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By AIME AIME

To accompanying photograph of the plant of the Beattie Gold Miner Limited, at Duparquet,. Quebec, is taken from the east and shows the open-pit from which the ore is taken during the summer. The buildings on the level ground above the open-pit are the change rooms, steel shop hoist building, compressor building, machine shop, warehouse, carpenter shop, and oil house. The main five-compartment shaft is shown west of the hoist building. The crusher plant adjoins the headframe and a long conveyor transports the fine ore

Jan 1, 1936

By Franklin G. Pardee

IN 1920 the Minnesota Tax Commission estimated a reserve of 1,341,674,538 long tons of iron ore in Minnesota, the Michigan State Tax Commission report showed 199,092,855 long tons in reserve in that state, and the Wisconsin Geological Survey set the Wisconsin reserves at 21,500,000 long tons. The total reserve that year for the Lake Superior District amounted to 1,562,267,393 long tons. Ten years later the reserves of iron ore in these same districts were Minnesota 1,235,227,510, Michigan 168,349,823, and Wisconsin 23,000,000, or a total of 1,426,577,333 long tons. The decrease in ore reserves in this ten-year period was 135,690,060 long tons, but the shipments were 520,746,975 long tons. In other words, the ten-year depletion in reserves was only 8.68 per cent. If similar conditions carry into the future this calculation would indicate a life for the ore reserves of the Lake Superior region of over 100 years.

Jan 1, 1933

By Theodore Marvin

NOW that real progress is being made in building airplanes that can stand up under adverse conditions in isolated parts of the world, utilization of aviation by mining and petroleum companies is proceeding rapidly. This isolation, offering such handicaps to ordinary methods of transportation, also was the thorn in the flesh of aviation until the recent advances in plane and englue design. The accompanying illustration shows one of the six new planes just delivered to the U. S. Government for map making. The planes will be used in Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Navy Hydrographic, and Insular work. There is a trap door in the bottom of the hull for a Fairchild camera which takes five pictures-vertical, N60°, E60°, S60°, and W60°-at regular intervals. It is manufactured by the Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp., Farmingdale, N. Y.

Jan 1, 1935

By Walter Morley

This paper is a record of the first of a series of tests on sulfide minerals to be made by the metallurgical department f the University of California. The purpose of the tests here recorded is to determine the action of standard oils, oil mixtures, and addition agents on the flotation of pyrites. The question of the commercial value of pyrite was not considered. Of the many factors affecting flotation, only two-the oil and the other agent used-were made variable. The flotation agents used are given in the accompanying table. PENSACOLA TAR AND TURPENTINE CO. (PENTARCO) NON-POL., SP. Dis. REF. PER No. KIND GR. POINTS INDEX ?VISC. CENT. 200 Refined wood creosote oil 0.965 105-275 1.5096 1.7 7-8 350 Crude pine wood oil 1.019 70-345 1.525 2.9 4 75 Crude wood turpentine 0.887 65-217 1.456 0.9 10-12 80 Crude pine oil 0.911 70-232 1.4894 1.1 8 750 Heavy pine tar oil 1.063 165-350 1.557 41.0 400 Wood creosote oil 1.025 190-360 1.4977 2.9

Jan 7, 1921

By R. W. Raymond

FOUR portraits have recently been hung in the rooms of the Institute, in recognition of four illustrious men with whom we, as mining engineers and metallurgists, may claim fellowship. LUTHER. Martin Luther is often spoken of as a miner's son; but it is less generally known that John Luther, his father, was, in a small way, a metallurgist as well as a miner, and that Martin Luther himself, in his youth, worked in a forge or bloomary established by his father at Mansfeld, Saxony. Since this is the only manual occupation on his part of which we have any record, it is fair to assume that the great scholar and reformer derived from his work in this department the practical familiarity with the conditions of human labor so abundantly evinced in the homely illustrations which accompany even his serious arguments, and in the witty apothegms of his famous "table-talk." At the same time, I must confess that 1 have not been able to find in any of the works of Luther distinct allusions to mining or metallurgy. KÖRNER. Theodor Körner, a student at the Mining Academy of Freiberg, Saxony, threw himself into the German War of Freedom in the first decade of the 19th Century. He was a poet of no mean rank ; and his " Song of the Sword " is one of the great lyrics of literature. This poem was written but a few days before he died in battle. In many respects, Körner may be compared with our American hero Theodore Winthrop, who similarly met a glorious fate, and left behind him prophetic indications of genius, of which his premature death prevented the complete fulfillment. I am informed by a member of the Institute that Körner's admirable collection of minerals is still preserved at Dresden.

Nov 1, 1908

By Robert Linton

SPECIFICATIONS for clays serving raw materials in the ceramic industry usually contain the following items: (1) Chemical analysis, sometimes with mineralogical structure determined by microscopic investigation. (2) Maturing temperature and firing range, usually expressed in terms of pyrometric cone equivalent. (3) Shrinkage (drying and firing shrinkage separately). (4) Degree of plasticity. (5) Color after firing. Clays may be classified, according to the purpose of the classification, in several different ways, based on (1) Geological occurrence-transported, altered An place, indurated (shales). (2) Physical properties-plastic (bonding clays, ball clays) and nonplastic (flint clays, kaolins or china clays, bone clays). (3) Color. (4) Use. A common classification of clays for commercial designation, and one fol-

Jan 1, 1936

By R. H. Coats

MINING occupies a position of less importance than manufacturing or agriculture in Canada, but its relative contribution has increased greatly during the post- war period. Mineral production was only 5.14 per cent of the net value I of production of all kinds of commodities in 1919, but by 1936 the pro- portion had risen steadily to 12.76 per cent. Mining felt the depression, hut unlike agriculture, which is still ' sorely stricken, it has passed from early convalescence to complete recovery. For each of the last two years new high records were established for the industry as a whole and for the quantity of most metals produced. Mining has had a notable effect on - the growth of the power industry in Canada. Water power has been developed in the same or adjacent areas wherever mining camps have been 1 established, with few exceptions. Consumption of electrical energy by the mining industry gained 72 per cent within a decade, rising from 1604 million kw.-hr. in 1926 to 2754 in 1935. In. 1935 alone the mining industry purchased electric power

Jan 1, 1937

By R. R. Seeber

(Pittsburg Meeting, March, 1910.) IN the copper-mining district of northern Michigan a fair-sized mine usually operates two or more shafts along the strike of the lode, these shafts being usually at least 1,000 ft. apart. The tonnage to be hoisted from each shaft is large-from 13,000 to 25,000 tons per month. The hoisting-engines used are generally steam-driven, non-condensing, duplex engines with Corliss valves, supplied by steam from separate boiler-plants where the distance between shafts is great. In an attempt to centralize power-plants and secure central-station economies, the Winona Copper Co. installed an electric hoist of the Ilgner type, with Ward Leonard control. A brief description of this plant has already been published.1 The only point of variation from the simple Ilgner set lies in the connection of two generators to a single induction-motor by flexible couplings. These generators serve motors which operate hoisting-drums at separate shafts, viz., No. 4 shaft, Winona, and No. 1 shaft, King Philip. , The hoist for No. 4 shaft, is about 1,700 ft. from the power-plant, and in this building the motor-generator set is placed. No. 1 King Philip hoist is 1,500 ft. from the motor-generator set. The equipment of the motor-generator set is as follows: In the middle of the set is a 12-pole, 450-h-p., 600-rev. per min., 2,080-volt, three-phase, 60-cycle, variable-speed induction-motor, connected on each side to a 20-ton fly-wheel which is 10 ft. in diameter, and to a 6-pole, 170-kw, 575-volt, interpole, direct-current generator. On each side of the shaft is placed a separate exciter, which delivers current at 125 volts. The lubrication of the four main bearings that support the fly-wheels * Presented also, by mutual agreement, at the meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, New York, N. Y., Mar. 11, 1910. Engineering and Mining Journal, vol. lxxxviii., No. 3, p. 110 (July 17, 1909).

Sep 1, 1910

By CYRIL W., William Campbell, Henry M. Howe

THIS paper gives the results of an investigation of the behavior of the argentiferous cobalt-nickel arsenides of Temiskaming, Ontario, in roasting, made in the metallurgical laboratories of the School of Mines, of Columbia University in the City of New York. The ore was kindly given by the owners of the La Rose and Trethewey properties at Cobalt, Ontario, and Mr. E. J. Hall, Tutor in Assaying in Columbia University, has helped us much. I. OBJECT OF THE INVESTIGATION. The object of the investigation was to learn:- 1. The temperature at which the arsenic is most rapidly expelled; 2. The thoroughness with which it is expelled by prolonged roasting at this temperature; 3. The effect of adding charcoal (a) near the end of the roast and (b) at the beginning of the roast. II. NATURE OF THE ORE. The important ores mined in the Temiskaming deposits are native silver-with small amounts of dyscrasite (Ag6 Sb), argentite (Ag2S), pyrargyrite (Ag3SbS3)-smaltite (CoAs2), chloanthite (NiAs2) and niccolite (NiAs). Mispickel (FeAsS) and cobaltite (CoAsS) also occur in smaller quantities. The average composition of the ore shipped from this district for the first six months of 1905 -was: silver, from 4.1 to 4.8 per cent.; cobalt, from 6.9 to 8.2 per cent ; nickel, from 3 to 4.7 per cent ; and arsenic, from 30.9 to 34.6 per cent. The ore which we treated consists chiefly of smaltite ; In our laboratory-work

Jan 1, 1907

By M. G., Corson

1. In addition to the alloys of copper with iron previously found by Hanson and Ford to show an increase in the concentration of the alpha range with increase in temperature the following binary and ternary systems have been found by the author to exhibit: the same feature: (a) Copper-chromium. (b) Copper-cobalt. (c) Copper-silicon. (d) Copper-nickel-silicon and its pseudo-binary section Cu-Ni2Si (formula of compound definitely established). (e) Copper-cobalt-silicon and its pseudo-binary section Cu-Co2Si (formula of compound established with some probability but not as definitely as for Ni2Si). (f) Copper-chromium-silicon; formation of a compound definitely established (compare Figs. 1 and 2). The formula of this compound may be either Cr2Si or Cr3Si. (g) Copper-iron-silicon; presence of a phase containing both iron and silicon established in an indirect way only. No definite microconstituents observed. 2. RANGES OF SOLID SOLUBILITY (percentage at various tempera¬tures). (a) For copper-chromium: 0.8 at 1000° C.; 0.5 at 900° C.; 0.25 at 800° C.; 0.05 to 0.1 at 500° C. (b) For copper-cobalt: 3.4 at 1000'C.; 2.4 at 900'C.; 1.7 at 800'C.; 0.9 at 600°C.; 0.35 at room temperature. (c) For copper-silicon (Fig. 3) : 6.8 ± 0.1. per cent. at 800° C.; 3 per cent. at 400° C. and probably below 2 per cent. at room temperature if sufficiently long annealed. (d) For copper-cobalt silicide: 3.3 at 1000° C.; 2.4 at 900° C.; 1.6 at 800° C.; 0.7 at 600° C.; 0.3 at 300° C. (e) For copper-nickel silicide (Fig. 4): 8.2 at 1000° C.; 5.5 at 900° C.; 3.6 at 800° C.; 1.6 at 600° C.; 0.7 at 300° C.

Jan 1, 1927

By J. F. K. Brown

ANTHRACITE?S satisfactory showing in 1942 was accomplished in the face of adverse conditions, such as the loss of man power to the active services and to other industries, and the difficulty and delay in obtaining the necessary materials and equipment required in mining operations. Although the in- creased output was stimulated by the war, and thus does not impress one as contributing to continuing improvement in the industry, nevertheless the year witnessed several efforts ant1 consideration of others that have the appearance of permanent progress.

Jan 1, 1943

By Blamey Stevens

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) My previous paper is entitled, The Laws of Igneous Emanation Pressure. The present paper lays no claim to the exactitude and completeness of a law, since it is of a provisional nature and may be disregarded when experiments have established a basis for more exact reasoning. The general physical states in which aqueous emanations may occur are first considered. The possible physical conditions under which the mineral elements may occur in emanations are then discussed, and a classification of deposits, dependent on emanation, is proposed. A system of scientific experimental investigation is outlined, and it is shown that the physical and chemical properties of emanation may be exactly determined thereby. The investigation is urged as feasible and simple, and not necessarily requiring large and costly apparatus. It is the only step necessary to make possible the formulation of a complete set of laws of igneous emanation. Process of Emanation. In a rising column, magma ranges in temperature from 900° to 1,200°C. Exhalation must begin at some fairly great depth. What this depth may be we can only surmise, since no experimental evidence is available. Exhalation, however, continues as the magma flows upward, until at another level the occluded gases have all escaped. This depth is probably upward of 5,000 ft. (See Fig. 1.) All exhalations must come from between these two levels. As the whole emanation is the sum of the exhalations and residues, the residues must come from below the uppermost level. They will be most abundant when coming, from those parts of the intrusion which have solidified below the lower level.

Apr 1, 1912

By AIME AIME

THE STANDARD herewith submitted is the result of several years of research and consideration by the A.I.M.E. Technical Committee on Milling Methods. In the early work of this committee it was found necessary to undertake the development of a standard laboratory method for screen testing of ores. During the research stages the desirability of having this standard, when completed, approved as American Standard was brought out. In accordance with this idea, its initiation as a project of the American Standards Association (then the American Engineering Standards Committee) was approved by the latter body and the A.I.M.E. designated as sponsor. In 1929, the A.S.A., on recommendations of its advisory committee, the Mining Standardization Correlating Committee), authorized the A.I.M.E. to be sole sponsor for this project. The personnel of the Institute's Committee on Milling Methods was then increased to make it thoroughly representative of all diversified interests in the mining field. Two years ago the standard was circulated and has been given wide distribution. Early in 1932 the committee voted unanimously, with 38 affirmative votes, that the standard be recommended to the Board of Directors of the Institute for submission to the American Standards Association for approval as American Recommended Practice. This was accordingly done, at the Feb. 1.6, 1932, meeting of the directors, and the American Standards Association approved the standard on July 6; 1.932, designating it as ASA M5-1932.

Jan 1, 1932

By Martin A. Moyers

THE nation's effort to win the war speedily is reflected in current trends in coal utilization, as in all other fields of our lives. In all industries, wherever coal is used for the production of heat and power the emphasis is on getting the most useful result with the least expenditure of matt.ria1. In addition to carrying its own share of the load, increased as it is by the demands of war industry, coal has had to fill in for the other fuels, mainly petroleum products, whose distribution from their more distant sources has been crippled by lack of shipping. Thus, the outstanding note in the utilization of coal this year is not the development of new methods of burning or handling coal but the extraordinary job that the industry has done in producing enough coal to serve all needs.

Jan 1, 1943

By C. Schlumberger, M. Schlumberger

In order to explore electrically a terrain composed of a succession of horizontal beds, a current of known intensity i is caused to flow between two grounds A and B, and the resultant drop of potential , caused by the resistance of the earth, is measured between two given points in the soil, M and N. In practice it is convenient to choose the two points M and N so that they lie on the line AB and their midpoint coincides with the middle 0, of that line, although this is not imperative. When the lengths L and I of the two lines AB and MN are varied, equations are obtained which may be solved for the resistivity p of the subsoil at various depths. Recall briefly that the formula 4 x l gives the average resistivity, in the horizontal direction, of a layer of earth which extends to a depth1 about equal to L/4. This elementary concept is adequate for numerous practical applications. Nevertheless, it must be said that, in many cases, a rigorous mathematical analysis may be made, provided it is always a question of homogeneous, superposed horizontal beds. The authors expect to publish, later on, appropriate methods of calculation for some specific cases.

Jan 1, 1932

By J. J. Predali, J. M. Cases

J. J. Predali and J. M. Cases (Attachè de Recherche and Charge de Recherche, respectively, Centre de Recherches sur la Valorisation des Minerais, Institut Polytechnique de Nancy, Nancy, France)-The role of CO, in carbonate flotation is one of the parameters of a complex phenomenon: the adsorption of salts of fatty acids onto minerals. The authors therefore must be congratulated for their work. Their experimental results suggest some questions: 1) Recovery with C02, benzoic acid, or HCl, look very similar [(Fig. 1)] to that with the use of air; however, the recovery decreases very slightly (<10%). But in these two kinds of experiments, two parameters are different: the pH which is near 5.8 (with C02) becomes 9.1(without C02) and the concentration of Ca* I x 10-3 mole per 1 (without C02) becomes 1.9 X 10&apos; mole per 1 (without COO. 2) Adsorption experiments (Fig. 2) permit computing the surface coverage 9 which is 7.4% (without C02) and 8% (without CO_.) for an initial concentration of 12 X 10-6 mole per 1 in sodium oleate. It seems doubtful to us that this small variation can produce large increases of the recovery in flotation. 3) It is difficult to correlate adsoption and flotation experiments because they do not seem to have been done with the same size of particles. The concentration needed to obtain 95% recovery (Fig. 1) is about 3.0 X 10_" mole per l, that is, 1.13 X 10-6 mole for about

Jan 1, 1973

By S. A. Falconer

D. A. Dahlstrom—Mr. Falconer has done an admirable job of proving the adaptability of the cyclone to the beneficiation of a very difficult size range in the preparation of coal. The addition of the cyclone to other coarser size methods makes it economically feasible for the coal operator to rigorously control his marketed products at a high and uniform quality level down to the 48 and 100-mesh size. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that by utilizing the cyclone as a deslimer or classifier the —3 200-mesh fraction, usually containing large percentages of undesirable material, can also be quickly and cheaply removed from the clean coal. Advantages of such a step are several: (1) Reduction of ash content, especially where clays and slimes are serious. (2) lower moisture content of the final coal. (3) easier mechanical and thermal de-watering of the fine coal due to higher cake and bed permeabilities. The author has indicated that adjustable control means should be installed on the cyclone operating on a heavy-media slurry. This also holds true for the cyclone acting as classifier, deslimer or preliminary dewatering agent and is worthy of special emphasis. Such controls, while not necessarily automatic, must be simple, rapidly adjustable, and require a minimum of attention. Three methods available to the operator are (1) throttling valve on the feed line, (2) back pressure valve on the overflow, and (3) adjustable diameter underflow nozzles. The first two, while fulfilling the specifications, suffer the disadvantage of restricting capacity if severe throttling is necessary. The third method has little effect on capacity and easily maintains an underflow of correct moisture content. Several designs are possible, but two find the widest application. The first was developed by Robert Piros of The Truax-Traer Coal Co. and uses a simple casting containing two holders for underflow nozzles which can be rotated about an axis parallel to the cyclone centerline. These holders retain the underflow nozzle flush with the conical section walls. When a change in nozzle diameter is required, the new size is placed in the spare holder and rotated into place. A second design utilizes a soft rubber cylindrical tube which is compressed or released from three sides, causing the inner diameter of the tube to decrease or increase. This is achieved by using a machine-threaded,

Jan 1, 1951

By S. A. Falconer

D. A. Dahlstrom—Mr. Falconer has done an admirable job of proving the adaptability of the cyclone to the beneficiation of a very difficult size range in the preparation of coal. The addition of the cyclone to other coarser size methods makes it economically feasible for the coal operator to rigorously control his marketed products at a high and uniform quality level down to the 48 and 100-mesh size. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that by utilizing the cyclone as a deslimer or classifier the —3 200-mesh fraction, usually containing large percentages of undesirable material, can also be quickly and cheaply removed from the clean coal. Advantages of such a step are several: (1) Reduction of ash content, especially where clays and slimes are serious. (2) lower moisture content of the final coal. (3) easier mechanical and thermal de-watering of the fine coal due to higher cake and bed permeabilities. The author has indicated that adjustable control means should be installed on the cyclone operating on a heavy-media slurry. This also holds true for the cyclone acting as classifier, deslimer or preliminary dewatering agent and is worthy of special emphasis. Such controls, while not necessarily automatic, must be simple, rapidly adjustable, and require a minimum of attention. Three methods available to the operator are (1) throttling valve on the feed line, (2) back pressure valve on the overflow, and (3) adjustable diameter underflow nozzles. The first two, while fulfilling the specifications, suffer the disadvantage of restricting capacity if severe throttling is necessary. The third method has little effect on capacity and easily maintains an underflow of correct moisture content. Several designs are possible, but two find the widest application. The first was developed by Robert Piros of The Truax-Traer Coal Co. and uses a simple casting containing two holders for underflow nozzles which can be rotated about an axis parallel to the cyclone centerline. These holders retain the underflow nozzle flush with the conical section walls. When a change in nozzle diameter is required, the new size is placed in the spare holder and rotated into place. A second design utilizes a soft rubber cylindrical tube which is compressed or released from three sides, causing the inner diameter of the tube to decrease or increase. This is achieved by using a machine-threaded,

Jan 1, 1951

By O. C. Wheeler

Peru, if it is judged on a basis of its annual production rate, can be ranked seventh among the oil-producing countries of the Western Hemisphere. In 1945, as in each of the three previous years, the country again produced about 14 million barrels of crude petroleum.

Jan 1, 1946

By G. Sachs, G. Espey

Simple methods can be used for the determination of the residual stresses in thin walled tubing if the stresses consist of high tensile stresses at the one surface and high compressive stresses at the other surface. Such a stress distribution is approximated in sunk tubing and in deep-drawn shells. It is possible to cut sections from such articles in such a manner that a major part of the residual stress is relieved by a bending of the Part that is separated from the adjacent metal. The circumferential stress is evaluated from the change in diameter D, occurring on splitting a length of tubing (Fig. Ib) or from deflection resulting from the cutting out of a circumferential tongue (Fig. Ia) .6 The bending moment M released by such a flexure is. M - EI (I-I) = EI R1-R0 I - u2(R0-R1) I -V2 R0XR1 where E = modulus of elasticity, v = Poisson&apos;s ratio, I = moment of inertia of the section, R0 =. mean radius before splitting, R1 = mean radius after splitting. The release of this bending moment corresponds to the release of stresses, which, in a thin section, vary linearly from one surface to the other, and have the following value in a particular fiber a certain distance (x) from the surface: S = c d I - V2 x c x d 2 2 RI - R0____E (d ) R1 - R0 X R0 X R1 ~ i - u2 (2 x) Ro X R1 where C is the section modulus and d is the thickness of the section, the ratio M:C being d: 2 for a rectallgular section.* The maximum stress values at the surfaces are. Smax = +E X d X R1-R0 I — u2- 2 R0 X R1 For most purposes the simpler equations: EXd AD1 = ± I - u2 x dm2 and will be satisfactory, where D,, is the aver. age of the mean diameters of the tubing

Jan 1, 1942