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By John R. Reeves

The data presented in this paper form the chief part of a general survey of the oil-shale resources of Indiana. Other papers* have already been published which contain data an various aspects of this resource. In combination, these papers present data with reference to the following points; (1) distribution of the New Albany shale; (2) amount of shale available; (3) homogeneity and thickness of the formation; (4) amount and quality of the oil obtained from the shale; (5) nitrogen content of the shale; (6) extractibility of the shale and its amenity to breaking; (7) some economic factors bearing upon the utilization of the shale; and (3) other miscellaneous factors and data. In the future, technical work on other phases of the general problem is expected to be done with the object of making a complete survey of this resource which is of much potential importance to the state and nation.

Jan 1, 1923

By D. E. Wolfson

The Bureau of Mines carbonized 35 coal samples from Logan and Mingo Counties) W. Va., at 900° C using the Bureau of Mines-American Gas Association method, and determined yields of products and physical properties of cokes. Twenty samples represented the No.5 Block, Stockton, Chilton, Cedar Grove, Lower Cedar Grove, Alma, No. 2 Gas, and Eagle beds in Logan County, and 15 samples represented the Coalburg, Buffalo Creek, Winifrede, Cedar Grove, Lower Cedar Grove, Alma, and No.2 Gas beds in Mingo County, W. Va, Chemical analyses were determined for all coals. All coals in both counties rank as high-volatile A bituminous. Most of the coals are chemically suitable for metallurgical coals. Coals with accept-able ash and sulfur contents can be used as major constituents in coking blends with higher rank coal to yield coke with satisfactory properties for blast furnace use.

Jan 1, 1967

By R. R. Wells

This report summarizes the results of preliminary mineral-dressing studies by the Bureau of Mines on five samples of copper-bearing ore from various Alaska de-posits. The work on each sample was not extensive enough to warrant individual publication. The results, however, indicate the possibilities and limitations of concentration of the respective ores. The information therefore may be helpful in future development of these ore bodies. Four of the five samples tested were submitted to the laboratory by engineers of the Bureau of Mines as part of the examinations and survey investigations of strategic-mineral deposits in Alaska. This program is conducted to assist development of mineral resources in the Territory and particularly to aid economic exploitation of marginal or complex ores. The fifth sample was submitted by engineers of the Defense Minerals Exploration Administration.

Jan 1, 1956

By J. G. Walters

Analyses of light oils produced from the fluidized carbonization of coal at 485°, 550°, 600°, and 660° C are presented. Tar vapors from 485 C fluidized carbonization were thermally treated at 600°, 700°, and .800° C, and the analyses of light oils produced by this treatment are also presented. Procedures were developed for analysis of coal carbonization light oil by gas chromatography to permit a more definitive analysis than can be obtained by the conventional distillation procedure. An increase in low-boiling olefins, benzene, and toluene, a decrease in low-boiling paraffins, and little change in the remainder of the aromatics was observed with increased temperature of carbonization.

Jan 1, 1965

By R. V. Higgins

This report presents the results of a study of water injection in the HX sub-pool fault block V-B, in the Upper Terminal zone, Wilmington field, California, and is based on data obtained to May 1957. An earlier report3/ describes the results of gas injection in part of the field. The principal purpose of the pilot flood was to determine whether a sand having a permeability of 1,200 millidarcys and containing oil having a viscosity of 17 centipoises could be waterflooded effectively. The results of a preliminary study by engineers of the Long Beach Harbor Department of oil recoveries from areas where encroaching edgewater was active and the results of an independent study by a consultant retained by the Long Beach Harbor Department were favorable to a trial waterflood. After these preliminary studies, a detailed petroleum-engineering exam-ination was made of the technical details. As a result, a peripheral flood was started in June 1953. The peripheral flood was deemed desirable because the producing wells are bottomed a short distance from the edgewater. The HX subpool was selected for the pilot test because it is an isolated section of the Upper Terminal zone and is separated from the adjoining pools by faults on the east and west and by edgewater on the north, south, and west. Several petroleum-engineering methods were applied to evaluate the performance of the waterflood, and all showed that injecting water stimulated oil production.

Jan 1, 1958

By R. R. Wells

An important activity of the Bureau of Mines is the continual search for new sources of minerals. As a part of the investigation of strategic mineral deposits in the United States, samples of mercury ores were submitted to the Ore Dressing sections of the Salt Lake City and Albany stations for metallurgical testing. This paper gives data summarizing the results obtained from laboratory beneficiation studies of mercury ore samples submitted during the period 1941 to 1947. Ores tested included three from Jackson County, Oreg., one from Valley County, Idaho, one from Storey County, Nev., and one from Sonoma County, Calif. In general, the ores from Oregon were not amenable to concentration by flotation because of intimate association of cinnabar with other minerals or because of extremely low grade. One Oregon ore was amenable to direct distillation provided lime was added to reduce corrosion of the retort.

Jan 1, 1950

By Thomas E. Popplewell

This paper is one of a series being prepared for and published by the United States Bureau of Mines describing the mining and treatment methods and costs obtained in sand and gravel plants throughout the United States. These papers are designed to disseminate technical information regarding the methods used. The cost tabulations represent operating expenditures only and not total costs. It is recognized that publication of total costs might in many instances cause embarrassment to individual operators as well as to the industry as a whole. On the other hand operating costs are essential to the technical discussion and study of the methods employed. The attention of the reader is specifically called to this differentiation in order that no misunderstanding of the scope of the cost tabulations shall ensue.

Jan 1, 1932

By E. P. Carman

1. DAVENPORT, S. J. Bibliography of Bureau of Mines Publications Dealing With Health and Safety in the Mineral and Allied Industries, 1910--46. Tech. Paper 705, 1948, 154 pp. 30 cents. 2. FJELDNER, A. C., FISHER, P. L., AND POLLOCK, M. B. Bibliography of Bureau of Mines Investigations of Coal and Its Products, 1940 to 1945. Tech. Paper 698, 1947, 53 pp. 15 cents. 3. GOOD, J. E., ABREU, ALVARO, AND FRASER, THOMAS. The Coal Industry of Brazil. Part 1. General Economy, Production, and Marketing. Tech. Paper 713, 1949, 38 pp. 20 cents.

Jan 1, 1954

The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) defines an independent contractor as any person, partnership, corporation, subsidiary of a corporation, firm, association or other organization that contracts to perform services or construction at a mine. Contractors that perform specific types of work are required to report the number of employees who work at coal mines and noncoal mines.

Jan 1, 2008

By John D. Foulkes

A study to categorize and characterize underground metal/non-metal mining operations from the viewpoint of telecommunication requirements and practices. The objectives were to: ? Gather and analyze data; ? Identify communication requirements; and ? Recommend systems for operational emergency and post-disaster telecommunications.

Jan 1, 1979

By Ruth F. Brinkley

This report is the 16th of a series of reports originally issued annually and more recently biennially to acquaint the reader with the work of the Explosives and Physical Sciences Division, Region VIII.3/ In the majority of instances the results of the investigations are made available to the public through Government publications and journal articles. In certain instances (specifically as regards security-classified research, investigations of a confidential nature, and short-range programs of very limited scope) results are reported only to those immediately concerned.

Jan 1, 1957

By Arnold B. Hubbard

Automatic control instruments were utilized by the Bureau of Mines for routine assays of large numbers of oil shale samples and other bituminous materials. The standard Fischer assay method was automated by automatically controlling the heating cycles of a battery of 12 electric heaters with electronic controllers and programmers. The condensers were cooled with a modified automatically controlled refrigeration bath. The complete assembly consisted of 12 retort units, necessary control instruments, and the refrigeration bath. This equipment was capable of producing more consistent results than those previously obtained with the gas-heated retorts and of increasing the output of assays substantially with no increase in operating personnel.

Jan 1, 1965

By Frederick C. Trutt

Research performed on arcing faults and their interactions with electrical insulating materials within coal-mine power system enclosures are described. This work was performed at The Pennsylvania State University from December 1, 1976 through August 31, 1978. The thrust of this research has been divided into several primary areas. These include the development of a theoretical procedure for computation of three-phase and line-to-line arcing fault currents as a function of time, formulation of arc and tracking models so that arc voltages and energies may be computed, development of a simulation for pressure and temperature rises when a fault interacts with an electrical insulating material within an enclosure, experimental evaluation of electrical insulating materials in terms of their tendency to support and maintain an arc as well as their potential contribution to enclosure pressure rises, and integration of the above research areas to form overall procedures for theoretical and experimental evaluation. During the course of this research, consideration has been given to the possible effects? of an internal methane-air explosion within an enclosure as well as the potential influence of utilization-voltage-level, conductor spacings, and enclosure venting. Conclusions and recommendations address potential means for protection against enclosure failure, internal design considerations, and low-power testing procedures which might be used to evaluate insulating materials to be utilized within an enclosure.

Jan 1, 1978

By Maria I. De Rosa

Table 19 and figure 7 show the number of fires and fire injuries for surface metal/nonmetal mines by state during 1990-2001. Table 19 also shows the injury risk rates, employees' working hours, and lost workdays. A total of 79 fires occurred in 16 states during 1990-2001 for these mines. Forty-five of the fires caused 44 injuries and 2 fatalities (including 9 fires and 7 injuries involving contractors). The yearly average was 6.6 fires and 3.7 injuries. Sixty-five fires with 31 injuries and 2 fatalities occurred at metal mines, and 14 fires with 13 injuries occurred at nonmetal mines. The Ewhr value was 546 x 106 hr (In = 0.016), and the LWD value was 13,134. Nevada and Arizona had the most fires (19 fires, 10 injuries, and 1 fatality; and 19 fires and 11 injuries, respectively). They were followed by Minnesota (11 fires, 4 injuries, and 1 fatality) and Alaska (6 fires and 4 injuries). Of these states, Alaska had the highest injury risk rate value (In = 0.079). Table 20, partly illustrated in figure 8, shows the number of fires, fire injuries, fire fatalities, risk rates, employees' working hours, and lost workdays by time period. The number of fires increased during the second period, then decreased during most of the remaining periods. The number of fire injuries decreased during most of the periods (a small increase is seen during the last period), accompanied by a decline in employees' working hours during most of the periods (a small increase is seen during the third and fourth periods). The In values follow patterns similar to those shown by the number of fire injuries. Tables 21-26 show the number of fires by ignition source, method of detection and suppression, equipment involved, location, and burning material by time period. Figure 9 shows the major variables related to fires for 1990-2001. Table 27 shows the number of fire injuries per number of fires causing injuries and total fires by year, ignition source, equipment involved, and location.

Jan 1, 2004

By E. Chin

The countries of Asia and the Pacific have large resources of diverse minerals. Australia and China have extensive mineralization that are commercially being exploited. The major minerals in Australia with known reserves adequate for both domestic demand and export markets include bauxite, clays, copper, diamond, gold, iron ore, lead, manganese, mineral sands (titanium minerals), nickel, salt, silver, tin, uranium, and zinc. China is the world leader in proven reserves of antimony, barite, magnesite, molybdenum, rare earths, titanium (ilmenite), tungsten, and vanadium. It also has about 55 billion tons of iron ore, albeit with an average grade of only 30 % to 35 % elemental iron content. With the exception of chromium and copper, China has significant resources of a wide array of minerals and metals, based on its production and/or export capability for these commodities. Additionally, India has significant resources of bauxite and mineral sands; Indonesia, bauxite, copper, nickel, and tin; Malaysia, tin and associated titanium; Mongolia, copper, fluorspar, and lead-zinc; New Caledonia, nickel; New Zealand, gold and iron sand; North Korea, magnesite; Papua New Guinea, copper, gold and mineral sands; Philippines, copper, chromite, and gold; and Sri Lanka, gemstones. Moreover, there appears to be extensive mineralization III Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, but they have yet to be definitively delineated.

Jan 1, 1994

By W. W. Adams

Three hundred and twenty-eight mines and quarries, representing 36 States, took part in the twelfth yearly accident-prevention contest conducted by the United States Bureau of Mines and known as the National Safety Competition. Four underground mines and one open-cut mine (which represents the quarry and open-cut mine group), each the leader in its group, were awarded the ?Sentinels of Safety? trophy. Relative standing in the contest" was determined by the number of days lost from accidents in proportion to the total number of man-hours worked. Since 1925, when the National Safety Competition was inaugurated, an increasing interest has been taken in it by mining and quarrying companies as a means of stimulating mine and quarry safety by competition among similar plants. Each participating plant can, on a basis of its standing and record in the contest, determine to what extent its safety program is succeeding or to what extent it needs strengthening. With this information, each company that has a low standing in the contest can intensify its safety-promotion efforts the following year to obtain a lower rate and possibly win the trophy or achieve honorable mention in the competition. Except for 1929, the National Safety Competition of 1936 represented more man-hours of employment than any other year since the yearly contests began.

Jan 1, 1937

By H. E. Powell

This study was made to determine the capabilities and limitations of the hydrocyclone for separating quartz sand from impure clays, Optimum operating conditions for beneficiating typical subgrade clays were determined. Estimates are furnished for installation and direct operating costs of hydrocyclones in such separations. Laboratory models of commercial hydrocyclones were used to beneficiate a suite of fire clays including plastic, semiflint, and flint types, all of which were contaminated with quartz in amounts ranging from 3 to more than 62 percent. Results show that this technique is not limited to a single type of clay but is applicable to clays ranging from plastic through flint, Under proper conditions use of this technique will result in good separation of the sand and good recovery of a useful clay mineral concentrate. Rejection of quartz from the clays investigated ranged from a low of 82.4 percent with an alumina recovery of 71.2 percent to a high of 99.0 percent with an alumina recovery of 85.6 percent.

Jan 1, 1963

By J. E. Dooley

A mass spectral scheme of analysis was devised which can be used to identify individually a single compound from a larger group of similar compounds. Mass spectra for 32 alkyl aryl sulfides are provided for future reference work, and analytical correlations used in producing the analytical scheme are discussed. Some of the correlations show that base peaks are either the same mass as the parent peaks or may be derived from cleavage alpha to the sulfur atom with migration of one hydrogen to the sulfur atom. Other spectral consistencies provide means of separating ortho-, meta-, and paratolyl arrangements in an overall analytical scheme. Determinations of chain lengths and separation of isomeric species are also discussed.

Jan 1, 1972

By Leonard F. Heising

Domestic production of Metallurgical-grade manganese has contributed such a small percentage of the United States industrial demands that areas known to contain large tonnages of low-grade manganese ore have been investigated by the Bureau of Mines to reduce this country's dependence on foreign ores. A major source of low-grade manganese is the Cuyuna iron range in Minnesota. The entire Cuyuna iron range is covered by an overburden of glacial drift that, in some places, reaches depths of 200 feet or more. Prospecting and exploration must be guided by geophysical methods, drilling results, or projections of exposures found in operating mines because there are no outcrops near the productive parts of the range. Past drilling for the purpose of outlining iron ore generally was confined to the highly oxidized zones. Much of the manganese with which the Bureau of Mines is concerned occurs in thin-bedded unoxidized iron formations, too low in iron content to have been of interest to those seeking commercial iron ore. The primary objective of the core-drilling reported here was to obtain cores of different classes of manganiferous rocks and to determine whether or not the samples were amenable to beneficiation.

Jan 1, 1959

By R. R. Wells, G. M. Potter, A. O. Ipsen

This paper gives results of laboratory and pilot - plant investigations of concentration of western manganese ores during the Bureau of mines manganese-development program initiated in December 1940. The data summarize results obtained from laboratory investigation of concentration of ores from three properties in southeastern Arizona . The high - grade Gray - claims lot B ore , a product of hand sorting , is marketable directly or after sintering treatment . Intermediate - grade lot A selectively mined ore would be marketable after sintering as a plus 35 percent manganese produce , but gravity concentration methods were employed effectively to produce high - grade manganese concentrates with over 80 percent recoveries . Complex association of fine - grained manganese oxides , calcite , and fluorite in a siliceous ground mass limited the recovery of high-grade manganese concentrates obtainable from the low-grade Pyrolusite -group ore . A recovery of 63.7 percent of the manganese was made by flotation in a concentrate that sintered to plus 48 percent manganese grade . The low-grade Davis ore contains iron and manganese oxides too intimately associated to permit production of marketable manganese products . However , good rejection of calcite gangue was obtained by flotation , and the enriched manganese - iron product might have value as a spiegeleisen ore .

Feb 1, 1946