mines, miners working in low or medium seams are at higher risk of being killed by powered haulage equipment, roof bolting machines, and falls of unsupported roof. The leading types of incidents associated with nonfatal injuries were handling materials and powered haulage. As mining height decreases, miners are at increasingly higher risk of having a nonfatal injury from incidents involving roof bolting machines, load-haul-dump equipment, personnel carriers, and powered haulage conveyors. As mining height increases, miners are at increasingly higher risk of having a nonfatal injury from slips and falls and incidents involving shuttle cars and roof and rib falls. Knee injuries are a particularly severe problem in low- seam mines. The rate of injuries to miners while crawling or kneeling is 10 times higher in low seams than in high seams

By Thomas H. Dubaniewicz, Gerald R. Cucci, Gregory M. Green, Kenneth L. Cashdollar

New types of industrial instruments use fiber-coupled law energy to power remote serum. Fiber-optic based instruments are useful in classified (hazardous) locations found in many industrial plants because the fiber provides a natural barrier against accidental electrical discharge into potentially explosive atmospheres. However, current safety standards do not cover the use of laser-powered fiber-optic instruments in potentially explosive environments such as found in coal mines. The U. S. Bureau of Mines began an investigation of laser-powered fiber-optic instruments in explosive atmospheres in support of the standards-making process. A commercial fiber-optic interface system, modified to sin relate several worst-case operating conditions, ignited explosive hydrogen-air mixtures. Worst-am simulations consisted of disabling a safety shutoff feature, operating the laser at significantly higher powers than intended for normal operations, and cleaving fiber-optic connections to direct laser energy onto selected absorptive materials. At the highest power level available, the fiber-optic interface system did not ignite selected methane-air mixtures. The obtained data should prove useful in establishing appropriate safety standards.

By J. H. Maysilles

The Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, is investigating several types of low-grade uranium deposits. Projections indicate that an increased percentage of future production will be derived from such sources. One material studied was from the Coso Mountains of California; this material contained 0.04 to 0.12 percent U3O8. The deposit contains at least two distinct types of mineralization. The material representing the bulk of this deposit was amenable to acid leaching; 80 to 85 percent U308 extraction resulted from leaching with 20 to 40 pounds per ton of sulfuric acid. No oxidizing agent was required. This ore fraction could be treated by either agitation or percolation leaching. Uranium recovery and purification from the acid leach solution was accomplished using anion exchange followed by precipitation with hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. The second type of mineral was very refractory to acid leaching; a maximum extraction of only 44 percent was obtained with sulfuric acid. Nitric and hydrochloric acids were ineffective also.

Jan 1, 1978

By L. C. IlsLey

Figure 1 is a reproduction of a chart recently prepared by the Bureau of Mines at its Pittsburgh Laboratory to show the Bureau's approval work in connection with electrically operated mining equipment. Nearly 27 years of approval work, covering 346 approved units, are shown on this chart. These approvals are arranged according to year of approval and the manufacturer to whom approval was granted. Forty-five manufacturers are represented, and a scheme of using various colored tabs permits the following subdivision of the equipment: Cutting machines, loading machines, conveyors, battery-operated locomotives, battery-operated power trucks, drills and drilling machines, rock-lusting machines, pumps, room hoists, air compressors,, and miscellaneous, The greatest number of approvals granted to a single manufacturer is 80; the next highest is 65, and the third is 49. Several manufacturers have been granted only a single approval. The chart shows all approvals granted for, motored equipment. Some of these units have since become obsolete, and a few are used to a very limited, extent if at all.

Jan 1, 1941

By R. V. Ramani, V. T. Burgos, J. A. McClay

The data for Test I1 describes an underground bituminous coal mine operating in a 72 inch seam, with an estimated production rate of 4,257,000 tons per year. The system includes 15 continuous mining sections, conveyor belt haulage, and a rail network for supply and personnel transportation. The following section includes the input data sequence, annual cost report, and cash flow analysis "report for this data set.

Jan 1, 1975

By L. B. Berger, W. P. Yant, George W. Jones

Improper combustion of natural gas is the cause of low efficiency in heating appliances , also the liberation of carbon monoxide , an insidious and deadly gas . Carbon monoxide is produced during the incomplete combustion of any carbonaceous material , and quantities as low as 0.2 per cent may product death in a very short time . For healthy atmospheric conditions in the home , in which the occupants are continuously exposed , carbon monoxide should not be present in amount greater than 0.01 per cent , which value is taken as the safety limit in this report . The tests herein reported give the conditions which produce carbon monoxide when radiant -fire heaters burning natural gas are used . The conclusions drawn are based on tests made on one type of radiant heater only , but the general conclusions should apply to other types of radiant heaters of similar construction . The gas consumption , gas pressure , orifice pressure , size of orifice , and heater adjustments were changed so as to obtain as many different operating conditions as possible . In a general way the tests were carried out under the same conditions that the heater might be operated in the home .

Feb 1, 1923

By T. E. Marshall, D. R. Dolinar, T. M. Barczak, T. P. Mucho

Over a portion of the older limestone mine workings at the NIOSH Lake Lynn Laboratory, a mining health and safety research facility, a large sinkhole formed caused in part by the intersection of several tightly spaced joint sets and unusual weather conditions. The anticipated propagation of the associated roof failures threatened to encroach upon a portion of the facility’s secondary escapeway. To protect the escapeway, two cribs walls and over 80 cable bolts were installed. In addition, extensometers were installed to monitor roof movement in the escapeway. However, a large roof fall associated with the propagating roof failures in the sinkhole area partially destroyed one crib wall where the adjacent escapeway was not reinforced by cable bolts. Recent roof movement information indicates that this area is still active. Based on these measurements, steps have been taken to stabilize this portion of the escapeway. This paper discusses roof monitoring, the roof movement, the large roof fall, propagation of the roof failures, and the recent support measures undertaken to stabilize the escapeway.

Provide coal mine shafts/slopes with an optimum coal mine shaft fire and smoke protection system composed of reasonably-priced, reliable hardware. Approach Accident and injury data indicate that a relatively low percentage (5%) of underground coal mine fires occur in shafts or slopes. Nevertheless, shaft or slope fires are extremely serious because they block critical escape routes for miners. That also can happen when combustion products resulting from fires in other mine areas contaminate shahs and slopes. Seeking the optimum configuration for a shaft/slope fire and smoke protection systems, the Bureau of Mines gathered data on the performance of existing fire detection devices and signal telemetry systems In several mines, and analyzed the generic protection needs of the U.S. underground coal mining industry. The optimum system developed by the Bureau provided an adequate number of detectors, a wide area of coverage, and an extensive data acquisition, analysis, display, and storage capability. This system. recommended for fabrication and in-mine testing, consisted of a microcomputer-controlled master panel located in the test mine's slope hoist room, and four remote units. Two of the remote units were placed on the surface atop upcast ventilation shafts, a third was situated underground near the slope bottom, and a fourth was installed at the slope top in intake air.

Jan 1, 1986

By Kenneth H. Johnston

Information and data necessary for research on improving methods of oil recovery from low-permeability reservoirs and for comparison and evaluation of performance of such reservoirs with those producing from more permeable sands were obtained. Core analyses, well logs, production tests, well stimulation techniques, primary and secondary production records, and data on two water-flood projects were examined for wells producing from the Bartlesville sand, West Avant field, Osage County, Okla. Overall recovery from the study area was generally poor with only 9.0 percent of the pore volume recovered to January 1, 1968. Larger fracture treatments (8,000 to 12,000 gal) could have resulted in an increase in primary oil recovery. Secondary recovery by water-flooding accounted for only 1.9 percent of the pore volume because of the inability to control the large volume of injection fluid that escaped from the flood patterns and the excessive volumes of water produced with the oil. Future waterflood development in other low-permeability reservoirs should include the drilling of new input wells, use of injectivity surveys to locate possible natural fracture systems, or zones of high permeability, and control of injection fluids by altering flood patterns and/or plugging of the more permeable zones.

Jan 1, 1968