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By D. R. Gagnon

Mining companies are continually looking for product-ivity and efficiency improvements with their equipment to reduce operating costs. This paper will review the results of a productivity analysis conducted at the Luscar Ltd. Boundary Dam and Bienfait mines near Estevan, Saskatchewan using a Computer-Aided Earthmoving System (CAES) installed on a track-type dozer. The CAES TTT system is a Global Positioning System that provides the operator with constant survey guidance. The study includes a productivity comparison between two similar test sites, one with the aid of the CAES system and the other, without. The CAES TTT system shows a productivity improvement of between 20 and 35% in the reclamation slope leveling application. Even with the CAES TTT system deactivated, some of the advanced features of the system were used to: retain terrain data for volume calculations; track the equipment position; and, accurately record and separate idle time from working time.

Jan 1, 2002

By T. Grammatikopoulos, C. Gibson, M. Aghamirian

"Lithium is a silver-white alkali metal that has recently become a target commodity for many junior mining companies. Lithium has a wide range of applications including ceramics and glass, lubricating greases, air treatment, continuous cast mold flux powders, polymer production, and primary aluminium production, but the current popularity of lithium can be attributed to an anticipated increase in demand for lithium ion batteries. The most common lithium-bearing minerals occur globally in pegmatites and granites. Spodumene [LiAl(Si2O6)] is the most desirable economic lithium-bearing mineral due to its high lithium content (theoretical Li2O content of about 8 wt%). However, lithium can also be hosted in petalite, micas, tourmaline, and phosphate minerals. In Canada there are a number of spodumene deposits in Ontario and Quebec at development stage that have the potential to help narrow the forecast lithium supply gap stemming from the widespread acceptance and use of electric vehicles. This paper discusses the beneficiation of hard rock lithium deposits, including an in depth review of the use of flotation to upgrade spodumene. A review of the use of dense media separation (DMS), magnetic separation, and roasting as means to process spodumene bearing ores is also discussed. INTRODUCTION Lithium is a soft, silver-white alkali metal with atomic number 3. As of 2015, the end use of lithium was estimated to be as follows: lithium-ion batteries (35%), ceramics and glass (32%), lubricating greases (9%), air treatment (5%), continuous casting mould flux powders (5%), polymer production (4%), primary aluminium production (1%) and other uses (9%) (Jaskula, 2014). Lithium is found in brine lake deposits containing lithium chloride and in hard rock pegmatite deposits. It can be sold in a range of product types; as mineral concentrate, brine, compound (lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide) and metal depending on its intended end use (Goonan, 2012; Jaskula 2014). In the 1990s the United States and Chile were the largest producers of lithium globally, primarily from brine operations (Ober, 1994). Most of the lithium compounds produced over this period were consumed in the glass, ceramics and aluminium industries. In the 1980s and 1990s there were two major lithium operations in the United States: brine operations at Silver Peak, Nevada, and a spodumene mine and lithium carbonate/lithium hydroxide plant in Kings Mountain, North Carolina. The Kings Mountain operations ceased production in 1991 and were eventually dismantled in 1994. Brine operations were also active in Argentina and Chile, while the largest lithium ore deposit in the world was operated at Greenbushes, Western Australia. During this period it was predicted that major shifts in demand for lithium would come from the success and widespread use of electric vehicles (Ober, 1994)."

Jan 1, 2017

By Georgy Cherkashov, Svetlana Babaeva, Tamara Stepanova, Firstova. Anna

Seafloor massive sulfides (SMS) study in the Russian Exploration Area at the northern equatorial Mid Atlantic Ridge began after signing the contract with International Seabed Authority in 2012. In order to evaluate the SMS resources in the course of exploration the major and rare metals with economic value should be determined. The evaluation is based on geochemistry and mineralogy and particularly on the type of rare metals occurrence in the SMS. As a case study research of the Semyenov cluster of SMS deposits have been conducted.

Sep 1, 2014

By Jürgen Kretschmann, Christina Suarez, Jürgen Brune, Stefan Möllerherm

"The Ruhr region in Germany’s North-Rhine Westphalia is going through significant change. By the end of 2018, the last two underground hard coal mines in the Ruhr, Ibbenbüren and Prosper-Haniel collieries, will close their portals and bring an end to more than 200 years of coal mining and an industry that was once the economic and cultural backbone of the area. Ruhr is undergoing an impressive economic and cultural transformation, as it gradually shifts from being a region once dependent on coal and steelmaking to a post-mining region focused on redesigning itself as a cultural center. This article focuses on the socioeconomic impacts of the transformation into post-mining and the roles of the government, labor unions and local community to aid the transformation from the perspective of an American student. It will look into the cultural values that are helping to drive the transformation and compare them to American standards and values in order to determine if a similar approach can be used in the United States and its coal industry. History and backgroundUnderground hard coal mining has had a long history and a significant impact on the culture and economy in Ruhr since the early 19th 20century. The Ruhr region is located in the heart of the German state of North- Rhine Westphalia. Ruhr is bounded by the Rhine River in the west, the Ruhr River in the south and the Lippe River in the north, with the Emscher River running through its center.The Ruhr is home to around 5.1 million people and spans an area of approximately 4,500 km2 (1,730 sq miles). Before the era of industrialization, the Ruhr was a rural, agricultural region. Small-scale coal mining began in the 13th century, with coal being used for heating, cooking and metallurgical processes, including steelmaking. With 19th-century industrialization, coal mining became a significant driver of the region’s economic structure. Steam engines, and soon, electric motors, allowed for the pumping of mine water and for powerful hoists hauling from deep shafts, enabling miners to reach deeper coal seams that were once thought impossible to mine. The Ruhr mining boom began in the 1850s, supported by Prussian economic policies that attracted many workers and their families to the region. The population grew from 400,000 in 1850 to 5.7 million in 1957. The coal and steel industries were key contributors to Germany’s “Wirtschaftswunder” — or “miraculous economic recovery”— in the 1950s. In 1956, the coal industry reached its peak production of around 112 Mt/a (124 million stpy) of coal and employed almost 600,000 miners."

Mar 1, 2019

By C. Xiao, R. Chi

In recent years, the biosolubilization of rock phosphates by phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms has become a major topic of research studies. However, the microorganisms used in previous studies were mostly single and known species, and studies seldom focused on mixed communities of microorganisms or microbial consortia from natural environments. In this study, a microbial consortium from rhizospheric soil was used to solubilize two different compositions of medium- to low-grade rock phosphates — designated as ore samples 1 and 2 — in a laboratory-scale bioreactor. The microbial consortium showed good growth in the bioreactor, reduced the suspension pH and released soluble phosphates from the ores. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed the action of the microbial consortium on the ore surface. There was considerable corrosion on the ore surface, and 3.42 and 4.93 percent of the element phosphorus was removed from ore samples 1 and 2, respectively. Microorganisms were sampled from the bioreactor for the analysis of their community structures by Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. The analysis show that the suspensions added with different ore samples had different microbial diversities and richness. This study provides new insight into the biosolubilization of rock phosphates by a microbial consortium directly taken from rhizospheric soils.

By A. M. Anthony, A. Y. Atta, S. S. Magaji, U. Abubakar-Zaria

There are two major gold recovery methods: the hydrometallurgical technique, which employs cyanide solutions, and amalgamation method, which involves mercury (Hg). These methods present considerable health, safety, and environmental concerns. Past applications of alpha-cyclodextrin (α-CD) on gold scraps show that α-CD is not only inexpensive, but is also environmentally friendly. This research work used α-CD to recover gold from gold ores instead of gold scraps. The gold ore was sourced from Shanono gold deposit site Kano State,Nigeria. The gold ore was characterized by fire assay (FA) for the precious metal. The concentrate was digested with aqua regia (AR) for 24 h. Modified AR, where hydrochloric acid was replaced with hydrobromic acid, was used for the gold digestion due to the good match in molecular recognition between gold bromide ion (AuBr)− and α- CD in a second sphere coordination complex. The digestate was characterized using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Gold recovery using this technique is pH sensitive, and five pH values (2.0, 3.6, 4.0, 5.4, and 6.0) were investigated. FA analysis showed the Shanono gold ore deposit contains an average of 4.71 ppm of gold, AAS analysis showed highest gold recovery of 69% at pH 4.0, which is lower than recoveries from the metal scraps. This could be due to the presence of other gangue minerals closely associated with the ore. However, gold recovery using α-CD on Shanono gold ore has shown to have a higher yield of 69% compared to 35.5% yield obtainable by Artisan Small Scale Miners using mercury.

May 5, 2020

By E. O. Mixon, Jack D. Kennedy

INTRODUCTION This contract is the most northerly portion of the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago's Tunnel and Reservoir Plan. (TARP) The project begins at Addison Street in Chicago and proceeds northerly approximately ten miles to end at Wilmette Harbor and Lake Michigan. The project which consists of 2 work shafts, 32 drop shafts, 7.322 km (24,020 ft.) of 6.7 m (22 ft.) diameter circular rock tunnel, 8.458 km (27,750 ft.) of 9.2 m (30 ft.) diameter circular rock tunnel and miscellaneous rock bolting and grouting, was bid for a total cost of $63,140,480. The tunnel invert elevation varies from 65.5 m (215 ft.) to 77.4 m (254 ft.) below the ground surface, which places the tunnel in a rock formation of dolomite limestone. At the tunnel invert, the unconfined compressive strength of the limestone varies from 96 MPa (14,000 psi) to 152 MPa (22,000 psi). The 6.7 (22 ft.) diameter tunnel required the mining of 10.9 cu m. (14.2 cu yd.) of rock per lineal foot of tunnel while the 9.2 m (30 ft.) diameter tunnel required the mining of 20.1 cu m (26.3 cu yd.) of rock per lineal foot of tunnel. The total cubic meters of rock required to be excavated from both tunnels was 818,821 cu m (1,070,978 cu yd.). All of this will be mined by tunnel boring machines (TBM). These tunnels were not to be lined with concrete. The thirty two drop shafts have upper portions that are cylindrical in the overburden and rock sections. They were divided into two groups, depending on diameter, with a different construction method for each group. The first group consisted of twenty three of the

Jan 1, 1979

By J. S. Peterson

Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) has been recognized by the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) as the most common job-related disease in the United States. Roughly 30 million workers are exposed to excessive noise levels or toxins that are potentially hazardous to their hearing. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Office of Mine Safety and Health Research (OMSHR)is investigating noise controls to reduce operator overexposures caused by haul trucks used in underground metal/non-metal mines. To identify the most significant contributors to the overall sound level, Source Path Contribution (SPC) analysis was conducted. Noise dosimetry and time-motion analysis were also conducted to quantify operator noise exposure. SPC analysis determined that, under high idle conditions, a source near a hydraulic pump mounted to the rear of the engine and the engine cooling fan were the major noise sources. The time-motion/dosimetry analysis showed that the operators accumulated more than 90% of their noise exposures while they were hauling ore to the dump site and traveling back to the load site unloaded.

Jan 1, 2012

By D. Scott Scovira, Thomas Gustavsson

Exiting WW2, the potential of nitrates and hydrogen peroxide for application as industrial explosives both became known. The technology stream advanced the development and uptake of nitrate-based explosives to the point that they are the current global standard for blasting. Recently environmental issues are influencing the strategic agenda of extractive industries. The mid-2010s saw renewed interest in hydrogen peroxide explosives to eliminate NOx fume. Carbon reduction initiatives in the 2020s provided additional impetus to investigate hydrogen peroxide-based explosives. Hypex Bio is at the forefront of developing and delivering bulk gas sensitized Hydrogen Peroxide Emulsion (HPE) for blasting. HPE consists of hydrogen peroxide along with smaller amounts of fuel and emulsifier. The consistency of HPE is similar to industry- standard nitrate-based emulsions. It is compatible with existing priming and initiation systems. HPE does not contain nitrates and thereby does not produce post blast nitrous oxide fumes nor discharge of nitrates or ammonia to mine water. Importantly, HPE contributes to reduction in total carbon emissions as compared to nitrate-based explosives.

Feb 1, 2025

By M. Mustafa Kahraman, Sean Dessureault, W. Pratt Rogers

Most contemporary mines have considerable amounts of data. Structured and unstructured large data sets are colloquially named big data. Much of the data in mining operations come from a variety of systems, each with different databases and reporting environments. Standard technology deployments create a Bsilo-ification^ of data leading to poor system benefit. Through modern server monitoring and systematic approach, data utilization and value can quantifiably be measured. The Data Utilization and Value Index (DUVI) can quantify business intelligence best practices and user interaction. This study seeks to provide a data management tool to measure data utilization across the process of converting data into action.

By MOHAMMAD R. H. GORAKHKI, Christopher A. Bareither, MANUEL APARICIO, Joseph Scalia IV

The focus of this study was on the evaluation of hydrologic and environmental behavior observed in GeoWaste and waste rock test piles. GeoWaste is a mixture of fast-filtered tailings and waste rock prepared as a tailings-dominated mixture. The two test piles included potentially acid-generating (PAG) waste rock and were operated for 26 months to evaluate whether GeoWaste can suppresses sulfide oxidation and production of metal-rich acid mine drainage relative to PAG waste rock. The test piles were constructed in the shape of truncated 5-m-tall pyramids with 25-m base sides and flat 5-m × 5-m top surfaces. Water content, temperature, electrical conductivity, and oxygen concentration were monitored in four layers and at five locations within each layer in both test piles. In addition, 5-m × 5-m lysimeters were installed at the base of each pile to collect leachate. Approximately 2660 mm of water was added to the surfaces of the test piles via precipitation and irrigation (irrigation ≈ 1050 mm applied at an approximately constant rate for 70 days). The measured saturation, oxygen concentration, electrical conductivity, and temperature in the GeoWaste and waste rock piles suggest more sulfide oxidation occurred in the waste rock pile compared to the GeoWaste pile. Observations from the pile experiments suggest that co-managing mine waste in the form of GeoWaste reduced acid generation compared to waste rock alone due to the lower permeability and unsaturated state of the GeoWaste pile that reduced downward migration of moisture and inhibited drainage.

Mar 31, 2021

By Jonathan Taylor, Irwan Halim, Frederick (Rick) Vincent

The new underground facilities for the LINAC Coherent Light Source project at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in Menlo Park, CA, are constructed in very weak sedimentary rock interspersed with uncemented zones. In addition to several 21-footwide (excavated) tunnels, the NATM excavations include a large, 49-foot wide (excavated) cavern, an unprecedented size in this geology. The critical design issues include characterization of the weak rock, some shallow rock cover areas, and very stringent criteria for final invert slab movements within the tunnel. The design also incorporated severe seismic criteria, since the site is in close proximity to the San Andreas Fault.

Jan 1, 2007

By L. S. Hansen

Organized efforts toward the prevention of injuries and occupational diseases have been of comparatively recent origin in the mining industry, dating generally from the beginning of this century. Mining-and particularly underground mining- is more hazardous in many respects than most other major industries, and continual and increasing attention has been given to its health and safety aspects. The importance of the physical well-being of those engaged in mining was recognized by Agricola, who, after describing the hazards encountered in 16th century mining operations, stated that "Some of these evils, as well as certain other things, are the reason why pits are occasionally abandoned." In the past 50 yr particularly, mine managements and labor organizations, separately or collectively, have mounted productive efforts toward the prevention of accidents and industry-associated diseases and illnesses. A statistical study of this period indicates that increasing awareness coupled with the endeavors of all concerned agencies has resulted in decreasing frequency of occurrences of injuries and illnesses. In recent years particularly the mining industry has used the services of safety engineers, industrial hygienists, inspectors, ventilation engineers and other specializing in locating and correcting deficiencies affecting the welfare of employees. Concurrently, the labor movement has incorporated into its organization individuals working in the fields of health and safety, many devoting full time to these responsibilities. Others serve in behalf of their fellow workmen as on-the-job safety representatives. Most authorities agree that accidents are caused by (1) unsafe acts, (2) unsafe conditions and, exceptionally, (3) Acts of God. The "unsafe act" often is cited as the prime cause. but many accidents, and attendant injuries, are the result of a blend of "unsafe acts" and "unsafe conditions," with each chargeable in varying proportions. It therefore is necessary to consider both the physical elements of the mine plant and the training, mental attributes and actions of all personnel involved. Analysis of an accident, if based on hasty reconnaissance and unduly hurried questioning, seldom will disclose more than surface causes and consequently will result in inadequate measures to prevent repetition. Mining involves unavoidable and calculated risks, as in all facets of life. It is most important then that men employed in mining be schooled in the hazards and develop fully the ability to evaluate and minimize risks. The environment, of underground mining often is harsh and strange compared to the more natural surface conditions man has learned to cope with as a part of established life patterns. The miner. therefore, must adapt to unusual situations and conditions and must develop a mental attitude permitting acceptance of change. 3.1-INDUSTRY-AFFILIATED SAFETY AGENCIES L. S. HANSEN There are many organizations primarily interested in health and safety. In addition to industry and labor groups, there are many private and governmental

Jan 1, 1973

By H. Lyn Bourne

This is the ninth annual tabulation of royalty information. Again this year, some of the older information has been deleted to make room for more than 30 new entries. Several articles and publications crossed the author's desk this past year that relate to mineral valuation and mineral royalty. Tom Loucks presented a paper, "The Valuation of Hard Rock Mineral Property," at the Rocky Mountain Mineral Law Foundation in Santa Fe, NM in July, 1990. His paper gives an indepth explanation of the definitions and concepts related to mineral valuation. It includes descriptions of numerous legal cases that have dealt with mineral valuation and proper reference is given for each case. Loucks works for the Denver Mining Finance Co. Gold royalties generally range from 5% to 7%, net smelter return. However, Severn Brown sent information that shows a much wider variation. Echo Bay Mines reported in its 1989 annual report royalties that range from 1.5 % to 30% for gold from various gold properties. Brown also sent a copy of an article that appeared in the Dec. 27, 1982, issue of Fortune magazine. This issue carried an article by Walter Guzzardi, Jr. "The Huge Find in Roy Ash's Backyard." The article gives the history of Newmont's leasing in Nevada on property that became the Carlin, Bootstrap and Blue Star Mines. The article states that the initial royalty was 10% that escalated to more than 16%. Another property, the site of Gold Quarry, provides an 18% royalty to the same own¬ers. The article makes interesting reading for those interested in mining history.

Jan 1, 1991

By Georgene Renner

With more than 800 booth spaces sold and 540 exhibiting companies displaying their wares, there was something for everyone on the exhibit floor of the 2014 SME Annual Meeting in Salt Lake City, UT Feb. 23-26. The following is a sample of what was offered at the 2014 meeting.

By W. R. Reed, G. W. Luxbacher

As directed by the MINER act of 2006, the NIOSH Office of Mine Health & Safety Research (OMSHR) has annually awarded contracts to enhance mine safety and health. OMSHR has a history of research that focuses on both respirable coal mine dust and respirable crystalline silica (or quartz) dust, and contracts have been awarded since 2010 in support of our intramural research efforts. In 2018, a National Academies of Science consensus study report recommended expansion of respirable dust research. As a result, beginning in 2018 through 2021, eighteen contracts were awarded focusing on this area. These contracts can be grouped in three topic areas: characterization of coal/dust, development of real time monitors, and improvement of respirable dust controls. This paper summarizes the outcomes of completed contracts and the progress of current contracts.

Mar 2, 2022

By A. Schaum

On average, there are approximately 10 fatal haul truck accidents per year. The most common causes for haul truck accidents include mechanical problems, inadequate training and insufficient road/berm maintenance. Due to the frequency and magnitude of haul truck accidents, new training methods are being investigated. With the widespread availability of computers and new technology becoming more reasonably priced, the ability to incorporate computer-based training for miners is becoming more possible. It has been shown that computer-based training is just as effective in knowledge acquisition as traditional lectures, and computer-based training can lead to a significant increase in the retention of material (Williams and Zahed, 1996). Studies have also shown that more engaging training methods lead to more effective knowledge acquisition (Burke et al., 2006). A supplemental system for current and new miner training to address the common causes of fatal accidents was developed. The training system is a virtual preshift inspection of a haul truck, and it can train new haul truck operators to identify parts that look defective. The training will increase an operator?s ability to recognize problematic parts and correctly identify the corrective action needed. Increasing the quality of training by providing an engaging, simulated hands-on environment will lead to safer behaviors by trainees, which will ultimately lead to fewer accidents and fatalities.

Jan 1, 2008

By Anna Sukhanova, Svetlana Babaeva, Sergey Andreev, Victor Beltenev

"The Zenith-Victoria /1/ and Jubileynoye /2/ hydrothermal fields have symmetrical structural position on the Mid Atlantic Ridge (Fig. 1). In order to compare the evolution of hydrothermal systems, we conducted mineralogical and geochemical studies of SMS from both sites.Radiochemical and geochemical investigations of massive sulfides of the Zenith-Victoria field distinguishes three major stages of evolution: initial, interim and final represented by Fe-S, Cu-Fe and Zn-Fe types of SMS respectively /3/. In this talk, we describe the results of geochemical analysis of massive sulfides from the Zenith-Victoria field. Geochemical varieties of SMS are considered to be indicators of the evolutionary stages of the hydrothermal system."

Sep 1, 2014

By J. W. Jamieson, J. Escartin, A. Steinführer

Evidence of hydrothermal activity on two Mid-Atlantic Ridge oceanic core complexes (OCCs), at 13º30’N (the Semyenov 1 through 5 fields) and 13º20’N (the Irinovskoe field) (Fig. 1) were studied using CTD casts, dredges, TV-grabs and SP surveys during previous research cruises to these sites (Cherkashev et al., 2013, McLeod et al., 2009). In late 2013, the Semyenov and Irinovskoe fields were revisited, this time with an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) and a remotely-operated vehicle (ROV) during the ODEMAR (Oceanic Detachments at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge) cruise on the French research vessel "Pourqoui Pas ?". Here we present the first visual surveys and direct sampling of these vent sites. High-resolution (~2 m) bathymetry of the 13º30’N and 13º20’N OCCs and their associated vent fields was collected during 4 and 5 AUV dives, respectively, using the GEOMAR AUV "ABYSS" (Fig. 1). These surveys were flown between 70 m and 100 m above the seafloor, typically at a constant height to reduce vehicle movement. The AUV was equipped with Eh, turbidity, and temperature sensors in order to detect active hydrothermal venting. Over twenty ROV dives with the ROV "VICTOR 6000" allowed for the visual exploration of the OCCs and collection of 59 hydrothermal rock samples from the vent fields. As a result of these exploration activities, the first robust estimates of the size of the deposits, and the geologic controls on sulfide accumulation at these sites can be determined.

Sep 1, 2014

By A. K. Martin

Adaptive management can be described as a structured, iterative process of robust decision making in the face of uncertainty, with a goal of reducing uncertainty over time through system monitoring. Adaptive management is a tool which can be applied to not only change a system, but learn about the system (Holling, 1978). Adaptive management has been used in ecosystem management for years and guidance is provided in a variety of handbooks and publications. Adaptive management can be applied to industrial facilities and mines through the use of an adaptive environmental management plan (AEMP) and associated practices. The goal of this paper is to provide an explanation of how the plans and practices support regulatory agency approvals and permitting, span the life-cycle of mines, manage uncertainty, and assist in addressing mining impact and legacy issues. AEMPs and associated practices are useful tools to address the uncertainties in identifying, evaluating, and managing impacts of proposed new and modified mining facilities undergoing environmental review. Once a proposed project is approved, the AEMP continues as a living document, being informed, revised, and adapted by the operations. The AEMP can serve as an ongoing management tool for describing and evaluating environmental impacts, continuing in operations into post reclamation. If initiated during planning and environmental review of a project (and in some locations such as the United States [U.S.], the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)), the AEMP becomes a basis to identify, monitor, and manage potential project environmental impacts. Development of an AEMP for an operating mine is also beneficial since there are generally developing and ongoing environmental issues at those facilities as well. Over time, the AEMP is adapted to changing requirements and conditions including those anticipated and unanticipated. Ever increasing scrutiny of mining projects and the complexities of the EIS process highlight the uncertainties inherent in impact predictions. In making the momentous decision of initial project approval, these uncertainties can discourage the regulatory agencies? actions and create stakeholder anxiety and controversy about a project. A well-designed AEMP can support the decision to approve an EIS and enable a project to move forward. Additionally, an AEMP can inform financial assurance estimates and revisions over the life of a mine providing all parties including the citizens of the surrounding communities with greater confidence that potential environmental impacts and risks will be well managed.

Feb 23, 2014