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By Robert W. Waytulonis

This publication contains 1,000 citations of technical and semi-technical literature treating diesel-powered equipment usage underground both generally and specifically. These citations were gathered by U.S. Bureau of Mines personnel over the period of 1978-1983. The citations concern diesel engines as powerplants for underground mining use; their design, emission characteristics and control, maintenance, usage; and health and safety aspects. All citations have been abstracted and arranged 1n a subject classification system with extensive cross-referencing.

Jan 1, 1983

By J. C. Loretto

"OPENING REMARKS Yesterday and today we have heard some very interesting papers on operating matters and some of you are probably wondering what we are now doing talking about Communications in Plant Design. Let me tell you! Before the techniques we have heard being discussed can be used, there has to be a properly operating plant. It is certainly a fact that many mineral processing plants achieve only limited success and a number of them can even be said to be failures. Some of you sitting here are probably living with operating problems that are clue to errors in the design.If the histories of these problem plants are examined, it will be found that in many cases, the necessary skills were available during the period of the plant design. There was extensive operating know¬ledge together with a full range of project expertise. Why then the failures? In a substantial number of cases it can be traced to the old, old problem of communications. As plants get bigger, money costs more and smooth startups become more important, it becomes less and less economic to fix up any design errors during plant operations.During our careers in mineral processing, nearly all of us will be involved in at least one plant design and I feel that it is as well if we understand some of these communication difficulties that can lead to a problem plant. There is little point in us being experts in mineral processing if the knowledge we have acquired doesn't somehow get incorporated into the plant.I would, therefore, like to present this short paper that mentions a few of the significant communication problems that can occur during the design of mining and mineral processing plants, together with some thoughts on answers to these problems."

Jan 1, 1973

Control of construction projects is the responsibility of the Project Leaders who have the authority to make decisions. Project Controls cost and scheduling systems provide the Leaders with timely information on which to base their decisions.The Client (Owner) will invest up to three per cent of the project cost on Project Controls. To ensure that this investment is effective, the Owner or Manager must have a clear understanding of the information required from the Project controls systems. If appointing a single Managing Contractor, the Owner or Manager must stipulate what is and what is not required from the Project Controls Systems. There are numerous computer programs available for scheduling and cost control and it is important to select systems which best serve the Owner's needs.

Jan 1, 1993

By Renato Affonso de Lima

As colunas utilizadas para a produção de hidrogênio em fornos de reforma a vapor são submetidas a temperaturas da ordem de 900°C. Dessa forma, os aços inoxidáveis austeníticos da classe HPNb se mostram adequados, devido ao endurecimento por precipitação de carbetos de cromo e de nióbio. Sob determinadas condições de serviço, os carbetos de nióbio podem se transformar em um siliceto conhecido como fase G. A interface desta fase com a matriz austenítica é citada na literatura como local preferencial para a nucleação de danos de fluência. Sendo assim a quantificação das fases presentes é importante para a avaliação do acúmulo de danos em serviço. Diante disso, a simulação termodinâmica computacional se mostra uma importante ferramenta, para a previsão das fases presentes. Técnicas como a analise quantitativa das fases presentes por meio de imagens são consolidadas, porém demandam amostras devidamente preparadas e um alto custo de equipamentos na execução destas análises. Isto posto, o objetivo do trabalho é comparar as simulações termodinâmicas computacionais com o resultado obtido por meio de análise quantitativa de imagens geradas por microscópio eletrônico de varredura.

Oct 30, 2017

By W. R. Byrnes

This project was initiated on October 1, 1980 and will be completed on December 31, 1983. The project was Initially approved and funded by the Office of Surface Mining and subsequently was moved to the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Mines. It was administered through the Indiana Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute. The research was done to assess reforestation success and ultimate productivity for areas reclaimed under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-87). The Permanent Regulatory Program for implementation of P.L. 95-87 Includes provisions for revegetation that require seeding of ground cover plants to control erosion until permanent vegetation such as tree species Is established, and restoration of mined land to its original or better productivity. Much of the land to be surface-mined presently supports forest cover and it is anticipated that reconstructed minesoils will exhibit high productive potential for hardwood tree species. Hence, information was needed on compatibility of ground cover and tree seedlings when established concurrently as well as on revegetation success under postmining versus premining conditions.

Jan 1, 1983

By Ernest A. Curth

Statistics For 1956-66 show that mine transportation accidents accounted for 19 percent of fatalities in bituminous coal mines, second only to roof deficiencies as a cause of death. Productivity per man-shift increased from 10.2 tons in 1956 to 18.4 tons in 1966, but the fatalities per million man- hours of exposure also increased from 0.19 to 0.21 during that same period, indicating that transportation hazards still persist. Consequently, the Bureau of Mines reviewed the transportation fatalities that occurred in bituminous coal mines during 1956-66. The data were processed by computer to find what constitute hazardous conditions and unsafe actions as well as to correlate occupation and age of victims, transportation type, and mine production. Environmental factors and equipment defects which create hazards, as well as unsafe actions of personnel, were determined for each type of mine transportation: Track haulage, mobile nonrail haulage, conveyors, hoists, automotive operations, and front -end loaders, and for transfer stations (loading points, slope and shaft bottoms, surface transfers) and railroad yards. Man-trip accidents, a group with a catastrophe potential, also were analyzed. The basic design and operational features of each transportation type were outlined and procedures considered safe in the light of accident experience were suggested. Findings show that unsafe actions of personnel and hazards created by environmental deficiencies or equipment malfunctions contribute equally in causing transportation accidents. Accordingly efforts should be directed toward improving working conditions, equipment maintenance, and education and training of employees. The trend is toward using safer modes of transportation, notably conveyors. More attention should be given to track haulage operation, railroad yards, and nondestructive field testing of materials.

Jan 1, 1971

By W. E. Coughlin, R. L. Faverty, F. H. Lightner

Introduction The intent of this paper is to present the general strategy and method of implementation to achieve a "fast-track" mine development. The major objectives of a "fast-track" or rapid development schedule are to minimize front-end development expenditures and to realize an early cash flow from operations. The Borealis project of Houston International Minerals Corp. (HIMCO) is used as the working example to illustrate the development schedule. Borealis is a 2.3 kt/d (2,500 stpd) gold-silver heap leach operation near Hawthorne, NV, Pre-Feasibility Planning Proper early planning and identification of priority items were necessary to expedite project progress. On April 1, 1978, HIMCO leased the rights to the Borealis prospect and initiated exploration activities almost immediately. Since Borealis was showing excellent potential for mine development, an effort to clear the way environmentally was initiated during the summer of 1979. With the Borealis properties located within the Toiyabe National Forest, the US Forest Service (USFS) was recognized as the "lead" or respon¬sible agency for addressing the environmental issues. Early scoping of the environmental issues by both HIMCO and the USFS allowed HIMCO to take the initiative and address two potentially critical issues-archaeological and biological. Third party consultants, agreed upon by HIMCO and the USFS, were contracted to conduct archaeological and biological surveys. Desert Research Institute of Reno, NV, provided archaeological services, and JFL & Associates of Boulder, CO, provided biological services. These efforts began in the fall of 1979 and continued through the summer of 1980. Conservative Design Criteria By adoption of conservation design criteria, flowsheets and processing data required for detail engineering were firmly established with a minimum of impact on schedule. On Oct. 21, 1980, HIMCO formally initiated a feasibility study to evaluate the Borealis project. Four organizations were contracted for particular scopes of work: • John T. Boyd Co.: Ore reserve estimation, preliminary mine plan, and mine capital and operating cost estimation. • Bechtel Civil and Minerals: Conceptual engineering, processing capital and operating cost estimation. • Hazen Research Inc.: Metallurgical testing. • Sierra Pacific Power: Cost estimation for power supply. Metallurgical testing and conceptual engineering of both heap and agitation leach flowsheets were investigated concurrently. Numerous economic evaluations were conducted for both heap and agitation leaching at varying production capacities. The results indicated a heap leaching flowsheet treating 454 kt/y (500,000 stpy) yielded the best economics and was compatible with the "fast-track" development goal. Conservative design criteria was established to provide operating flexibility and ensure plant productivities. A summary of major design criteria is presented in Table 1. HIMCO assembled the results of the studies of the various consultants along with internally generated studies to produce the feasibility document. The decision to supply 100% equity by HIMCO rather than arrange project financing help to expedite the project. Cooperation Between HIMCO and Regulatory Agencies With cooperation and mutual trust established between HIMCO and regulatory agencies, the time required for environmental permitting was streamlined as much as practical. To expedite the required construction permits, HIMCO proposed to the USFS that HIMCO fund the total cost of an Environmental Assessment Report (EAR) and that issues be addressed at the technical level of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). The previous studies on the critical issues of archaeology and biology provided HIMCO with the information to satisfy the proposed approach. Houston International Minerals and the USFS agreed to have Environmental Research and Technology (ERT) of Fort Collins, CO, prepare a draft EAR for the USFS.

Jan 11, 1983

By M J. Kindley

The Golden Cross Gold Mine Project is now fully operational and into its second year of operation. Because of its location in the sensitive Coromandel Peninsula , strict water management and environmental requirements had to be met. This led to the development of new technologies for cyanide recovery and the adoption of advanced water management and water treatment systems. This paper discusses the water management and treatment system adopted for contaminated water at Golden Cross and provides data on the operational history to date.

Jan 1, 1993

By Graham W. Marks, Clyde A. Bridger

"INTRODUCTION An electrolytic process for the preparation of metallic cobalt has been developed recently in the Bureau of Mines Experimental Station at Boulder City, Nev. Chemical analysis shows this cobalt to contain impurities in small percentages, chief of which is nickel. It is desirable to be able to determine these impurities spectrographically. This report is concerned with a procedure for the spectrochemical determination of nickel in cobalt.Previous spectrographic work on cobalt was done by Breckpot and Mevis,/ who used the method of homologous pairs of lines. However, it was felt that a more detailed investigation was needed, employing the method of internal standards.ACKNOWLEDGMENTWe are indebted to B. G. Knickerbockor and his staff at the Boulder City, Nev., station of the Federal Bureau of Mines for their cooperation, and particularly to Richard W. Lewis and Robert G. Sanderson, who prepared nickel-free electrolytic cobalt for us."

Feb 1, 1948

By R Castedo, L. M. Lopez, J. A. Sanchidrian

In 2014 the authors presented results from 13 tests made with two blasting seismographs on a vibration exciter. They measured coupling transmissibility as function of frequency (i.e. ratio of the velocity of the sensor mount to the velocity of the ground motion) from 16 to 200 Hz at one or two vibrations levels (5 mm/s or 0.2 in/s, and 20 mm/s or 0.79 in/s) with mounts freely placed, sandbagged, and anchored to a granite slab firmly attached to the plate of a vibration exciter. As the memory capacity of one of the seismographs prevented to cover low frequencies, e.g. 4-16 Hz, a new measuring campaign has been recently made to extend the study down to 2 Hz. In this campaign, two more techniques, in which the sensor mounts were fixed with thermal adhesive or a combination of duct tape and gypsum plaster, have been also investigated from 2 to 200 Hz at 5 and 20 mm/s. Free and sandbagged mounts lead to a weak coupling of the mounts to rock, so that transmissibility depends on the characteristics of the imposed rock motion (peak velocity and frequency). Measurements are accurate only at low frequencies (below 17 Hz for free mounts and 10 Hz for sandbagged) in the tested conditions (velocities up to 20 mm/s). Above these frequencies, ground motion in the measurement can be modified by a factor of 0.16 to 1.22. Anchored, glued and plastered mounts achieve a stiff rock-to-ground coupling, ensuring consistent measurements for the frequencies commonly found in blasting independently of the vibration level and the mount characteristics

Jan 1, 2015

By E. G. King

The Bureau of Mines made experimental determinations of the heats of formation of forsterite and chrysotile at 298.15° K. The heat capacities of two polymorphs of serpentine, chrysotile and antigorite, were measured over the temperature range from 50° to 298° K and the entropies at 298.15° K were evaluated. The heat content of antigorite above 298.15° K was measured to 850° K. These thermochemical data were combined with other pertinent data to give heat and free energy of formation values at high temperatures. Free energy values are given for the reaction, forsterite + water = brucite + serpentine at different temperatures and pressures.

Jan 1, 1967

In the absence of. J. B. Marks, President, the meeting was called to order by George B. Pryde, Past President. After organization, the meeting was turned over to W. J. Reid, Vice-President for Utah. A moving picture, "The Story of Dynamite," was shown by the courtesy of the E. I. DuPont de Nemours Company. This provoked a great deal of discussion and many questions were asked A. E. Anderson, who described the paper. John M. Jennings read a description of the United States Fuel Company's new Hiawatha tipple, after which the meeting adjourned to Hiawatha for lunch and a visit to the tipple and outside workings of the Hiawatha mine. Thursday, August 27, 1925 Meeting called to order at 9:30 by Vice-President W. J. Reid. Papers were read on the subject of "Mechanical Loading," by A. W. Dickinson, 0. G. Sharrer, and the paper of Glen A. Knox was read by the Secretary. General Superintendent George A. Murphy, of the Spring Canyon Coal Company, read a description of their newly completed tipple. The meeting then adjourned for Spring Canyon where lunch was served, and the afternoon spent in viewing the new. tipple. At 8:00 p. m., D. Harrington read a paper on "Rock Dusting," L. C. Clare read a paper on "Mudite's Relation to Nature," and at 11 p. m. the meeting adjourned. Friday, August 28, 1925 Meeting called to order at 9:30 a. m. by Vice-President W. J. Reid. The discussion of preceding papers continued. Paper by Joseph Harrington on "Domestic Fuel Stokers" was read by the Secretary. The expected paper by Mayne Read was not presented as Mr. Read was unable to get to Price on account of railroad conditions. The papers on the "Theory of Spontaneous Combustion," by C. P. Crawford, were also omitted through an error of the Secretary, and particular attention is called to the publication of these two articles. The new tipple of the Columbia Steel Company was described by T. C. Harvey, after which the meeting adjourned for Columbia, where luncheon was served and the nine visited. After the visit to Columbia, the delegates were taken to the Sunnyside mine of the Utah Fuel Company, where an hour was spent. Upon motion, unanimously adopted, the Secretary was instructed to express the sincere appreciation of the delegates to the Price Chamber of Commerce, the Civic Association, the Price News-Advocate, Harry Keene, Harry Duberstein, John M. Jennings, Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements, and Geo. A. Murphy of the Financial Committee, for the complete success in handling the meeting of the Institute. The report of the Membership Committee on the following was accepted: R. E. Birchard, Standardville, Utah. Dave Brown, Spring Canyon, Utah. William Burt, Hiawatha, Utah. A. J. Coats, Fort Collins, Colo. R. P. Fitch, Rains, Utah.

Jan 1, 1925

By John Reilly

Traditional methods of project procurement of have remained virtually unchanged in the U.S. infrastructure construction industry for more than 50 years. The traditional method, Design-Bid-Build (DBB), uses a two-step process that separates planning and design from construction. Design is generally done by the public agency and their consultants and the subsequent construction contract is procured from the private sector, almost always by a “low-bid” approach. This method has worked well for many projects, delivering quality work for the lowest bid price. This is particularly true for those projects where the work, and the public agency’s management procedures, are well understood by the contracting community and there is relatively low uncertainty in the work or conditions, particularly geotechnical conditions for underground construction. However, concerns exist with the DBB process. It is time consuming because all planning and design work must be completed prior to beginning any construction work and it is of concern for complex or large projects, plus those with significant risk, where the separation of design and construction, in conjunction with pressures resulting from the low-bid environment, often result in substantial cost and schedule increases. Frequently, these increases occur in a non-productive, inefficient, adversarial work environment leading to claims, disputes and costly litigation (Quick 2002).

Jan 1, 2007

By Francis J. Kiessling

Energy and the conversion of potential energy into alternate forms is becoming a topic of household conversation for a larger segment of the world's population as mankind's desire for products derived from the vast array of technological developments continues to expand. The world's use of steel and the high energy consumption related to the production of steel promotes an awareness of the limitations of existing technology and a search for more economical alternates. Terminology such as (BF) Blast Furnace, (BOP) Basic Oxygen Furnace, (EAF) Electric ARC Furnace, (DR) Direct Reduction, (DRI) Direct Reduced Iron and (FC) form coke is becoming commonplace as alternates are being sought to alleviate the energy crunch. Coke production by various methods was developed as early as the seventeenth century in Europe to replace the disappearing hardwood forests that supplied the initial blast furnace fuel in the form of charcoal. In 1880, the Semet Solvay by-product coke oven design was introduced to the United States at Syracuse, New York, to supply coke for use in the production of soda ash, coke oven gas and its by products as the primary source of many organic processes. Although the Semet Solvay coke oven has not been marketed for decades, these coke oven batteries are in use today producing metallurgical coke, coke oven gas, and related by-products.

Jan 1, 1980

By T. McCallum

Crud is a common concern in SX processes and is formed as a complex solid stabilized emulsion of aqueous and organic.1,3 Crud formation is highly dependent on the amount of solids entering the circuit and is influenced by a number of other operational factors. A common practice for crud processing is interfacial pumping, wherein crud, organic, and aqueous are pumped from the settlers for treatment and utilizes a variety of equipment. These mechanical means of crud processing are effective, however, require significant processing time and require oversight to prevent the return of contaminated organic. Cytec has developed a unique crud treatment process utilizing both chemical and mechanical means to enhance the solid/liquid separation. The use of ACORGA CB? 1000 crud busting reagent allows a rapid separation of solids from the organic phase and provides similar volume recovery to current practices. The process allows operations to return clean organic back to the plant more efficiently and may enable operations to process more crud. In addition, the organic quality of the recovered organic is higher than that recovered by typical means, which can lead to operational cost savings.

Feb 27, 2013

By C B. McCampbell, R W. Jr Bickes

Sandia National Laboratories has developed a semiconductor bridge (SCB) igniter for the ignition of a variety of explosive materials. When subjected to a low-energy current pulse, the bridge bursts into a plasma causing rapid ignition of the explosive material pressed against the bridge. Despite the low energies required for ignition, SCB components have proven to be explosively safe, meeting both no-fire and electrostatic discharge (ESD) safety requirements.

Jan 1, 1991

These proceedings consist of papers presented at three Bureau of Mines Technology Transfer Seminars on ergonomics in the mining industry. These seminars were held in December 1981, and covered topics relating to ergonomics and mining in the areas of the man-machine interface, and design of the work environment. This area of research is directed toward reducing accidents traditionally associated with human error.

Jan 1, 1981

By Júlia Guimarães Sanches

O curso de Engenharia de Minas sofreu uma expansão, juntamente com todo o ensino superior no país, por volta de 2005. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar as características dos cursos do país e realizar uma comparação com cursos de outros países com grande produção mineral. Foi feito um levantamento inicial a partir de informações disponíveis nos sites do MEC, INEP e das universidades. Como complemento, realizou-se um questionário com os coordenadores dos cursos de Engenharia de Minas do Brasil. Foram compilados ainda dados relativos à estrutura curricular e carga horária dos cursos de Engenharia de Minas dos EUA, Canadá, Austrália, Chile e África do Sul. Em relação à comparação das grades curriculares com os cursos de outros países, observou-se que no Brasil o curso possui uma maior cara horária de Tratamento de Minérios em detrimento da lavra. Nos demais países estudados, o foco das disciplinas é a lavra, já que nestes países a área de Tratamento de Minérios é assunto de outras Engenharias.

Oct 30, 2017

By R. J. Durrheim

The seismicity of the Witwatersrand Basin and Bushveld Complex has been analysed, revealing significant differences in source and damage mechanisms. A comparison of mining taking place at similar depths and extraction ratios indicates that the seismic energy release rate is considerably lower in the Bushveld Complex. Technologies introduced in the past decade to manage the risk of rockbursting are reviewed and assessed. These include geophysical methods to detect hazardous structures ahead of mining, new mining layouts and support systems, and the mechanization of in-stope processes. Despite important differences in geology, in situ stress, mining layouts and methods, there are many opportunities for the reciprocal transfer of knowledge, experience and technology between the gold and platinum mining sectors to improve the management of the rockburst risk.

Jan 1, 2005

By Richard W. Hanford

The geotechnical construction industry generally considers soil mixing to be defined as an in situ ground improvement or treatment method by which a dry or wet reagent is introduced into the ground and is blended with the soil by mechanical or rotary mixing tools. This results in relatively homogenous mixtures whose engineering properties are improved and are greater than the soil properties before mixing. Reagents usually include cement, but may also include processed clay such as bentonite, when a reduction in hydraulic conductivity is desired, or other proprietary chemicals when chemical stabilization is the objective. Mixing may be either shallow or deep. Shallow Mixing is the term arbitrarily used for treatment of soils within the upper 30 feet; Deep Mixing denotes treatment below 30 feet to the depth limits of the equipment. Mixing equipment may consist of single or multiple-shaft tools having cutting and mixing blades of many different configurations. To avoid using proprietary nomenclature, reference to Shallow Mixing Methods (SMM) and Deep Mixing Methods (DMM) are the preferred terms. Although originally developed and patented in the United States in 1956, in situ construction using various soil mixing methods is more prevalent in Japan and the Scandinavian countries. Reintroduced into the United States from Japan in 1986 for ground improvement and liquefaction mitigation at Jackson Lake Dam, Wyoming, acceptance of soil mixing methods has been gradual but slow. Applications typically include:

Jan 1, 2001