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By K. Kudo

Magnesium rods of 99.95% purity and approximately 6 mm in diameter were continuously cast at rates of between 15 and 25 mm/min by a heated mould process and their mechanical properties evaluated. It was found that rods cast at 15 and 20 mm/min consisted of a single crystal, while rods cast at a speed of 25 mm/min were multi-crystalline and showed a unidirectional structure. Although room temperature tensile ductility to fracture varied widely, it was found that with an appropriate crystal orientation, cast rods can exhibit elongation by as much as 215%.

Jan 1, 2006

By I. J. Duckworth

During the last twenty years computers have be-come widely used to assist with the simulation and design of large scale, primary ventilation systems. However, to date there are few computer programs available to help with the modeling of auxiliary ventilation in dead-end headings or tunnels. This paper presents the results of the first year of a research and programming study dedicated to the development of a user-friendly duct simulation tool. Included is a literature review that summarises publications on duct leakage and resistance, on previous programs developed for the simulation of airflow in ducts, and case studies on extended ductlines in mines and tunnels. The methodology behind the development of Ductsim, a Windows based simulation program is presented.

Jan 1, 2000

By Michael P. Davies

Mine waste facilities, and in particular tailings impoundments, are one of the highest risk aspects of any mining venture. There are far too many recent examples of how real and/or perceived physical or environmental impact from one of these facilities has had enormous economic impact on both the specific project and the overall parent mining company. In many cases, such dramatic impacts have followed a period where a due diligence of the mine had been carried out (e.g. in an acquisition, merger or similar) or an internal or otherwise audit had taken place. Consequently, it is suggested that there is a need for an audit/due diligence framework to assist those processes in terms of assessing mine waste facilities. This paper presents a recommended framework for completing either an audit or due diligence assessment of mine waste facilities under a number of typical scenarios. The framework will be of relevance to reviews carried out prior to mine construction, during operations and for mines that have been in a care and maintenance position and are to be re-opened. Concepts of risk management are introduced as an essential part of the recommended framework. The paper should be of value to current and prospective mine owners involved in stewarding an area of significant risk to viability of their mining venture. The paper should also interest prospective lenders to these ventures.

May 1, 2007

By J. J. Fallon

The subject is "Mergers, Acquisitions and Divestitures in Industrial Minerals, but my remarks could also be applied to new product development, resource development and other new business development activities. At the kernel of the subject is due diligence in major decision-making, that is, where major money amounts and a large corporate commitment are at stake. The "due diligence" means how carefully we do our homework before making the decision. The homework or feasibility study addresses different parts of the decision. In the industrial minerals business the study seeks to uncover the pros and cons in: o The mineral reserves, quantity, quality, mineability, access, etc. o The environmental impact of mining, processing and transporting. o The economics of operations. o Financial aspects o Legal aspects o Many other aspects o And -oh yes! the marketing aspects.

Jan 1, 1990

By Jr

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the requirements of a full due diligence study for a coal property acquisition in both text and table format. From the initial scoping of the assignment, the paper discusses in depth from reserve base validity and mineability; historic performance; plant and equipment; future mine plans; infrastructure; capital spending and operating costs; labour and management; future risk assessment and environmental liabilities; marketing; valuation and finally acquisition synergies. All are important areas to ensure the viability of the acquisition and to identify and minimise the project risks.

Jan 1, 2003

By Lawrence Devon Smith

"What is Due Diligence?Within the mining industry the term “due diligence” is used to describe a detailed data review, generally in connection with the purchase or sale of a mineral property, the approval of a large capital expenditure, or the borrowing of a large sum of money.The term originates in the requirement of the board of directors of a corporation to “act honestly and in good faith ... and exercise the care, diligence, and skill that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances” (OBCA, 1994). Furthermore, the law assumes that a corporation (or its board) will have exercised due diligence in the acquisition of an asset and, therefore, knowingly (in the absence of fraud or deceit) will have taken on the liabilities and obligations associated with the asset (Nelson, 1994). This is the familiar “Buyer Beware”.Directors are liable for their decisions except “if the director relies in good faith upon financial statements of the corporation represented … by an officer of the corporation or in a written report of the auditor, or a report of a lawyer, accountant, engineer, appraiser, or other person whose profession lends credibility to a statement made by any such person.” (OBCA, 1994).Hence the importance of reports prepared by professionals. They provide confirmation that the directors have exercised due diligence in the performance of their duties. For this reason these reports are referred to as due diligence studies"

Jan 1, 1997

By Lawrence Devon Smith

"Within the mining industry the term “due diligence” is used to describe a detailed data review, generally in connection with the purchase or sale of a mineral property, the approval of a large capital expenditure, or the borrowing of a large sum of money.The term originates in the requirement of the board of directors of a corporation to “act honestly and in good faith and exercise the care, diligence, and skill that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances” (OBCA, 1994). Furthermore, the law assumes that a corporation (or its board) will have exercised due diligence in the acquisition of an asset and, therefore, knowingly (in the absence of fraud or deceit) will have taken on the liabilities and obligations associated with the asset (Nelson, 1994). This is the familiar “Buyer Beware”.Directors are liable for their decisions except “if the director relies in good faith up on financial statements of the corporation represented by an officer of the corporation or in a written report of the auditor, or a report of a lawyer, accountant, engineer, appraiser, or other person whose profession lends credibility to a statement made by any such person.”(OBCA, 1994).Hence the importance of reports prepared by professionals. They provide confirmation that the directors have exercised due diligence in the performance of their duties. For this reason these reports are referred to as due diligence studies."

Jan 1, 1996

By Peter Keppler, Stephen D. Bundy

"Due diligence" is a review or audit of a facility or business to assess and quantify risks and operating status before an acquisition. Due diligence findings can be used to negotiate the price, general terms, and indemnification provisions in the purchase and sales agreement. In addition to assessing out- standing liabilities, necessary capital improvements, and the adequacy of operating budgets, due diligence should include "nontechnical" considerations, such as local community acceptance and relations, and the effect on the company's public image and operations. This paper will discuss how these considerations can be addressed in the due diligence process and factored into the transaction. Also, innovative means for risk reduction and risk transfer, during and after the transaction, will be discussed.

Jan 1, 2001

A major high grade zinc deposit, Dugald River has fine-grained and complex mineral associations which provide considerable metallurgical challenges for both mineral dressers and downstream processors. A long history of metallurgical testing focusing on mineralogy and flotation concentrate production has shown that while separate lead and zinc concentrates can be produced at saleable grades, high levels of iron, and particularly manganese, are likely to place constraints on the marketing of zinc concentrate produced from deeper zones where coincidentally lode development is at its maximum. Testwork has focused on characterising the flotation response of ore types ranging from banded and stringer sulphides to brecciated ores in a variety of sulphide matrices. A high level of variability with lower than expected metal recoveries has been indicated across some of the higher grade brecciated ores. However, the dominant slatey breccia has generally provided the best results. Heavy media preconcentration testwork has been moderately encouraging and at this stage, although value adding downstream of concentrate production on-site is not seen as an economic option processing developments are being monitored on a broad front. Providing satisfactory means can be developed for handling manganese during downstream processing of the concentrate, it is not difficult to see a world-class operation emerging from the resource in the medium-term Future.

Jan 1, 1993

By Mike Cammack

Western South Dakota is predominately an agricultural area, with exception of the mining and timber industries in the Black Hills region. With precipitation rates averaging below fifteen inches per year, water is a precious commodity to the livestock industry. There is a constant demand for the construction of earthen water storage facilities (dugouts) to catch snow and rain runoff, or developing natural springs.

Jan 1, 1993

By Frank Rieber

EVERYONE is familiar with the story of the poor Indian and his leaking tepee. He couldn't repair the leak while it was raining, naturally. And when it wasn't raining, where was the incentive? Even if this traditional Indian was apochryphal, his counterparts are certainly alive today, and operating on a world-wide scale. - A recent issue of the Wall Street Journal, for example, carried an impassioned letter from an old cocoa planter, who wants the world to know why the price of cocoa has gone skyrocketing. For years, he says, British and American interests have bought cocoa at the cheapest possible price and, incidentally, from growers willing to sell at that price. Between them, they didn't put enough money back into the business, either to fight disease in the cocoa groves or to plant new cocoa trees. Until new trees are planted and come into bearing, we will be paying exorbitant prices for our cocoa, and getting less of it.

Jan 1, 1948

By John Rudolf

Metropolitan Washington Airport Authority is currently undertaking the first Phase of Metro?s Extension to Northern Virginia. A wide range of tunnel options was considered for the Tysons Corner segment that involves about 20,000 feet of track and four stations. After consideration of many options that involved EPBM single track tunnels, NATM tunnels and large bore tunnel concepts for the entire Tysons alignment, the design now being progressed into construction involves two 520 meter (1,700 feet) long soft ground NATM tunnels with several hundred feet of cut-and-cover construction. The paper discusses the process that led to selection of the short NATM tunnels as the most feasible of the options considered for Tysons.

Jan 1, 2008

By William Gleason

The Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project is a $3-billion project that will link Dulles International Airport with the downtown center of Washington D.C. by way of a single seat train ride. The project is mostly above ground, but it does include two short, yet complex, tunnels through the area of Tyson?s Corner. The project is being completed in two phases. The Dulles Transit Partners (DTP), led by Bechtel, was awarded the first phase, a $1.6-bil-lion phase that includes 17 km (11 miles) of track with five stations. At Tyson?s Corner, the project includes twin 730-m- (2,400-ft-) long, 6-m- (20-ft-) diameter tunnels. Bechtel is self-performing construction for the $1.6-billion design-build job. Gall Zeidler Consultants was hired by DTP as designer for the NATM tunnel portion of Phase 1, and Beton-und-Monierbau was hired as tunnel subcontractor. Tyson?s Corner is an affluent and congested area that sits 152 m (500 ft) above sea level. To get through the area, it was decided that tunnels would be the best option with the least amount of disturbance to the surrounding areas. However, with extremely shallow groundcover above some points as well as soft soil throughout, the tunnels are also the most complex aspect of Phase 1. About 213 m (700 ft) was constructed utilizing the cut-and-cover method. The remaining 518 m (1,700 ft) is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method, which integrates the principles of the behavior of rock and soil masses under load, and monitoring the performance of underground construction during construction. ?The tunnel only falls 2 m (7 ft) from one end to the other and we pass through two soil conditions, they are both soft ground,? said Dominic Cerulli, tunnel task manager for Bechtel. ?Soft ground is very tricky because you have to close the ring in a timely manner to minimize settlements at the surface. If you don?t close the ring quickly to achieve a round structure that?s good in compression, the tunnel could start necking and squatting and the ground above it will settle. We are under major roadways, so excessive settlement would be a bad thing.?

Jan 1, 2011

By William Billiet

"The Dulles Silver Line Phase II is an 11.4 mile extension of the Washington Area Metro Transit Authority’s Silver line in northern Virginia. There are three miles of elevated guideway, which are supported on 188 large diameter mono-shafts founded within the Triassic Geologic Aged Culpeper Fault Basin. Three lateral load tests were performed on fully instrumented test shafts. The challenge in developing the load testing program was how to reproduce the effects of the extremely high design loads along the test shafts, considering the limitations of the load test equipment. Development, execution, and analysis of the lateral load test program is discussed.INTRODUCTIONPlans for Dulles Silver Line Phase II include two Aerial Guideway sections on elevated track, the Main Line and Yard Leads. The Aerial Guideways are supported on mono-shafts (single, largediameter drilled shafts) socketed into rock. Lateral loads are resisted primarily through the stiffness of the shaft and the geotechnical resistance of the rock socket. The monoshafts were designed in accordance with AASHTO LRFD 2014. Based on our preliminary analyses, the production mono shafts were expected to consist of 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5 foot diameter drilled shafts with rock socket lengths varying between 8 and 34 feet (averaging 14 feet). Table 1 summarizes the maximum service load combinations for each size production shaft along the aerial guideway alignment.GEOLOGYThe project is located within the Piedmont Province, a major physiographic province on the east coast of the USA extending from Alabama to Pennsylvania. Within the Piedmont, a number of Mesozoic basins formed in rift valleys. Dulles Airport is located in the Culpeper Basin, characterized by a relatively shallow siltstone rock surface compared to the adjacent areas underlain by Piedmont crystalline rocks. The geologic stratigraphy at the load test sites generally consist of residual soils and intermediate geo-material (IGM) overlying siltstone rock. IGM is a term used by Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) to describe residual material as it transitions between soil and rock. For the purposes of the load test, the siltstone rock is classified as fractured rock (RQD<50), and competent rock (RQD=50). Table 2 summarizes the stratigraphy encountered at each test site."

Jan 1, 2017

By Duluth Engineers' Club, Engineers' Club of Northern Minnesota

"The history of Duluth commences with Daniel de Greysolon du Lhut, one of the explorers of the Upper Mississippi who came to the head of the lakes in the summer of 1679. Radisson and Groseillier, and Claude Allouez, a Jesuit priest, are supposed to have visited the head of the lakes, -but there is no authentic record previous to that of du Lhut.In 1792, the fur traders established a fort at Fond du Lac, fifteen miles up the St. Louis River from Lake Superior, but within the limits of the present city •of Duluth. In the early 50&apos;s, there were a few scattering settlers at Oneota and around the George Stuntz trading post on Minnesota point. In 1855-6, the settlement on Minnesota point was called Duluth, commemorating the name du Lhut, and organized as a town in 1857. The first board of trustees and town council consisted of -William Nettleton, J. B. Culver; Robert E. Jefferson, Grin W. Rice and William Old: In 1870, the city of Duluth was incorporated, and five years later a portion of the same territory was incorporated as the village of Duluth, and the two municipal corporations were still in existence on March 1, 1887, when the city and the village of Duluth were incorporated as the present city.The first saw mill in Duluth was erected in 1856-57, on the present site of the ship canal. It cut logs from a virgin forest at the upper end of Minnesota point.The first railroad was built to the head of the lakes in 1870. The charter for this road had been granted in 1861 to the Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad Company, afterward called the St. Paul and Duluth, and which is now a part of the Northern Pacific Railroad."

Jan 1, 1920

The Duluth Engineers&apos; Club was formally organized on the evening of Aug. 5, 1918, at a meeting .attended by over l00 members of the several engineering professions. W. G. Swart, a member of our Institute, was elected the first President of the Club. At the organization meeting, an opportunity was given, to Alfred D. Flinn, Secretary of the United Engineering Society, to outline the assistance that is being rendered to the Federal Government in the present contingency by members of the engineering profession. Membership in the Duluth Club is to be open to mining engineers on the iron ranges as well as to the residents of the city of Duluth.

Jan 10, 1918

By J. B. Mackintosh

Some months ago I received a sample of a highly crystalline product occurring in the hearth of the shaft-furnace used in smelting the roasted niccoliferous pyrrhotite at Mr. Joseph Wharton&apos;s works near the Gap Mine, Lancaster County, Pa. Mr. Wharton first observed this product in cavities in the concretions in these furnaces about the year 1870, and published a description of it in that year.* Thinking that it might show some analogy to meteoric iron, he sent the present sample to Mr. George a F. Kunz, who turned it over to me, with the request that I should analyze it at my convenience. The results do not show the expected analogy, because the sulphur in meteoric iron is combined as FeS., while in this product there is only one-sixth the necessary amount of sulphur, which, however, seems to be combined with all the metallic elements present, forming a sub-sulphide of definite composition. I am informed by Mr. Wharton that he has had for a long time the sample which I have analyzed, and that it probably is about the same age as that which he first described. It is worthy of note that the material does not show any signs of oxidation, but that the crystals preserve a brilliant metallic lustre. The first two analyses, made by Mr. J. Voigt, are those given by

Jan 1, 1888

By Edward Nichols

As far as known to the writer, no discovery has heretofore been made in the United States of deposits of beauxite, or the hydrated oxide of alumina. The deposit which forms the subject of this note was discovered in Floyd County, Georgia. Numerous "float" specimens, covering an area of about half an acre, indicate the location of the main deposit, which has thus far been opened to an inconsiderable extent only. The excavations show the beauxite to exist apparently as large masses in clay. The formation is Lower Silurian, as determined by the Geological Survey of Georgia. The surface in the immediate vicinity is covered with numerous angular fragments of chert, which is a characteristic rock throughout this formation in Georgia. An examination of the mineral shows it to have the oolitic structure common to several beauxites. It. varies in color from a light salmon to dark red, depending upon its contents of iron oxide. The light-colored specimens are comparatively soft, while the dark mineral is much harder, spots in the latter being

Jan 1, 1888

By Robert H. Richards, Richard W. Lodge

A great deal of speculation, as well as actual experiment, has been devoted to ascertaining the changes in the materials (luring their descent in an iron blast-furnace, affecting (1) the chemical constitution, (2) the mechanical condition, and (3) the arrangement of the materials. With a view to throw some light upon the third question, we constructed a model and tried experiments which are here described. Our model is a vertical section of a furnace, with the lines of the Edgar Thomson furnace D of 1885 for the use of which we arc indebted to Mr. Gayley. The model is 40 inches high, and made to scale (1/2 inch equals 1 foot), and the horizontal section of the space through which the charge falls at any point in the descent is 11/2 in. x d, d being the diameter of the furnace at that place. We are unable to say just where the idea of making this model came from ; perhaps, partly from The Principles of the Manufacture of Iron, and Steel, 1884, I. Lowthian Bell, p. 124 ; partly, also, from

Jan 1, 1888

By Theodore W. Robinson

WHEREVER the amount of work renders it practicable the plan of using permanent standard solutions, in connection with the colorimetric carbon test, affords such manifold advantages that it is to be strongly recommended. That it has not attained a wider and more general application, is mainly due to the fact that, as the method is generally employed, the difficulty attending the production of the colors, and their doubtful stability when produced, have been only too evident to those who have undertaken their composition. The old method of using standard solutions made from sugar, coffee, etc., has always been hampered by the tendency of the colors to change upon exposure to the light, and the consequent liability to serious error, unless they are closely watched. Appreciating these difficulties, while recognizing the desirability of permanent colors, Mr. Magnus Troilius, at the suggestion of Prof. F. L. Erkmann, investigated the properties of cobalt, copper and ferric chlorides, with the view of determining their efficacy in the production of standard solutions. His results, as obtained, seem to have been satisfactory, but his treatment failed to eliminate many of the objections that have rendered the use of organic colors undesirable. The

Jan 1, 1888