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By Sulanto J, Talonen T

In the mid 1960's Outokumpu considered building a lead Flash Smelter on the basis of Flash Smelting technology developed first in the late 1940s for smelting copper concentrates. Pilot scale tests were carried out and the process was found technically sound. The project was however not economically viable under Finnish conditions and it was cancelled. In 1981 pilot plant tests were restarted after many enquiries from the primary lead producers. All the know-how and development made in copper and nickel smelters was applied to the Lead Flash Smelting process and the tests were successful. Outokumpu has so far tested several types of lead concentrate with lead contents ranging from 28 to 75 per cent. The concentrate is oxidized and smelted to metallic lead and slag directly in the Flash Smelting Furnace using high oxygen enrichment of tonnage oxygen. Fossile fuel is used in the Flash Smelting Furnace in cases when the feed material does not contain enough latent heat to smelt the furnace products even though pure oxygen is used for oxidation. Thus the process results in a low consumption of extraneous energy. Use of oxygen results in a small gas flow but it is rich in sulphur dioxide. The gas treatment facilities and sulphur recovery plant will be small in size and low in investment cost. The process is flexible and can produce stable quality of products from different types of raw materials. Quality of lead bullion especially the sulphur content can be regulated over wide a range, from 0.1 per cent upwards according to the needs of the refinery.

Jan 1, 1984

By R. A. Frith, M D. Goodz

Ore-bearing minerals that are located along microfractures are always susceptible to loss during the breakage and sampling of the material. Further losses occur with on-site sample preparation and splitting prior to laboratory analysis. In these cases solid whole rock channel or core samples should be handled with due care to ensure all fines and loose particles are collected and included in the sample for total chemical analysis.Similarly open hole and reverse circulation drill methods are not usable in areas containing old mine workings, heavily fractured ground or highly degraded/oxidised mineral assemblages. Nor are these methods usable to assess a bulk mineable target where the enriched zones were peripheral to or between old mine cavities.

Jan 1, 1993

By R Williams, P Godwin

In a time of changing rainfall patterns and in the light of recent tailings dam failures, there is closer environmental scrutiny for proposed tailings dam construction or expansion. Therefore the elimination of the traditional tailings dam could provide both environmental and cost benefits to an operation. One method to dewater tails is using pressure filtration to achieve lower moistures than what is currently available using other dewatering technologies. Further benefits include a higher rate of filtrate recovery, reuse of waste material and the potential for dry stacking of the filtered tailings cake, thereby minimising both risk and cost. This paper chronicles the replacement of two existing belt filter presses with a single McLanahan recessed plate filter press to dewater a tailings stream at a Bacchus Marsh site. It covers the slurry testing, equipment selection, installation, commissioning and operation of the filter press to achieve the following objectives:• removing the current tailings dam and slimes cells from the existing process to minimise failure risk and reduce the cost of a dam upgrade, as well as operational and maintenance costs• free up the surface area which was previously occupied by tailings dams and slimes cells• recover additional water to be returned to the process• reduce flocculent usage• reduce truck movements and handling.The project’s owner also expects to reduce carbon emissions by over 3000 t over the lifetime of operation as well as substantially reducing operating expenditure. By recognising the carbon reduction benefits, the project owner was able to successfully achieve partial funding through the Voluntary Waste Industry Protocol.An unanticipated, but as yet unquantifiable, bonus for the project was to seek an offtake agreement for the tailings thereby allowing the tailings to be considered a valuable source of beneficiated clay suitable for the construction industry.CITATION:Godwin, P and Williams, R, 2017. Pressure filtered tailings – environmental and cost benefits, in Proceedings MetPlant 2017, pp 324–334 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 11, 2017

By Y Zha, J L. Walshe, A Ord, N J. Archibald

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of Geodynamic Modelling as an exploration tool and to provide a specific example, namely, the Century Zinc deposit in Northern Queensland. Geodynamic Modelling is an attempt to become more quantitative in the way we develop exploration models. It is a systems approach to ore genesis which examines the complete four-dimensional mineralising system of interest, rather than individual site specific ore deposits. The goal is to establish a predictive capability that enables the explorer to predict grade, tonnage, mineralogy, alteration patterns and precise location of a potential orebody given a particular exploration model. The process consists of two well-defined stages: firstly, a æsoftÆ modelling stage where all available data on lithospheric architecture, geodynamic history, fluid chemistries, fluid flow mechanisms and mechanisms of metal transport and deposition are collected; and secondly, a æhardÆ modelling stage where the system is modelled using fully coupled deformationûfluid flow-thermal transport-chemical reaction computer codes. In the case of the Century Zinc Deposit we point to its existence on the boundary between two fundamental blocks of Proterozoic mantle lithosphere. This boundary has controlled Pb/Zn mineralisation in Northern Australia from the Proterozoic through into the Paleozoic. Detailed thermal, chemical, fluid flow, deformation modelling of the Century System points to an origin involving mixing of crustal oxidised fluids bearing zinc, with reduced fluids bearing H2S and CO2 from the lower crust or mantle. We use this modelling to define critical exploration criteria for another Century type of deposit.

Jan 1, 2000

Valuers will often intuitively express the probability that property value will exceed a certain amount . . . 'I think the chances that the value will exceed $50 million are excellent. The chances that they will exceed $80 million are poor'. This paper shows how it is possible to combine the uncertainties of the value of several key items to provide an estimate of the probability of a certain overall value being achieved. The valuation of a large copper/gold deposit was naturally influenced by uncertainties in the base assumptions of costs and metal prices. Potential acquisition of the property through share purchase raised the issue of what was a reasonable intrinsic value for the shares. Market considerations could be used to appropriately adjust the intrinsic value. After a range of possible metal prices and operating costs were determined, estimates were made of their probable distributions. By combining these probabilities in a random selection, a range of property values was calculated. Each value had its respective probability of occurrence. This allowed a most likely value of shares to be calculated. This paper demonstrates how the valuer's intuition is complemented by numerical analysis.

Jan 1, 1994

By G Chitombo, G Lewis

The knowledge of the expected run of mine (ROM) fragmentation during the feasibility study of a green field site is essential for the design of downstream crushing and milling processes. However,the prediction of blast fragmentation can be a challenging process due to the uncertainty related to the blast design and rock mass parameters. In general,a number of possible blast designs are considered in a feasibility study,with factors such as bench height and blasthole diameter influencing the design. Rock mass parameters are normally derived from a limited number of geotechnical diamond drill cores. Although diamond drill core can provide detailed information concerning intact rock strength (unconfined compressive strength and point load),it provides limited structural information to predict the in situ block size distribution of the rock mass. The in situ block size is an essential input to the prediction of the fragmentation distribution, in particular the coarse end. This paper outlines the methodology of blast fragmentation modeling undertaken for a green field feasibility study at the Riska gold deposit in Indonesia. The favoured milling process for the feasibility study was dump leaching,with no crushing of the ore material extracted from the pit. For this reason,blast fragmentation was a critical issue to be addressed by the study. A range of blast designs were considered with bench heights and blasthole diameters ranging from 4 m to 7 m and 76 mm to 102 mm respectively. Rock mass data was obtained from 19 diamond drill cores across the deposit (total drill length approximately 2200 m). Intact rock strength was estimated from qualitative strength descriptors,while the in situ block size distribution of the rock mass was estimated from the Rock Quality Designation (RQD) of the core. The methodology of fragmentation prediction involved a number of steps including the estimation of rock mass parameters from diamond drillhole data including the estimation of the in situ block size, delineation of blast domains within the deposit,and the assessment of the impact of various blast design parameters and rock mass variation on the predicted fragmentation distribution. The modelling process for the Riska green field site highlighted the need for additional rock mass data to be collected post feasibility stage and once the development of the mine commenced.

Jan 1, 2004

By Segnit R. E

Two suites of dusts (waste-heat boiler and electrostatic precipitator) collected in 1976 and 1980 from the Kalgoorlie nickel smelter were subjected to chemical and XRD analysis and were examined by SEM and optical microscopy. The spherical to sub-spherical particles contained oxide and glassy phases with small amounts of sulfide. XRD showed that the major phase was a mixed Ni-Fe oxide spinel with some hematite. These phases compared well with those predicted by thermodynamics. The particle size distributions showed that in the 1976 and 1980 suites 20 per cent by weight was respectively coarser than 60 and 115/lm (boiler dusts) and 40 and 30/lm (precipitator dusts). Maximum particle sizes estimated from sedimentation chamber theory were found to be in reasonable agreement with the maximum sizes found in the dusts.

Jan 1, 1984

By B Lyne

In 1990, the Queensland mining industry had come to the conclusion that new safety and health legislation based on risk identification and control was required if the mining industry was to be effectively and efficiently regulated. In particular stakeholders in the coal mining industry had arrived at this opinion after the industry had suffered a number of major underground explosions over the 14-year period between 1972 and 1986. Also by 1990, a general consensus had emerged across both the coal and metalliferous mining sectors that mining industry was over regulated and, more to the point this over regulation did not encourage industry to identify and address the underlying causes that had led to a cycle of major mining accidents in the state. The prevailing opinion was that the prescriptive legislation left the ownership of risk management with the regulator and not with the mine operator. This paper discusses the background to the development of the Queensland Coal Mining Safety and Health Act 1999 and the Mining and Quarrying Safety and Health Act 1999 and the progress made in improving safety and health since the statutes came into force on the 16 March 2001. The paper discusses the issues that had to be addressed during the development of the legislation including the interaction with other legislation based on based on risk management principles that either overly or interface with the mining legislation. The effect the underground explosion at Moura No 2 in 1994 had on the final content of the new legislation is also considered. Health is often the neglected twin of safety and health legislation and the paper previews the health surveillance system being proposed in Queensland to ensure that health of mine and quarry workers is afforded the same priority as their safety. By increasing the structured management of occupational health problems in our mines there is an opportunity to make significant improvements in mine safety In conclusion the paper reviews the results to date since the introduction of the new mining safety and health legislation in Queensland on the 16 March 2001. Progress has been made and more is yet to be achieved

Jan 1, 2003

By J Chßvez, J Rosa del Castillo, J Rui

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Feasibility Studies (FS) were carried out to evaluate the potential use of treated acid mine drainage (AMD) occurring at the Kingsmill Tunnel in the Central Andes of Peru. The 11 km long tunnel drains the underground works of the Morococha Mining District and discharges about 1.25 m3/sec of AMD directly into the Yauli River in the Amazon Basin. The communities living downstream cannot use the Yauli River water due to its low pH and elevated concentrations of metals (eg Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, As, Cd) and sulfate. Studies carried out for this project included technical feasibility, EIA, economic viability and social impact assessment phases. During the æTechnical FeasibilityÆ phase, the treated AMD was produced by simulating a high density sludge (HDS) lime neutralisation/ precipitation process and was evaluated for various potential uses. Mining companies located in Morococha, in particular Centromin Peru SA, and the Water Works Company of the City of Lima (Sedapal) collaborated with Golder Associates during the studies. The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) provided the financial assistance. The results of the physical, chemical, biological and toxicological analyses demonstrated that the AMD could be sufficiently treated to be potentially used to supplement the drinking water supply of Lima, and for agricultural (eg irrigation and livestock) and recreational purposes. Process design and scale-up parameters were also determined for implementation of the full-scale treatment facility at the site. The use of the treated AMD as a drinking water supplement would be economically feasible.

Jan 1, 2003

The difference between a hypothetical and a theoretical approach is considered and the advantages in using a hypothesis is discussed. Virgin horizontal stresses play an important role in stabilising strata which bridge across an excavation, and reduces the tensile stresses which develop in a beam subjected to bending. Simple formulae are deduced for the bridging of a thick massive stratum under such conditions. At shallow depths, tensile failure on the upper side of the beam is the most likely cause of fracture, but below a certain depth this gives place to compressive failure on the underside, with the possible incidence of rock bumps. The presence of strong massive beds delay the onset of subsidence and may restrict the width of the subsidence trough. If the material involved in the caving is strong, this will reduce the final subsidence, especially at shallow depths. The British regulations for the control of aquifers and their dependence on the strain developed at the seabed are discussed. As an alternative, the concept of a disturbance factor is introduced to permit the consider- ation of aquifers at depth, leading to an explanation of the make of water on the first faces to be mined in the Selby Coalfield. 'Elie paper closes with a brief consideration of the different roles played by longwall face supports in the control of readily cavable strata, and the control of strong beds which hold up in the waste.

Jan 1, 1986

By C Kocsis, G Baiden, Y Bissiri

CANMET-MMSL and Penguin Automation Systems Inc have been exploring how process simulation and ventilation modelling software, when combined, can be used to optimise hard-rock/metal mine ventilation systems. In combination, it is anticipated that this methodology will facilitate the exploration of mine design options that affect ventilation requirements and ultimately cost. Such integrated mine design could limit, and possibly reverse, the drivers that under current practices would generally dictate increased ventilation, power consumption, cost and greenhouse gas emissions. It is believed that the mining industry needs such process models to develop better business cases. For example, the implementation of optimised ventilation systems will undoubtedly require significant investment and mines are often reluctant to try such conservational measures unless they can be proven cost-effective. In general, Canadian hard-rock mines know their ventilation systems are providing too much air and consuming power unnecessarily. This is because their systems are designed to provide maximum production flexibility, based upon peak demand, which may be at some future time, and operated continuously at that level regardless of actual need. Simplistic analyses have shown electrical energy savings can range from 30 per cent through to 90 per cent (Hardcastle, Gangal and Leung, 1998). These savings depend upon such factors as the intensity and continuity of the production schedule as opposed to non-productive time. Where these savings occur is also important, if limited to either the primary or auxiliary ventilation systems, they could be negligible in a mineÆs total energy consumption. The problem these mines face is determining what level of ventilation is required in real-time and then the relative benefits. Such parameters as varying electricity costs, heating fuel options, different design criteria and their complex inter-relationship can effect the selection of an optimal system, depending on whether energy, environment or cost is the prime driver. The use of process simulators in underground mining is in its infancy; to date they have been used to show the benefits over the life of a mine under different mining methods, such as a comparison of tele-remote mining from surface against conventional manned operation (Baiden, 2000). This ongoing development advances the use of such simulators into a new and potentially important area, namely modelling the life-cycle ventilation requirements of a mine. This paper shows how such a life-cycle analysis as opposed to peak demand can provide the basis for optimising the design of ventilation systems and their control.

Jan 1, 2005

The Mobile Miner MM130 (Figure 1) is designed to tunnel or mine in hard rock. It has a 4.1 m diameter cutterhead mounted on a horizontal axis which in turn is perpendicular to the line of the machine. The cutterhead rotates at 15 rpm and is supported on a boom which swings the cutterhead through a horizontal arc.

Jan 1, 1993

By Oxenford R. J

An important rutile-ilmenite-zircon bearing sand deposit was discovered by local farmers at Eneabba, 300 km by road north of Perth in 1970. These heavy minerals occur in a series of ancient strandlines and associated dunal deposits at elevations from 85 m to 170 m above the present sea level and are situated,30 km inland. The strandlines were deposited on wave- cut platforms in an ancient bay bounded by Mesozoic sediments during a series of regress- ions from a high sea level, probably during late Tertiary or early Pleistocene times. The immediate source of the heavy minerals in the Eneabba deposit is a widespread low content of those minerals in the nearby Mesozoic sedi- ments. The high-grade southern portion of the Eneabba deposit has been closely drilled and is now being prepared for production by Allied Eneabba.Pty. Ltd., a subsidiary of Allied Minerals N.L. This part of the deposit is 11 km long and up to 2.5 km wide. It is characterised by little or no overburden and the average depth of mineralisation, bounded by a 2.5 per cent heavy mineral cut-off, is 12 m. The water-laid strandline deposits at the base of the mineralisation are generally high grade, ranging from 20 to 60 per cent

Jan 1, 1973

The advantages of coordinate geometry in design and construction of underground works are apparent for reasons of flexibility, security, computer operations, survey error analysis, and the use of numerical techniques for setting out and checking works. Integration with National or State survey systems is useful in the long term, both at design, construction and future works stage. Equipment and methods are available which permit "absolute" monitoring of structures and strata over long periods,to close toler- ances. This work can be carried out in the limiting urban environment. Rapid data acquisition by semi-automatic devices, or photogrammetry, utilizing electronic data processing is capital inten- sive, but provides more data than analogue surveys (i.e., setting out centre lines) and becomes more attractive with increased labour Costs.

Jan 1, 1976

The Wild Dog gold-silver-copper deposit represents a new ore-deposit type in Papua New Guinea. The telluride vein mineralisation is associated with a Tertiary caldera and has similarities with that from the Baguio district, Philippines, Vatakoula, Fiji, and the San Juan Mountains, southwestern Colorado. The deposit, discovered in July 1983, has negligible stream silt and concentrate anomaly, and a float-train limited to within 300m of the prospect. The comparatively recent exposure of the vein system may explain the limited stream expression of the deposit. At least three major veins occur in the deposit; the vein system strikes north- northeasterly, dips 78¦W, and has a maximum strike length of 1350m. Veins are enveloped by a wallrock dominated by an assemblage of quartz-illite-pyrite. Four types of silicification related to multiple vein filling events have been defined on the basis of field relationships, drill-core intersections, petrology and fluid inclusion study. To December 1986 a total of 22 diamond drill holes (2304m) and 40 reverse circulation drill holes (1833m) have been completed on the deposit, defining a 750m zone of interest. The upper 30m of the deposit is oxidised. Much of the high-grade mineralisation in both the sulphide and oxide portions of the deposit is restricted to ore- shoots which strike parallel to the overall vein structure and are vertical to steeply westward dipping. They are defined geochemically by the lg/t Au cutoff and geologically by the relative increase in the vein density of auriferous grey-black sulphidic silica, the final vein filling event. Metallurgical studies and the results of close-spaced drilling have demonstrated the very good repeatibility on duplicate assays, and the extremes of grade variability of mineralisation over very short distances. The good assay agreement on duplicate samples .s indicative of fine, dispersed gold.

Jan 1, 1987

A static equilibrium mathematical model of the lead,flotation circuit at The Zinc Corporation Limited is developed to permit the feasibility of applying computer control techniques to be studied. The model is based on the relationship between the cumulative recovery of a mineral species R from n flotation cells or assemblies in a unit given asR = M(1-(1 - p)?)where M is the maximum possible: recovery and p is the probability of flotation for the particular mineral.The verification of this relationship by data from pilot plant cell-to-cell and plant open flow flotation units shows that these systems behave as if the probability p is constant for each cell or assembly of anyone unit. It is also concluded from this study that mineral recovery is independent of the head assay. Two consequences of this probability relationship, are demonstrated.1. The total recovery from an open flow unit is enhanced by increasing the number of flotation assemblies but maintaining a constant flotation time and total air addition.2. The rougher and scavenger capacity required to recover a bulk lead-zinc concentrate is approximately half that used for selective flotation.The static equilibrium model is derived by solving a series, of mass balance equations which incorporate the recovery-probability relationship for each type of flotation unit. It is used to calculate the complete metallurgy of the circuit for any arrangement of cells knowing only the plant feed assays and the probabilities of flotation for the three mineral types, galena, marmatite, and gangue for rougher, scavenger, and cleaner flotation. The high degree of prediction obtained is demonstrated by comparison with plant results.Pulp flowrate is the principal variable affecting the accuracy of the present model. Work is in progress to establish this effect and permit the derivation of a dynamic model. Even so, the static model is valuable in its present form for the analysis and design of circuits, and optimisation studies using computer services have been conducted.

Jan 1, 1964

By Hoberg H, Schnieder FU

The disposal of residues from coal preparation and processing will to an increasing extent require investigation and consideration of the environmental problems resulting as a consequence of this. Different authors (Diingelhoff and Plankert, 1983; Hasenpatt, 1985; Szczepanska and Twardowska, 1987) have concentrated primarily on the content and the mobilisation of inorganic contaminants such as chlorides, metals and heavy metals from spoil tips, while no publications have yet been found on the question of a possible emission of organic contaminants (PCB, PAH, HC HC) from processing residues. Here the flotation residues in particular are able to bind larger quantities of organic contaminants by physi-sorptive means because of their large specific surface and, after disposal, to be re-emitt than into the environment. The flotation agents used in coal flotation are mixtures of technical distillation products with a correspondingly fluctuating composition. As Hey, 1986 showed, they may contain, in addition to the main components (n-alkanes, alcohols, surfactants), over 50 individual trace substances. In conjunction with the structural-chemical similarity of the individual components, this complicates the quantitative analysis of individual components considerably. For the analysis of hydrocarbon content of flotation products by means of extraction with organic solvents in accordance with DIN 38408, H18, the difficulty arises, besides the insufficient sensitivity at low concentrations, that geogeonic hydrocarbons are extracted from the coal as. well and the analysis results are thus falsified. These problems were overcome by the application of the 14C radiotracer method where certain components of the flotation agents are marked with radioactive carbon (14C). By measurement of the radioactivity of solid and liquid samples, the concentration of the marked substance can be measured very sensitively and precisely, whereby the accumulative measurement of similar organic substances is ruled out. Thus the reaction path of certain substances in complex reagent mixtures such as flotation agents can be traced excellently and the conceivable environment burden resulting from flotation tailings disposal can be estimated. In this paper, the adsorption behaviour of typical components of coal flotation agents are investigated for different coals and types of gangue material, the reagent content of flotation concentrates and tailings, as well as the mobility of the reagents adsorbed onto solids. The knowledge of adsorption and desorption mechanisms of unpolar hydrocarbons emulsified in water to solids are also of particular interest for the understanding of processes of organic soil contamination and for the further development of washing processes for oil-contaminated soils.

Jan 1, 1993

By M Biesinger, R St C Smart

Diagnosis of the surface chemical factors playing a part in flotation separation of a value sulfide phase requires measurement of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic species that are statistically different between the concentrate and tail streams. Statistical methods, based on the monolayer-sensitive time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) technique, have been developed towards this ultimate aim by measuring hydrophobic species (collector ions, dimers and metal complexes, polysulfides) as well as hydrophobic metal ions, precipitates and added depressant species. Reliable identification of specific mineral particles is central to this statistical analysis. A chalcopyrite/pyrite/ sphalerite mineral mixture conditioned at pH 9 for 20 minutes to study transfer of Cu from chalcopyrite via solution to the other two mineral surfaces, since this mechanism can be responsible for their inadvertent flotation in copper recovery, showed no statistical difference in the copper intensities on pyrite and sphalerite (selected from Fe and Zn images) after this conditioning. Principal component analysis (PCA) identifies combinations of factors strongly correlated (positively or negatively) in images or spectra from sets of data. In images, PCA selects these correlations from the mass spectra recorded at each of 256 ¦ 256 pixels in a selected area of particles. In the image mode, PCA has proved to be a much better method of selecting particles by mineral phase with clearer definition of particle boundaries due to multi-variable recognition. It has clearly separated a statistical difference in copper intensities between the sphalerite and pyrite phases. The PCA method has been applied to concentrate and tails samples collected from the Inco Matte Concentrator demonstrating extensive CuOH and NiOH transfer between the chalcocite (Cc) and heazlewoodite (Hz) minerals. Statistical differences illustrate the important discriminating depressant action of NiOH in flotation despite the activation of Hz by Cu transfer. The adsorption of the collector at specifically-identified Cu sites has been elucidated by the study. Importantly, the statistical analysis has been able to confirm some mechanisms and deny others proposed to control recovery and selectivity giving more focus on the control factors.

Jan 1, 2005

SOME notes on the works of the Electrolytic Refining and Smelting Company of Australia will no doubt be of interest to members of the Institute, more especially as much of the work is new to Australasia.As many of the members who may read this paper have not been in a position to visit works of this kind, and are consequently not thoroughly acquainted with all the operations carried on, the author has taken the liberty, in some cases, to enter into explanation which would otherwise be unnecessary.The works are situated at Port Kembla (New SouthWales), about fifty miles south of Sydney, and are approachable both by rail and water. The Government has recently built a low-level jetty upwards of five hundred feet long, and intends installing at an early date an electrically operated portable crane to facilitate the handling of material to and from the boats. Thi.s will mean a considerable reduction in the length of time that boats are laid up at the jetty. There are also under construction two breakwaters, which, when complete, will materially assist shipping operations. The works as they exist are capable of turning out 1200 long tons of refined copper per month. It is gratifying here to note the unqualified success with whichthe E.S.A. refined copper met with on first being put on the market.

Jan 1, 1911

By B McIntosh

Sustainability in its simplest assessment has been defined as æmeeting the needs of the present without jeopardising the needs of future generationsÆ. For the mining industry alone, this statement could indeed be interpreted by the many cynics in our community as an oxymoron; as miningÆs very existence requires the extraction and consumption of finite resources. However for the future of industry as a whole, the integration of mining, minerals processing and manufacturing presents us with a unique opportunity to achieve sustainability through the continued supply of metals and materials for society, in a manner which can achieve positive social outcomes through a triple bottom line approach.The Kwinana Industrial Area has been Western AustraliaÆs premier heavy industrial precinct for more than 40 years and its prevailing level of prosperity will ensure it remains a significant contributor to the State economy through the 21st century.The Kwinana industries depend on each other for the production of essential raw materials vital to their manufacturing and refining process, an innovation that also has significant environmental benefits.Formed in 1991, the Kwinana Industries Council strives to foster positive interaction between member companies and with the local community.The aims are:to co-ordinate the activities of Kwinana industries on a range of common issues; provide effective liaison with the local community; promote a positive image of Kwinana industries; highlight contributions to the community by Kwinana industries; and work towards the long-term viability of the Kwinana Industrial Area. The Kwinana Industries Council facilities these aims by focusing on developing and employing leading edge technology, giving workplace health, safety and environment top priority, and taking a committed, responsible and pro-active approach to environmental protection, whilst forging a two-way partnership with the local community.The sustainability of industry is the key objective for the Kwinana Industries Council and through the involvement of the 13 member companies industry strives to:achieve efficient processing of resources to provide a range of goods and services needed by the community; achieve acceptable and decreasing level of environmental impact; provide jobs and income for our community; and engage co-operative projects that benefit the local communities, the State and Australia.

Jan 1, 2004