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• Phelps-Dodge Corp. signed an agreement with the Defense Materials Procurement Agency to increase copper production from the east ore deposit of the company's Copper Queen branch at Bisbee, Ariz. The company agreed to undertake a $25 million expansion program, including construction of a concentrating and leaching plant at the Bisbee mine and enlargement of the Douglas smelter. The Government agreed to buy the first 112,500 tons of the first 150,000 tons produced at 22e per lb if the company could not sell at a higher price. The new facilities will have a yearly capacity of 38,000 tons and should be in production by late 1954 or early 1955. • American Smelting & Refining Co. has started construction of a new building to house the Central Research laboratory at South Plainfield, N. J. It will have approximately 75 individual laboratories and an equal number of offices and shops. Modern apparatus to be installed will include electron microscopes, electric and fuelfired furnaces, miniature copper refineries and zinc plants, wire drawing machinery, and large pilot plant laboratory. In the new building scientists study the base metals, and the development of new uses for a number of Asarco by-products, arsenic, and little

Jan 11, 1951

By J. A. Fulton

GOLD was discovered in the Sierra Nevada by J. W. Marshall on Jan. 2, 1848. The town: of Grass Valley soon sprang up and contained several stores in 1849; but the population of the town has always reflected the fluctuations in quartz mining. Gold-bearing quartz was found on Gold Hill in September 1850, and in the next two years most of the quartz bearing veins in the vicinity were located. At first, the quartz was crushed in mortars with spring poles; the Huff Co. took out $20,000 in this manner during the winter and spring of 1851. The first mill was put up in January, 1851. In 1866, there .were in Grass Valley 248 stamps, crushing 71,420 tons of ore with an average yield of $30 to $35; in Nevada City, there were 142 stamps, crushing 14,200, tons, with an average value of $25. But in 1918, only two properties in. this region, the Empire and the North Star, were producing. Since then, there has. been a revival of mining in the district and the following properties are being opened up: The Golden Center, Grass Valley Gold. Mines CO , Idaho-Maryland Mines Co., while the Sultana is kept unwatered and work is going on in a half dozen small properties.

Jan 2, 1926

By R. W. Baldwin

As used in geophysical exploration, the term overvoltage applies to secondary voltages set up by a current into the earth which decay when the current is interrupted. These secondary effects may be measured by pick-up electrodes. The term induced polarization has often been employed to describe this same phenomenon. In its own operations Newmont Exploration Ltd. commonly uses the word pulse. The basis of this method in prospecting is that metallic particles, sulfides in particular, give a high response, whereas barren rock, with certain exceptions, gives a low response. Overvoltage has been tried in searching for many types of mineral occurrence but has been most successful in outlining the widespread disseminated mineralization associated with porphyry coppers. History:' Newmont Mining Corp. has been interested in overvoltage since 1946, when Radio Frequency Laboratories of Boonton, N. J.. drew the company's attention to phenomena observed in the laboratory. At the instigation of A. A. Brant further model studies were undertaken, and the first tests were performed in 1947. Tests at San Manuel, Ariz., in 1948 were very encouraging, clearly demonstrating that the method could be used to distinguish scattered sulfides at depth. H. 0. Seigel followed up the San Manuel work with a study to determine the phenomena involved.'

Jan 1, 1960

By AIME AIME

NEARLY two hundred 'engineers attended the dinner given at the Hotel Pennsylvania on Monday-evening, Oct. 10, to the delegation from the American l3nginiering Societies to Great Britain and France when the John Fritz Medal was presented to Sir Robert Hadfield and to Eugene Schneider. Representatives of the British and French Governments ' and of foreign engineering societies gave to the event an international aspect unique in gatherings of engineers. Messages from men distinguished in science, statesmanship and diplomacy were read. Medals struck by the French Government were presented to the general chairman of the deputation, to the chairman of each' individual delegation and to the president's of the four Founder Societies. The meeting was regarded by engineers as formally ushering in a definite movement for world unity in the engineering profession. J. Vipond Davies, president of the United Engineering Society, acted as toastmaster. The speakers ,were Ambrose Swasey, Charles F. Rand, F. B. Jewett, A. S. Dwight, John R. Freeman, all members of the deputa- tion; and M. Gaston Liebert, French Consul General; Captain G. H. Armstrong, British Counsel General; G. G. Clapperton, representing the British Institution bf Electrical Engineers, and Prof. Jacques Cavalier, spokesman for the French universities. Among the engineers from other cities was Governor. James Hartness of Vermont.

Jan 1, 1921

Twelve Directors, the Secretary, and ten guests were present. It was unanimously resolved that the sense of this body is that the name of the Institute should be changed to American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. Messrs. J. W. Richards and Bradley Stoughton were appointed a committee to formulate the necessary steps for bringing the matter to a vote. The committee in charge of the New York meeting, with Allen Rogers, Chairman, was appointed. The rules of the American Engineering Standards Committee were approved. The Bulletin was presented to the Springfield Arsenal. The sum of $250 was appropriated to the Southern California Section. The By-laws were changed to increase the Secretary's cash from $500 to $1000. The report of the Treasurer was accepted. Sixty-eight members, thirteen associates, and forty-eight junior associates were elected. Four members were reinstated. The resignations of seven members were accepted. Thirteen members on active duty at the front had their dues remitted. Upon the recommendation of the Finance Committee, it was resolved that the clues of any members who have attained the age of seventy (70) years and have been members for a continuous period of at least thirty (30) years shall be remitted.

Jan 7, 1918

LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page 1 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?71 1 3 2 Bethlehem, Pa August, ?71 1 10 3 Troy, N Y November, ?71 1 13 4 Philadelphia, Pa February, ?72 1 17 5 New York, N Y May, ?72 1 20 6 Pittsburg, Pa October, ?72 1 25 7 Boston, Mass February, ?73 1 28 8 Philadelphia, Pa May, ?73 2 3 9 Easton, Pa October, ?73 2 7 10 New York, N Y February, ?74 211 11 St Louis, Mo May, ?74 3 3 12 Hazleton, Pa October, ?74 3 8 13 New Haven, Conn February, ?75 3 15 14 Dover, N J May, ?75 4 3 15 Cleveland, 0 October, ?75 4 9 16 Washington, D C February, ?76 4 18 17 Philadelphia, Pat June, ?76, 5 3 18 Philadelphia, Pa October, ?76 5 9 19 New York, N Y February, ?77 5 27 20 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?77 6 3 21 Amenia, N Y October, ?77 6 10 22 Philadelphia, Pa. May, ?78 6 18 23 Chattanooga, Tenn May ?78 7 3 24 Lake George, N.Y. Oct. ?78 7

Jan 1, 1923

By Charles Clayton

A study of the literature shows that the greater part of research work on annealing of cold-worked iron has been for the purpose of studying the effect on grain-size and properties other than hardness. No reference has been found of experimental work of the same nature as that explained in this short paper. The material used throughout was Vismera iron, an iron containing 0.03 carbon and made several years ago by the Inland Steel Co. One-half inch stock was cut into cylinders ¾ in. long. The cylinders were then compressed for 60 sec. in a Reihle testing machine under loads as indicated below: COMPRESSION, AVERAGE LENGTH, SERIES POUNDS INCHES 1 10,000 0.693 2 15,000 .599 3 20,000 .501 4 25,000 .426 5 30,000 .378 6 35,000 .351 7 40,000 .311 Fig. 1 shows these cylinders after compression. Each series con¬sisted of 17 specimens lettered 0, B, C, D, E, E:, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, and R. One specimen of each series was reserved for study of the properties in the cold-worked condition. The other specimens were annealed in a Hump furnace for ½ hr. at the following temperatures:

Jan 2, 1926

CHARLES KIRCHHOFF, Chairman. ALBERT SAUVEUR, Vice-Chairman. HERBERT M. BOYLSTON, Secretary, Abbot Bldg., Cambridge, Mass. John Birkinbine, J. Esrey Johnson, Jr., Felix A. Vogel, William H. Blauvelt, William Kelly, Leonard. Waldo, James Gayley, Richard Moldenke, William R. Walker, Henry D. Hibbard, Joseph W. Richards, William R. Webster. Henry M. Howe, E. Gybbon Spilsbury, Frederick W. Wood. Robert W. Hunt, A. A. Stevenson, It will be noted that the various interests of the iron and steel industry are authoritatively represented on this Committee by producers of raw materials (iron ore, coke, and other fuels, refractories, etc.) and of finished materials, by consumers, consulting metallurgists, and educators. The primary duties of the Committee are to secure important papers on iron and steel, to promote their discussion, to organize lively and fruitful meetings, and otherwise to foster the interests of the large number of members of the Institute connected with the iron and steel industry in its many phases. Its success during the past year has been noteworthy. Through its instrumentality many valuable papers were presented at the Cleveland and New York meetings, followed by animated and productive discussions, while the attendance of iron and steel men at both meetings was remarkably large and representative.

Jan 5, 1913

J. E. JOHNSON, JR., New York.-It seems to me that it ought to be somebody's job to tie these notch tests with the reversed-stress tests, because the thing that causes failures in structures, in a great majority of cases, is where the material is stressed repeatedly up somewhere near the elastic limit, and the repetition of that stress seems to bring about what I suppose you may call a growth of crystals and that eventually develops into a break. It seems to me that it would be of the greatest value if there could be a coordination of the results of a shock test of some kind with the reversed-stress test, so that we could be sure that a material that had shock-test resistance would have reversed-stress resistance. H. F. MOORE,* Urbana, Ill.-The question raised by the speaker concerning the correlation of results from impact tests of notched bars with the results of repeated-stress tests is a very complicated one. Impact on a specimen sends energy into the specimen, and if the specimen absorbs this energy without fracturing there must be developed both stress and elongation. A notch in the specimen allows but little elongation to take place before rupture, and develops the ductility of the

Jan 5, 1919

By Kenneth Seaver

Discussion of the paper of KENNETH SEAVER presented at the San Francisco meeting, September, 1915, and printed in Bulletin No. 105, September, 1915, pp. 1913 .to 1927. J. W. RICHARDS, South Bethlehem, Pa.-This paper concerns a very large industry, and an important detail in that industry. Within sight of where I live in Bethlehem, Pa., are coke works in which $2,500,000 was lost by the use of improper bricks in the coke ovens. This was the fundamental reason of the failure of the plant. The old ovens have all been torn out and replaced by new ovens built of proper bricks. This may emphasize the commercial importance of this subject. When speaking about coke-oven brick, the first thing that comes to my mind is how important it would he if it were possible to. get a brick of better heat conductivity. The heat for coking coal has to go through the thickness of the brick. The silica brick used has low heat conductivity as compared with some other refractories; magnesite brick probably has four times its heat conductivity. The coke oven needs bricks of high heat conductivity. Any process which would increase the heat conductivity of silica brick would undoubtedly shorten the coking process.

Jan 12, 1915

LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page 1 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?71 1 3 2 Bethlehem, Pa August, ?71 1 10 3 Troy, N Y November, ?71 1 13 4 Philadelphia, Pa February, ?72 1 17 5 New York, N Y May, ?72 1 20 6 Pittsburg, Pa October, ?72 1 25 7 Boston, Mass February, ?73 1 28 8 Philadelphia, Pa May, ?73 2 3 9 Easton, Pa October, ?73 2 7 10 New York, N Y February, ?74 211 11 St Louis, Mo May, ?74 3 3 12 Hazleton, Pa October, ?74 3 8 13 New Haven, Conn February, ?75 3 15 14 Dover, N J May, ?75 4 3 15 Cleveland, 0 October, ?75 4 9 16 Washington, D C February, ?76 4 18 17 Philadelphia, Pat June, ?76, 5 3 18 Philadelphia, Pa October, ?76 5 9 19 New York, N Y February, ?77 5 27 20 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?77 6 3 21 Amenia, N Y October, ?77 6 10 22 Philadelphia, Pa. May, ?78 6 18 23 Chattanooga, Tenn May ?78 7 3 24 Lake George, N.Y. Oct. ?78 7 25 Baltimore, Md. Feb. ?79 7

Jan 1, 1923

PRELIMINARY REPORT PUBLISHED FOR THE PURPOSE. OF INVITING SUGGESTIONS FOR, THE BENEFIT OF THE COMMITTEE 1 As a result of invitations extended by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, a, number of associations of national scope have appointed representatives on a Joint. Committee on Standards for Graphic Presentation:- Below are the names of the members of the committee and of the associations which have co-operated in its formation. WILLARD C. BRINTON, Chairman,. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. [7 East 42nd Street, New York City.] LEONARD P. AYRES,Secretary, American Statistical Association. [130 East 22nd Street, New York City.] N. A. CARLE, American Institute of Electrical Engineers. ROBERT E. CHADDOCK, American Association for the Advancement of Science. FREDERICK A. CLEVELAND, American Academy of Political and Social Science. H. E. CRAMPTON, American, Genetic Association. WALTER S. GIFFORD, American Economic Association. J. ARTHUR HARRIS, American Society of Naturalists. H. E. HAWKES, American Mathematical Society. JOSEPH, A. HILL, United States Census Bureau. HENRY D. HUBBARD, United States Bureau of Standards. ROBERT H: MONTGOMERY, American Association of Public Accountants. HENRY H. NORRIS, Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education. ALEXANDER. SMITH,. American Chemical Society. JUDD STEWART, American Institute of Mining Engineers. WENDALL M. STRONG, Actuarial Society of America. EDWARD L. THORNDIKE, American Psychological Association.

Jan 10, 1915

(The following list contains the names of those members of the Institute of whose connection with military service we have only recently become acquainted; it also includes the names of a few who have recently been promoted or transferred, indicated by a *. A complete list was published in the Year Book, issued as a supplement of the Bulletin for March, 1918.) ALLEN, Roy H., Capt., Air Service, Bureau of Aircraft Production, Washington, D. C. *AMIDON, CLAUDE E., Chemical Warfare Section', Astoria, L. I. *ARCHBALD, HUGH, 311th Infantry, 78th Division, American E. F. ASKIN, THOMAS B. H., Radio Station, Cavite, P. I. *AYER, FRANK A., Lieut., Commanding Officer, -270th Aero Squadron, American E. F. BARBA, W. P., Lieut. Colonel, Ordnance, U. S. A., Washington, D. C. *BARRETT, LESLIE P., 1st Lieut., 5th Field Artillery, American E. F. BLICKENSDERFER, F. C., 1st Lieut., N. A., Ordnance Dept., Edgewood Arsenal, Edgewood, Md. *BROOKS, FLOYD R.., Lieut., Canadian Engineers, Seaford, England. BROWN, GEORGE M., Co. G, 1st Replacement Regiment, Washington Barracks, D. C. *BRUNEL, LOUIS J., Lieut., 5th Field Artillery, Brigade Headquarters, American E. F. *BRUNTON, D. W., Cons. Engr., Naval Consulting Board, Washington, D. C.

Jan 11, 1918

R. U. Jackson (Conveyor vs. Track Haulage, P. 866) is the author of a previous work on conveyor systems, which was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Arizona Section of the AIME in December 1951. He has worked for the Carnegie Steel Co., Koppers Co., Fairmont Mining Machinery Co., and the Hewitt-Robins, Inc., the Robins Conveyor Div., for the past 30 years, as engineer, district manager, and manager of the mining div. Jackson is a graduate of Carnegie Institute of Technology, and was born in Steelton; Pa. His present residence is in Clifton, N. J., where in his spare time he devotes himself to hiking and photography interests. F. S. White (Co-author, Solids Fluidization Applied to Lime Burning, P. 903) is a Washington University, St. Louis, Graduate, who now lives in Stockbridge, Mass. He served as a technical apprentice at Mobile, Ala., for the Aluminum Ore Co., and after four years went to Bauxite, Ark, as technical superintendent of calcination and precipitation. After a year and a half, he became technical and operating superintendent of the sintering plant. White also worked for the Dorr Co., and is now with the New England Lime Co. serving as assistant to the president. For relaxation he collects stamps and plays the piano.

Jan 1, 1952

MR. CHARLES F. RAND, President, BUTTE, MONT., APR. 29, 1913. American Institute of Mining Engineers. Dear Sir: In conversation here with Mr. Sales, who is much interested in the work of the Committee on Mining Geology, he made a suggestion which you may be interested to hear. He, and many of us, are interested in papers along our lines of special activity, as they appear from time to time in the Institute Transactions, and often take these papers with us into the field. It appears that the work of special committees which are being formed is likely to result in a much greater number of available papers than the Institute has ever before been called upon to publish. This year's Transactions, for instance, have to be published in two volumes. Why would it not be a good plan, instead of printing heterogeneous volumes, to classify the papers into several volumes, under main headings such, for instance, as iron and steel, precious metal mining, and mining geology ? We would, in fact, be very glad to suggest this as a topic for discussion, if you think it wise, in response to the Secretary's letter of April 18. Very truly yours, J. W. FINCH.

Jan 5, 1913

By J. Menashi, D. A. Douglas, A. S. Rappas

Aqueous solutions of Na2Cr04 are reduced with CO to produce hydrous Cr2O3 and NaHCO3/Na2CO3. CH3OH, HCOO- and HCHO in the presence of CO2 also reduce Cr(VI) and yield similar products. It is shown that the rate of Cr(VI) reduction can be represented by the expression -d [Cr(VI) ]/dt = k[Cr(VI)]0.5[R], where [R] is the aqueous phase concentration of CH3OH, HCOO- or CO. With these three reductants, the activation energies for the reduction processes are comparable and are of the order of 100 kJ/mol (43,000 Btu per lb mol). Rapid reduction rates are attained at temperatures in excess of 220°C (428°F). With these three reductants, a green acid-insoluble readily filterable hydrous Cr203, is formed. With HCHO, significant reduction of Cr(VI) occurs at about 80° to 100° C (176° to 212° F). The product is an acid-soluble violet modification of hydrous Cr203. Solutions of Na2CrO4 contaminated with Mo(VI) and W(VI) can be reduced to yield a Cr2O3 product with significantly reduced contaminant levels.

Jan 1, 1986

I. The Property. The Homestake Mining Co. has acquired through consolida tion the ground and equipment of the Father De Smet Con solidated Gold-Mining Co., the Deadwood-Terra Mining Go., the Caledonia Gold-Mining Co. and the Highland Mining Co., at and near Lead, Lawrence county, South Dakota, in the northern portion of the Black Hills. The company owns or controls 250 claims, comprising 2,616 acres and covering about 8,000 ft. along the strike of the lode. At the surface there are several veins, of which three have united in depth, where the main vein ranges from 300 to 500 ft. in width. The 1,100-ft. level is the lowest at present. The rock of both walls is, so far as known at present, carboniferous alate, and the country is penetrated by a system of porphyry dikes, and in some places capped with porphyry. The output of the company up to January, 1903, has been, approximately, $70,000,000. II. The Ore. The oxidized, open-cut ore is nearly all treated in the three mills on the northern part of the property, which are as follows : The Mineral Point (formerly the De Smet), of 100 stamps, the Monroe (formerly Caledonia), of 100 stamps, and the Pocahon tas (formerly the Deadwood-Terra), of 160 stamps. A cyanide plant, to treat the leachable portion of the tailings from these North End mills, has recently been installed and put into oper ation at Gayville, or Blacktail as it is now known. The Homestake lower-level ore, which comprises the greater part of that being milled at Lead, may be described as a horn blende, garnetiferous schist or slate, which has been crushed and infiltrated with free silica and pyrites, the latter being

Jan 1, 1904

By F. Hass, N. W. Lord

This paper gives the results of experiments conducted in the metallurgical laboratory of the Ohio State University with the objects of determining: First, the calorific powers of a number of coals in general use in Ohio; and second, how far ordinary analytical methods could be used as a basis for computing these values. Incidentally a test of the performance of the calorimeter was involved. The chemical work has been carried on in the department for some time, so that the whole investigation has extended over three or four years. The Mahler calorimeter was purchased from L. Golaz in Paris, and is practically identical with the one described and figured by Mahler in his monograph "Contribution a l'Etude des Combustibles," from the Bulletin de la Société d' Encouragement pour l'lndustrie Nationale. A figure and description is also given by William Kent in The Mineral Industry for 1892, page 97. There were furnished with the instrument three thermometers covering a range of from 7°.5 C. to 31° C. Thermometer "A" (17°.5 to 31°) was carefully calibrated by reading the ends of a thread of mercury in sixteen positions covering the whole scale, supplementing this by readings of longer threads and deducing the errors of scale by the method published by Prof. Holman in the Technology Quarterly of September, 1887. The maximum error of a single reading was found to be 0°.0042 C. Thermometer "B" (13° to 25°) was compared directly with " A " over the scale common to both, and a variation was found of 0°.0145 C. for 7°.5 (or 0°.002 for l°) of the scale. Thermometer " C" ('7°.5 to 19°.0) was omitted from the cornparison, as it was rarely used, being only required where measurements were made at low temperatures. From the

Jan 1, 1898

Cobriza can only be described as the Machu Picchu of the mining business. This relatively new mine of the Cerro de Pasco Corp. in Peru, subsidiary of The Cerro Corp., was put on stream in December 1967. The best way to get there is to go in the company's HelioCourier with pilot Paco Perez. The plane is mostly engine and the pilot is without nerves. The trip starts at an elevation of 12,000 ft at La Oroya and ends at the Cobriza air strip near the top of the Continental Divide at 14,200 ft. Perez says this is the highest air strip in the world. The flight is made at an altibude below many of the peaks and it is easy to pick out the Inca Trail which follows the ridge line of the top of the Andes. Inca ruins are also visible from the aircraft. The drainage pattern, with a surprising number of lakes and rivers, can be seen and so, too, can a great deal of structural geology and numerous agricultural settlements dotting the altiplano. Cobriza is in the monta[n]a on the east side of the Andes, which is characterized by tropical climate and vegetation, an abrupt change from the frosty mountain atmosphere. The mountainsides are precipitous and the bottoms of the steep valleys are channels for roaring rivers. Such is the setting of Cobriza, above the swift cataracts of the Mantaro, benched out precariously at about 8700 ft elevation. The mountains rise in majestic splendor and the sun comes up late and sets at 3: 30 on winter afternoons. One of the lowest of the Cerro de Pasco camps, it is the most remote.

Jan 11, 1969

By Hewitt Wilson

CHALK is soft, pulverulent limestone formed from calcareous remains of microscopic organisms. Whiting is the powder made by the fine- grinding of limestone. Although European chalk dominated the early American market and is still shipped to the eastern and western seaboards, the domestic producer, by new technical processing, improved equipment, and proper selection and mixing of raw materials has shown that the United States can be independent of foreign sources. DISTRIBUTION European Chalk-Outcrops of Cretaceous chalk are found in the area roughly bounded by Antrim, Ireland, on the east, East Prussia on the west, Sweden and Scotland on the north, and Nice, France, on the south. Commercial chalk is mined from the chalk cliffs between Dover and Hull, England; from deposits near Mons, in the Departments of Pas de Calais and Nord in northern France; and from similar de- posits in Denmark and Belgium. United States-Some grade of limestone is found in every state of the Union, but true chalk of Cretaceous age is limited to three large areas in the central and southern states. Niobrara (Cretaceous) chalk outcrops are found as a narrow band encircling the Black Hills in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Nebraska, and in much larger exposures in southeastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, and western Kansas. A third chalk belt extends from west central Arkansas into Oklahoma and connects with the Austin beds, which almost cross Texas. In the southeastern states, the Selma chalk extends from western Tennessee south through northern Mississippi and turns east across central Alabama. Most of the domestic chalks are discolored with iron oxide or carbon. Some marls can be included with chalks of commercial possibilities. Some of the soft, cream-colored limestones of northern Florida, Georgia,

Jan 1, 1949